Analysis of active power sharing and synchronization
in MultiDG micro grid
Rahul S.Somalwar Snehal P.Vaidya
Department of Electrical Department of Electrical
D.M.I.E.T.R D.M.I.E.T.R
Wardha, M.S. India Wardha, M.S. India
rahulsomalwar@gmail.com sneh01v@gmail.com
Abstract— The increasing demand of efficiency, cost
effectiveness, environmental aspects has driven the development
of micro grid technology. The controlling of the micro grid in
standalone mode and grid connected mode is the major concern.
The active power sharing after grid disconnection and
resynchronization with the utility grid are the challenging task in
micro grid. In this paper, proper relay coordination are proposed
for islanding and power sharing of multi distribution generations
(DGs) unit in single phase system. Also discussed the
synchronization of DGs with utility grid using Static Transfer
Switch (STS) called as micro switch. Various conditions consider
for islanding, active power sharing of multi DGs and
synchronization between grid with two parallel connected DG’s.
The simulation results reported in this paper are based on
MATLAB software. Result shows that Static transfer switch
works effectively and synchronized the system in proper way.
Keywords—Active power sharing,Distribution generations,
islanding, micro grid,Micro switch, Sysnchronization, utility grid.
I. INTRODUCTION
In today’s world the biggest trouble which everyone
facing is energy crises. Near about 60% of natural resources
are used for generating energy which are conventional energy
sources[1]. Due to increasing the demand of electricity as well
as rapid depletion of fossil fuels and the government policies
on reduction of green house gas emissions, renewable energy
techniques are more attractive. Various types of distribution
generation (DG) sources such as wind turbines, generators and
solar photovoltaic panels are being connected to low voltage
distribution network [2]. Due to popular use of distribution
generation (DGs) and its advantages, the DG’s are preferred
with utility grid. Therefore, the new concept introduced which
are micro grid. Basically as per IEEE, micro grid is a cluster
of loads, Distribution generation (DGs) unit and Energy
storage system (ESS) are operated in co-ordination to reliably
supply electricity, connected to the power system at the
distribution level at a single point of connection called as the
point of common coupling (PCC) [3]. All over the world,
there are many major practical research projects are enduring
on the micro grid. One of the basic objectives of micro grid is
to achieve accurate power sharing while maintaining
magnitude of voltage and frequency. The unique feature of
micro grid which allows both synchronized grid connected as
well as islanded operation in case of instabilities or power
978-1-5386-4318-1/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE
Sumant G.Kadwane Snehal P.Gawande
Department of Electrical Department of Electrical
Y.C.C.E Y.C.C.E
Nagpur, M.S. India Nagpur, M.S. India
sgkadwane@gmail.com spgawande_18@yahoo.com
outages in the main grid [4]. When a micro grid is
disconnected from the main grid, there should be power
sharing in micro grid. In general, a micro grid is interfaced to
the main power system by a fast semiconductor switch called
as static transfer switch (STS). It is most important switch for
protection of micro grid in both grid connected and the
islanded mode of the operation against all faulty condition[6].
The aim of this paper is to analyze power sharing cases for
different load conditions and propose a micro switch between
the utility grid and DGs for islanding and synchronization.
Verify the simulation results for both the condition. From the
simulation results using simulink models is shown that the
scheme provides the micro grid with a deterministic and
reliable reconnection to the grid. The purpose of this paper, is
to propose an automatic synchronizing method for a micro
grid which can be applicable.
The rest of the paper described as follows. Section II
describes power sharing methods in micro grid, Section III
discussed a proposed system, Section IV suggests flow chart
of the proposed system, Section V analysis of simulation
results, Section VI conclusion.
II. POWER SHARING METHODS IN MICRO GRID
The fast development of digital signal processors has brought
an increase in control techniques for the parallel operation of
inverters [7]. These control schemes can be classified into two
main groups, communication based techniques and droop
characteristics based techniques. The first techniques based on
active load sharing e.g. Concentrated control, master/slave
control, distributed control and second techniques for the
parallel operation of inverters is mainly based on droop
method. This technique consists of adjusting the frequency
and voltage amplitude in terms of active and reactive power
injected by the inverters [7]-[8]. A several innovative
techniques have been used for proper power sharing and
stability of the system. The one of the best method for proper
active power sharing is droop control method without
affecting the voltage and the frequency at the point of
common coupling(PCC)[9].Normally, the droop constant of a
DG is considered to be a fixed parameter so that the load
demand is shared among DGs in proportional to their rating
capacity. The real and reactive power sharing can be achieved
by controlling two independent parameters, one is the III. PROPOSED SYSTEM
frequency and another one is the voltage magnitude [5].
The active and reactive power transmitted across lossless line STATIC TRANSFER
is shown below SWITCH UTILITY
S1 GRID
V1
V2 PCC

