AP PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW

Key Terms
Unit One: INTRO & RESEARCH Plato
psychoanalytic/psychodynamic approach
Abraham Maslow Rene Descartes
Alfred Adler school psychologists
animal spirits Sigmund Freud
Aristotle social psychologists
behaviorism sociocultural approach
B.F. Skinner Socrates
Biological approach Structuralism
Carl Jung Wilhelm Wundt
Carl Rogers William James
clinical psychologists
cognitive psychology
community psychologists
counseling psychologists
dualism
eclectic approach
educational psychologists
evolutionary psychology
experimental method
Edward Titchener
functionalism
Gestalt psychology-concerned with perception
Gestalt: whole is different from sum of parts
humanist psychology
industrial organizational psychologists
introspection
Ivan Pavlov
John Watson
Margaret Washburn
Mary Calkins
monism
organizational psychologists
Unit Two: RESEARCH METHODS independent variable
informed consent (ethics)
68-95-99% Rule lab research vs field research
advantages and disadvantages of experiments line of best fit (regression line)
advantages and disadvantages of surveys longitudinal study
advantages and disadvantages of naturalistic observation mean
advantages and disadvantages of correlation median
advantages and disadvantages of case studies mode
applied research naturalistic observation
basic research negative correlation
between-subjects design negatively skewed distribution
case study normal distribution
causation null hypothesis
central tendency operational definitions required for experiment
confidentiality overconfidence
confounding variables p-value
control group positive correlation
correlation positively skewed distribution
correlation coefficient placebo
cross sectional research design placebo effect
debriefing required if deception is used in research population
deception positive correlation
demand characteristics positively skewed distribution
dependent variable random assignment
difference between cause and correlation random selection
direct vs inverse relationships range
double blind study reliability
ethical guidelines for animal research replication
ethics guidelines in research representative sample
experiment response bias
experimental group sample
experimenter bias scatterplot (correlation)
frequency polygraphs single-blind study
hindsight bias skewed distribution
histograms social desirability bias
hypothesis standard deviation
illusory correlation statistical significance
stratified sampling
surveys
theory
validity
variance
z score
zero correlation
Unit Three: THE BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR forebrain
fraternal twins
adrenal glands—hormones frontal lobe
acetylcholine (ACH) Functional MRI (fMRI)
action potential GABA
afferent neuron genotype
agonist glial cells
aggression glutamate
all-or-none principle gonads—hormones
amygdala heritability
antagonist heterozygous
aphasia hindbrain
auditory cortex hippocampus
autonomic nervous system homozygous
axon hormone
behavioral geneticists huntington’s disease
bipolar and ganglion cells hypothalamus
brain plasticity identical twins
broca’s aphasia interneurons
Broca’s area klinefelter’s syndrome
cell body left hemisphere—speech
cerebellum limbic system
cerebral cortex magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
central nervous system medulla
chromosome—gene—DNA midbrain
computerized tomography (CT scan) motor cortex
contralateral control myelin sheath
corpus callosum natural selection
depolarization neurogenesis
dendrites neuron
dominant gene neurotransmitters
dopamine occipital lobe
down syndrome optic chiasm
efferent neuron pancreas—hormones
electroencephalogram (EEG) parasympathetic nervous system
endocrine system—glands/hormones parietal lobes
endorphins peripheral nervous system
phenotype
pineal gland—hormones
pituitary gland—hormones
pons
positron emission tomography (PET)
recessive gene
receptor sites
reflex
refractory period
repolarization
resting potential
reticular activating system
reuptake
right hemisphere
sensory cortex
serotonin
somatic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
synapse
synaptic gap
tay-sachs syndrome
temporal lobe
terminal buttons
thalamus
threshold
thyroid gland—hormones
turner syndrome
visual cortex
wernicke’s aphasia
Wernicke’s area
Zygote
Unit Four: SENSATION AND PERCEPTION inner ear—parts and function
interposition
absolute threshold iris
accommodation kinesthesis
afterimage middle ear—parts and function
amplitude for color law of closure
auditory nerve law of continuity
basilar membrane law of proximity
binocular cue law of similarity
bipolar cells lens
blind spot linear perspective
bottom-up processing monocular cues
clairvoyance myopia
cochlea nerve deafness—inner ear
cocktail party effect olfaction—transduction
color constancy opponent-process theory
conduction deafness—hammer, anvil, stirrup optic nerve
