 Assignment: You are required to get the latest figures through any means.

Best is
Research Papers/Articles /Internet Sources etc.
 y = 0.0375x + 24.134
Chenab at Marala Annual Inflows (1922-2004)
t : (2.0) (26.74)
40

35
Annual Inflows (MAF)

30

25

20

15

10

0
1922

1926

1930

1934

1938

1942

1946

1950

1954

1958

1962

1966

1970

1974

1978

1982

1986

1990

1994

1998

2002
Years
Change in Flows per decade : (1.50 ± 0.73)%
≈ (0.375 ± 0.188) MAF
 2500
2700

1900
2300
3100

2100
2900
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
4

2007
 Glaciers and Snow deposits
 The main sources of freshwater specially in
the Northern Areas of Pakistan are glaciers
and snow deposits which contribute to
stream flow. Other sources are precipitation
and spring water.
 Precipitation
 This source of water is scarce throughout the
region due to meager rainfall in the lower
elevations
 Rainfall varies between 100-400 mm (PMD map)
annually
 In high altitudes precipitation reaches significant
values, estimated to be as high as 2000 mm
annually
 Spring water
 Spring water is localized and not widely available,
and therefore is only a limited source of water
usage in the Northern Areas.
 Ground water in Balochistan
 The Makran coastal zone and several other
basins contain highly brackish groundwater.
 Local communities use groundwater with
TDS as high as 3000 mg/l, for drinking
purposes, as there are no alternatives.
 Ground water in Balochistan
 In Mastung Valley,the groundwater has been
found to have high fluoride content.
 The Makran coast and Kharan have also been
reported to have high fluoride groundwater.
 Ground water in Punjab
 About 79% of the Punjab
province has access to fresh
groundwater.
 Ground water in Punjab
 Around 9.78 million acres are underlain with
groundwater of less than 1000 mg/l TDS
 Ground water in Punjab
 The Cholistan area in southern Punjab is well
known for highly brackish waters and can not
be used for drinking purposes.
 Groundwater with high fluoride content is
found in the Salt Range, Kasur and Mianwali.
 Ground water in Punjab
 There are also reports of high fluoride
content, ranging from 12 to 65 mg/l in
groundwater in the Bahawalpur area.
 Sampling of groundwater in Jhelum, Gujrat
and Sargodha districts have shown
concentrations of arsenic well above the
WHO guideline value of 50 g/l.
 Ground water in Sindh
 Around 28% of the Sindh province has access
to fresh groundwater suitable for irrigation
i.e. the water has less than 1000 mg/l TDS.
 Close to the edges of the irrigated lands,
fresh groundwater can be found at 20 - 25 m
depth.
 Ground water in Sindh
 Large areas in the province are underlain with
groundwater of poor quality.
 Indiscriminate pumping has resulted in
contamination of the aquifer at many places
where the salinity of tubewell water has
increased.
 Ground water in Sindh
 The areas with non-potable, highly brackish
water include Thar and Kohistan.
 In Tharparkar and Umarkot, the situation is
further complicated by the occurrence of high
fluoride in the groundwater.
 Ground water in Khyber Pakhtunkhaw
(KPK)
 In Khyber Pakhtunkhaw (KPK), abstraction in
excess of recharge in certain areas such as
Karak,Kohat, Bannu and D.I. Khan has
lowered the water table and resulted in the
contamination from underlying saline water.