P sin G (1)
X DG 1 Inverter RL
1 LOAD Micro Switch
Q (V2  V1 cos G ) (2) 1 Control

Signal from
STS S3
The active and reactive power sharing is directly proportional Vpcc FpccVg Fg
Inverter
DG 2
to the power angle and voltage difference respectively. Below 2 RL S2
LOAD2 Trip signal
equations forms the basis of frequency and voltage droop to Inverters

control where active and reactive power are adjusted

according to linear characteristics based on the following
control equations. Fig. 1. Proposed System with Static Transfer switch.

The basic power system model with two DG sources

V V0  K q (Q  Q0 ) (3)
f f 0  K p ( P  P0 ) (4)
Where
f is the system frequency
f0 is the base frequency.
kp is the frequency droop control setting.
P is the active power of the unit.
P0 is the base active power of the unit.
V is the voltage at the measurement location.
V0 is the base voltage.
Q is the reactive power of the unit.
Q0 is the base reactive power of the unit.
kq is the voltage droop control setting.
The poor active and reactive power sharing problems due to
the influence of impedance mismatch of the DG feeders and
the different ratings of the DG units are predictable when the
conventional droop control scheme is adopted. There are some
drawbacks in droop control method like if the line impedance
between point of common coupling and the inverters are
different, it may result of large circulating current and low
precision of power sharing among inverters.
when the parallel system must share non linear load the droop
control method is not suitable. This method is focus on
fundamental power sharing but does not take harmonic
sharing into account in case of non linear loads. Therefore, the
adaptive/improved droop control, network-based control
methods and cost-based droop schemes are compared and
connected to the loads at the point of common coupling (PCC)
is shown in Fig.1. The micro grid can run in grid connected
mode or islanded mode. In grid connected mode, the micro
grid either draws or supplies power from or to the main grid,
depending on the generation & load conditions. When the
circuit breaker (CB) S1 is closed the system runs in grid
connected mode, otherwise it should be islanded. A Static
transfer switch (STS) is used for disconnection of utility grid
from micro grid under faulty condition and resynchronized
when normal condition occurred. It gives trip signal to
inverters for islanding. In STS consist of micro switch control
which gives command signal to the disconnection switch.
Voltage and frequency at PCC and grid respectively gives
signal to the micro switch control unit. There are two RL
loads. Initially switch S2 is closed and only Load 1 connected
with system. Load 2 is in series with load 1when circuit
breaker S3 closed which is initially open. For varying the load,
used load 2. The operation of load 2 is controlled by switch
S3. The various effects analyzed after grid disconnection. The
relay coordination which internally constructed in micro-
switch is proposed in the system. If, after some time fault has
been cleared in the grid, micro grid resynchronized with the
help of static transfer switch. The detail structure of STS is
shown in the Fig.2
Static Transfer Switch
Thyristor bridge
S

summarized in [2] for active power sharing.

To preserve the power sharing stability, an adaptive
decentralized droop controller of paralleled inverter-based DG Vg
Firing Board
units is presented and power sharing strategy which is based
on the static droop characteristics combined with an adaptive Vpcc
transient droop function discussed in [8]. The literature shows Trip Micro switch
control Fpcc
that the active power sharing is major concern in micro grid. Fg
Hence in this paper the active power sharing between two
DGs with the help of STS is proposed.
Fig. 2. Structure of Static Transfer Switch
Broadly, the STS consist of two components thyristor bridge voltage crosses the permissible limit (253 volt), the DG1
and the Micro switch control unit. The STS is the exclusive should be trip. If not then again check the delay time. The
connection in between the micro grid and utility grid. Switch value remain in the same range up to the delay time (delay
S1 disconnect the utility grid from DGs and it re-synchronized time is 10 msec ), in that condition synchronization condition
after getting the signal from micro switch control unit. A to be checked.
thyristor bridge is consisting of two anti-parallel SCRs as
shown in the Fig 2.
The thyristor bridge is controlled by the firing board, which
gets an on/off signal from the micro switch controls for
synchronization or disconnection respectively. The function of
micro switch unit is to gathers its voltage, frequency
information from both the grid and micro grid sides and
generate the signal for islanding or re-synchronization. The
detail of micro switch control is shown in the Fig 3.