cones outer ear—parts and function
convergence oval window
cornea papillae
cortical cells-respond to specific visual information parallel processing
depth perception—takes two eyes parapsychology
difference threshold—just noticeable difference perception
ear—transduction and terms perceptual constancy
extrasensory perception (ESP) phi phenomenon
feature detectors place theory
figure-ground relationship pitch
fovea precognition
frequency theory priming
ganglion cells pupil
gate-control theory of pain red-green—common color blindness
gestalt principles—perceptual organization relative height
gustation relative motion
habituation (you get used to something that used to bother you) relative size
hair cells retina
hammer, anvil, stirrup retinal disparity
hyperopia rods
selective attention
semicircular canals (ears)—balance
sensation
sensory adaptation
sensory interaction
shape constancy
signal detection theory
size constancy
stroboscopic effect
taste buds
telekinesis
telepathy
top-down processing
transduction
trichromatic theory
vestibular sense
vision—transduction and terms
visual cliff—depth perception
wavelength for color
weber’s law
Unit Five: CONSCIOUSNESS AND DRUGS sleep cycle
sleep spindles
activation synthesis theory sleep stages—brain wave activity
adaptive theory of sleep sleep walking
agonist drugs social influence theory
depressants—effect and types stimulants—effect and types
alpha waves subconscious level
antagonist drugs superchiasmatic nucleus
barbituates—decrease behavior and mental activity theta waves
circadian rhythm tolerance
conscious level unconscious level
delta waves withdrawal
dependence (addiction)
depressants
dissociation
EEG
Ernest Hilgard’s Ice Bath Experiment
Hallucinogens—effect and types
heightened suggestibility
hypnagogic stage
hypnosis
insomnia
latent content
lucid dreaming
manifest content
narcolepsy—treated with amphetamines
neurotransmitters—dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine
nightmares
night terrors
nonconscious level
NREM
opiate—effect and types
preconscious level
psychoactive drugs
REM
Restoration theory of sleep
sleep apnea
Unit Six: LEARNING premack principle
primary reinforcers
acquisition punishment—soon after behavior most effective
Albert Bandura—experiment ratio schedule
aversion conditioning reinforcement—should not be delayed
backward conditioning secondary reinforce
classical conditioning shaping
cognitive map simultaneous conditioning
conditioned response (CR) skinner box
conditioned stimulus (CS) social learning—modeling, imitation, observation
continuous reinforcement—responses extinguish quickly spontaneous recovery
discrimination taste aversion
Edward Thorndike token economy
Edward Tolman—study trace conditioning
extinction unconditioned response (UCR)
fixed interval schedule unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
fixed ratio schedule variable interval schedule
forward (delayed) conditioning variable ratio—most resistant to extinction
generalization Wolfgang Kohler—experiment
higher order conditioning
insight
intermittent reinforcement
Ivan Pavlov—experiment with dogs
John Garcia—experiment
John Watson—experiment
latent learning
law of effect
learning vs instinct
negative punishment
negative reinforcement
neutral stimulus (NS)
observational learning
operant conditioning
operant
order and timing in classical conditioning
positive punishment
positive reinforcement
Unit Seven: MEMORY, COGNITION, AND LANGUAGE functional fixedness
hierarchy
7+-2 items heuristics
acronym holophrase
algorithm iconic memory
anterograde amnesia implicit (nondeclarative) memory
assimilation vs accommodation information processing model
attention—transfer info from sensory to short term interference theory
Atkinson-Shiffrin Three Stage Model language acquisition device (nativist theory for language)
automatic processing levels of processing model
availability heuristic linguistic relativity hypothesis
babbling long-term memory
belief perseverance long-term potentiation
Benjamin Whorf maintenance rehearsal
Chomsky mental set
chunking method of loci
concept metacognition
confabulation misattribution error
confirmation bias misinformation effect
context-dependent memory mnemonic devices
critical period mood-congruent memory
decay theory morpheme
deep processing peg word mnemonic
deep structure—sentence structure (Chomsky) phonemes
distributed vs massed practice primacy effect
divergent thinking vs convergent thinking proactive interference
Ebbinghaus—serial position and forgetting curves procedural memory
echoic memory prototype
effortful processing overgeneralization—grammar
eidetic memory recall
elaboration (elaborative rehearsal) recency effect
encoding recognition
episodic memory rehearsal
explicit (declarative) memory representative heuristic
extrinsic motivation retrieval
flashbulb memory retroactive interference
framing (effect on recall) retrograde amnesia
schema
script
self-serving bias
semantics
semantic encoding
semantic memory
sensory memory
serial position effect
shallow processing
short term memory
state-dependent memory
storage
syntax
telegraphic speech
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
working memory
Unit Eight: MOTIVATION and EMOTION, obesity
opponent-process theory of emotion
achievement motivation overjustification effect
alarm stage paul Ekman—study
amygdala—emotion resistance stage
anorexia rooting behavior
approach-approach conflict safety needs
approach-avoidance conflict Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion—explain
avoidance-avoidance conflict Self-actualization
arousal theory secondary motives
belonging (love) needs self efficacy
bulimia self esteem
catharsis (aggression) set-point theory
cognitive-appraisal theory of emotion stress
cognitive label sympathetic vs parasympathetic nervous system
critical period—imprinting temperament
display rules—when appropriate to show emotion type A vs type B personality—cardiovascular disease
drive ventromedial hypothalamus
drive reduction theory Yerkes-dodson law
esteem needs
exhaustion stage
facial language
general adaptation syndrome
hans selye’s general adaptation syndrome—stages
homeostasis
incentive theory
instinct
intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation
James Lange theory of emotion—explain process
lateral hypothalamus
learned helplessness
locus of control—internal & external
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs—levels
motivation
physiological needs
primary motives
need
Unit Nine: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY industry vs inferiority
initiative vs guilt
Ainsworth Strange Situation study—explain research integrity vs despair
Androgeny—the presence of desirable masculine and feminine intimacy vs isolation
characteristics in one individual irreversibility
animistic thinking Kohlberg’s stages of moral development—explain stages
attachment—types Kubler-Ross—stages of death & dying
autonomy vs doubt language development—stages
carol gilligan—criticism of Kohlberg (gender) logical thought to concrete objects
cloth vs wire mother logical thought to abstract concepts
cohort effect—group differences based on the era when people longitudinal vs cross-sectional method
were born and grew up, exposing them to particular experiences moro reflex
that may affect results of cross-sectional studies motor development—phases
concrete operational stage nature vs nurture
conservation neonatal period
continuity vs discontinuity object permanence
conventional morality parenting styles—permission, authoritarian, authoritative,
easy vs difficult babies uninvolved
egocentrism Piaget’s stages of cognitive development—stages
embryo vs fetus preconventional morality
Erik Erickson’s stages of development—explain stages object permanence
fetal alcohol syndrome postconventional morality
formal operational stage prenatal development
gender roles—sets of expectations for each gender preoperational stage
gender identity—person’s sense of being male or female primary sex characteristics
gender stability—child’s understanding that sex identity is stable rooting
over time schema vs assimilation vs accommodation
gender consistency—child’s understanding that his or her sex secure vs insecure attachment
won’t change even if he or she acts like the opposite sex sensorimotor stage
gender schema—mental set of what society considers appropriate stability vs change
behavior for each gender sucking
generativity vs self-absorption swallowing
grasping symbolic thought
Harlow experiment—explain experiment temperament
heinz dilemma teratogens
homosexuality—twin studies support genetic predisposition trust vs mistrust
identity vs role confusion
Unit Ten: PERSONALITY oral phase
Paul Costa and Robert McCrae—trait theory
agreeableness phallic
Alfred Adler pleasure principle
anal phase projection
anal retentive projective tests
big five psychosexual development
cardinal vs central vs secondary traits rationalization
Carl Jung Raymond Cattel—trait theory
Carl Rogers reaction formation
collective vs personal unconscious reality principle
conscientiousness regression
criticism of Freud—empirically unverifiable repression
defense mechanisms—know types Rorschach—inkblots
denial self-concept
displacement self-efficacy
ego self-report test
extroversion source traits
halo effect—tendency to view unrelated aspects of a person as sublimation
good if we have a good impression of that person superego
hawthorn effect—when people know they are being watched, they thematic apperception test (TAT)
will change their behavior to look good in front of thers trait theory—criticism (underestimate situational variations)
id unconditional positive regard
inferiority vs superiority complex