Vpcc Vg fg
Over voltage
logic

Vpcc
Under voltage NOT AND
logic Synchronization Firing
logic board
active
signal

Fpcc Breakers
Under / over NOT AND disconnect
frequency logic
signal

Fig. 3. Details of micro switch

The micro switch controls perform two main functions

synchronization and islanding detection. The micro switch
control consist of synchronization logic unit, under/ over
voltage logic unit and Under/over frequency logic unit as
shown in the Fig 3. Working of under/ over voltage unit and
synchronization unit explain in the flow chart.
IV. FLOW CHART
The proposed system works in three different conditions. All
these three conditions discussed in detail. At the point of
common coupling the various parameters like Voltage of grid,
(Vg), Voltage at PCC (Vpcc), voltage of distribution
generations (VDG1 and VDG2 ) are measured. If the requirement
of load power fulfill by DG1 no need of DG2 operated. But
this is not the case every time, load may increase or decrease.
Both the cases are considered in the flow chart. As the power
mismatch affects on the voltage of DG, islanding condition to
be checked in this situation. The three different cases of power
mismatch for DG1explain in detail.
Case 1. The power of DG1 will be equal to required load
(PDG1=PL). Power of DG2 will be equal to required load
(PDG2=PL). If this condition is full fill, at that time the variation
of voltage will be in the permissible limit, hence directly
check the synchronization condition as shown in flow chart of
Fig 4.
Case 2. If the generated power of DG1 is more than the
required load power in that condition, the voltage of DG1
increases, here maximum and minimum threshold value of
voltage is decided, now it should be check that value, if
Fig. 4. Flow chart of System
Case 3. Here the generated power of DG1 is less than the
required load, in this situation voltage droop checking the
value of VDG1, if the value crosses its threshold value then trip
DG1. If the voltage is within the range, check the delay time
and after that the condition of synchronization.
The above all three cases are applicable to DG2 which is
shown in flow chart. All the parameters are within limit of
DG1 and DG2 then only synchronization condition to be
checked. For single phase synchronization there is no need to
check phase sequence hence only voltage and frequency of
grid and PCC to be checked. In this situation if condition full
fill, the synchronization to be done otherwise again the
parameter to be check.
The same flow chart to be verified in our simulation and
shows the synchronization of DGs with grid.
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
The specification of the system is shown in the table 1. The
Generating capacity of each DG is 10 kW. The load 1 is 10kW
and load 2 is variable in the range of 5-10kW.
 Table No. 1. Parameters and their units
Sr. No. Parameters Units
1 DG Power 10kW each
2 DG voltage 230 V
3 Frequency 50Hz
4 Grid Voltage 230V
5 Grid Frequency 50Hz
6 Load 1 10kW,
Load 2 5-10kW
7 Inductor 6mH

The grid connected with DGs, if Load Power is less than

generating power (PL < PDG). In this case, initially in grid
connected mode, grid is sufficient to fulfill the power demand
of the load, as grid disconnected at t= 0.1sec due to faulty
condition. At this moment voltage increases at PCC as shown
in the Fig.6.
As the PCC voltage is more than its permissible limit over- Fig.7. The PL > PDG DG1 in islanding condition , DG2 sharing power and
voltage relay gives a trip signal to DG1 and hence its trip. At t Grid synchronized.
= 0.15sec the load changes which is again increases the load
power than generating power and again overvoltage relay
gives a trip signal to DG2, hence DG2 is trip. Now, the
system is in islanding condition. Now at t = 0.20sec the load
increases in sufficient way, the voltage is in permissible limit,
synchronization condition checked and grid synchronized at
t = 0.21sec.

Fig. 8. The PL > PDG, DG1 sharing Power DG2 in islanding condition, Grid
synchronized.

In above all condition the synchronization of grid is possible.

Now synchronization of DGs with the utility grid is to be test.
The grid disconnected at t= 0.10sec, DGs sharing the power as
per the required load. At t= 0.15sec the load again changed
Fig. 6. The PL < PDG ,both DGs in islanding condition , Grid synchronized.
which affects on voltage of PCC. The voltage of DG2 crosses
the permissible limit, under voltage relay trip the DG2.
In second case, the load power is more than the generating
power (PL > PDG ) when the grid disconnected at t= 0.10sec. At t= 0.19 sec, the load changes, checked the synchronization
Now the voltage at PCC is less than the permissible limit condition. Here the voltage conditions not fulfill
hence under voltage relay trips the DG1. At t= 0.15sec load synchronization condition hence relay operates and system not
reduces due to which DG2 share the required power. The PCC synchronized. After the adjusting the load, grid synchronized
shown in the Fig.9.
voltage after t= 0.15 sec allow to synchronized the grid. At t=
0.20 sec the gird synchronized as shown in the Fig.7. This
relay coordination indicates that power sharing of the load in
the DGs with their capacity is possible.
Now by simulation, the operation of DGs to be checked for
another condition. The grid disconnected at t = 0.10sec. The
load power share with the DG1.At t= 0.15 sec, load increases
which affects on the voltage of DG2. As a result the voltage at
PCC reduces and DG2 islanded. At t= 0.20sec, again the load
adjust in such a way that grid synchronized with DGs as
shown in the Fig 8.
Fig. 9. The PL > PDG DG1 sharing Power DG2 in islanding condition , Grid
not synchronized

Equal Power Sharing

In this case, Load 1= 10 KW, in grid connected mode, grid is
supplying 10 KW. Grid voltage is 325V (peak to peak
voltage).Now at t= 0.1 sec, grid is disconnected, voltage
should be reduced but it remain constant as DG1supplying
same load as grid and full fill the requirement. Now if the
load is suddenly increase say Load 2= 10 KW at t= 0.15 sec,
then DG2 ON having same voltage instead of reducing the
voltage, now both DGs are fulfill the load requirement up to
t=0.2 sec. At t= 0.2 sec, grid is synchronized with the help of
synchronization switch (STS) having voltage constant and grid
should give power to load. In equal power sharing throughout
voltage remain constant. The power sharing of DG1, DG2 and Fig. 12. Voltage at PCC and relay signal for the condition PL = PDG
Power at PCC are shown in the Fig. 10.
For the various conditions, the power of DG1 and DG2 as well
as Voltage of DG1 and DG2 are summarized in the table 2.
Table 2 : Effect of voltage and power for different condition
Sr. Condit DGs Effects of Effects of Effects of Effects of
No. ions of voltage on increasing active increasing or
DG1 DG1 & or power on decreasing load
and DG2 decreasing DG1 & on active power
DG2 load on DG2 at PCC
voltage of
DG1 &
DG2
1 Pg1 > DG1 Voltage Power
Ld. increases Voltage increases Power
Pg2 = DG2 Voltage decreases Power decreases
Ld. decreases decreases
2 Pg1 = DG1 Voltage Power
Fig. 10. Power sharing by the DGs for the condition PL = PDG
Ld. constant Voltage constant Power
Pg2 < DG2 Voltage increases Power increases
Ld. decreases decreases
Fig.11. shows that the voltage of DG1, DG2 and PCC are
3 Pg1 < DG1 Voltage Power
same in all the conditions i.e during grid disconnection, load Ld. decreases Voltage decreases Power
changes at t= 0.15sec and at the grid synchronization. Pg2 < DG2 Voltage decreases Power decreases
Ld. decreases decreases
4 Pg1 > DG1 Voltage Power
Ld. increases Voltage increases Power
Pg2 > DG2 Voltage increases Power increases
Ld. decreases decreases

Fig. 11. Voltage of DG1, DG2 and PCC when PL = PDG
The relay coordination for this condition is tested. The
voltage at DG1, DG2 and at PCC is nearly equal to grid voltage
when grid disconnection condition occurs at 0.10 sec as well
as at 0.15 after load changes. Grid synchronized at 0.20 sec as
the voltage level is same even in this condition. The relay is
not generate any trip signal during all these conditions which
is shown in the Fig.12
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper a static transfer switch (STS) operation has been
proposed in single phase system for grid disconnection,
islanding and resynchronization. The various conditions have
been analyzed and tested the working of STS. The required
load power are provided by DGs by efficient active power
sharing between two DGs. The simulation results have shown
the good performance of STS. Result shows that if DGs power
generating capacity is not sufficient to fulfill the required load
demand and this condition is remain for long time then DGs
should trip or if this condition is temporary at that time check
the synchronization condition and synchronize with grid using
the static transfer switch.
VII ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The Authors of the paper are grateful for the authority of

DMIETR and YCCE for providing the facilities to carry out
this work.
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