internal vs external locus of control
Julian Rotter
genital phase
Gordon Allport—trait theory
latent phase
libido
locus of control—cognitive perspective
morality principle
MMPI—info about clinical disorders
neuroticism
OCEAN
openness
oral fixation
Unit Eleven: INTELLIGENCE AND TESTING WPPSI

achievement vs aptitude tests

analytical intelligence
aptitude test—potential to learn
Binet—predict children success in school
chronological age vs mental age
construct validity
content validity
criterion validity
creative intelligence
crystallized intelligence (gc)
face validity
factor analysis
fluid intelligence (gf)
Howard Gardner—multiple intelligences
IQ formula
IQ—mean, standard deviation, 68-95-99% rule
IQ level for genius
mild retardation
moderate retardation
practical intelligence
predictive validity
profound retardation
reliability
psychometrician—psychologists who analyze and measure
psychological data
self-fulfilling prophecy
severe retardation
Spearman’s concept of g
split-half method
standardization
test-retest method
triarchic theory of intelligence—know three types
validity
WAIS
WISC
Unit Twelve: ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY paranoid schizophrenia
personality disorders—function ok in society
abnormal behavior—4 criteria phobias
acrophobia positive vs negative symptoms
agoraphobia post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
antisocial personality disorder Rosenhan Study—explain study and significance
anxiety disorders—types schizophrenia—symptoms
axis I vs axis II of DSM-5 somatic symptom disorder
autism—impaired interpersonal communication
avoidant personality disorder
bipolar disorder
catatonic schizophrenia
claustrophobia
compulsion
conversion disorder
delusion of persecution vs delusion of grandeur
depression
diathesis-stress model for schizophrenia
disorganized schizophrenia
disorganized speech and thought
dissociative amnesia
dissociative fugue
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
DSM-5
Dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia
Dopamine and schizophrenia
general anxiety disorder (GAD)
genetic basis for schizophrenia
hallucinations
hoarding
hypochondriasis
mania
major depressive disorder
narcissistic personality disorder
obsessions
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
panic disorder
Unit Thirteen: TREATMENT AND THERAPY

analyzing dreams
analyzing resistance
analyzing transference
aaron beck’s cognitive therapy—explain
anti-anxiety drugs—effect and examples
anti-depressant drugs
anti-psychotic drugs—effect and examples
aversion therapy
behavioral treatment for abnormal behavior
biomedical therapy
carl rogers—client centered therapy—explain it
cognitive treatment for abnormal behavior
deinstitutionalization—new policy and drug therapies
diathesis-stress approach
drug for schizophrenia—block neurotransmitter sites
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
exposure therapy
free association
group therapy—advantages
humanist therapy for abnormal behavior
light exposure therapy—treatment for seasonal affective disorder
(SAD)
lithium carbonate
mood-stabilizing drugs
neuroleptics and tranquilizers
offering interpretation
prozac
psychoanalytic treatment for abnormal behavior
psychopharmacology
Rational Emotive Therapy—process and drawback
self help & support groups—based on humanist
systematic desensitization—process
Tardive dyskinesia
Valium
Xanax
Unit Fourteen: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY group polarization
groupthink
aggression—influences hostile aggression—to inflict pain on someone
Asch conformity study—explain + results instrumental aggression—using aggression to achieve a goal
attraction—proximity and similarity in-group vs out-group
attraction—men vs women in-group bias
attraction—romantic vs companionate love just-world hypothesis
attribution theory low-ball technique
bystander effect kitty Genovese story
central route to persuasion matching hypothesis
cognitive dissonance mere-exposure effect
collectivist vs individualistic cultures Milgram obedience experiment—explain + results
conciliatory acts peripheral route to persuasion
confederate physical attraction=good personality
conformity prejudice
deindividuation out-group homogeneity effect
diffusion of responsibility reciprocity
discrimination saliency bias
dispositional vs situational factors scapegoat theory—attributes prejudice to frustration; find others
door-in-the-face phenomenon who are innocent to blame
ethnocentrism self-serving bias
factors that promote conformity self-fulfilling prophecy
factors that promote obedience social facilitation vs social inhibition
factors that reduce obedience social loafing
foot-in-the-door phenomenon social norms
free-rider problem stereotype
frustration-aggression hypothesis superordinate goal
fundamental attribution error Zimbardo Stanford Prison Experiment—explain + results