‘Example Problem 3.1 An oil reservoir has a permeability of | md. A vertical well with a radius ‘of 0.328 ft drains a reservoir area of 160 acres. If the well is hydraulically fractured to create a 2000 ft long, 0.12 inch wide fracture of 200,000 md permeability around the center of the drainage area, what is the expected factor of increase in reservoir deliverability? Solution Radius of the drainage area: + vi [A3.560)1180) _ 1 og pp Fracture conductivity: Fen = i __ (200,000)(0.12/12) (2, 00072) Eq, (3.15) yields: Sp ay fry) = 1.2 Ha Hy +H tif ttt ° 07 vo which gives: 5, = 1.2—Imy/r.)= 12 — In, €00/0.328) = 682 ‘The factor of increase in reservoir deliverability is therefore: yg = i = 0S 5, mE +5, nO geo ‘The above principle is also valid for pseudosteady flow, in which the average reserveir pressure should be used. In that ease, Eg. (3.12) becomes: 6.15) ein Eq. (3.12) assumes radial flow, and may result in significant error if used in situations where the fracture length is comparable to the drainage arce of the well (s;>0.5 1). In these cases,Example Problem 3.2 Construct IPR of a vertical well in an oil reservoir. Consider (1) transient flow at I month, (2) steady-state flow, and (3) pseudo-steady-state flow. The following data are given: Porosity: o=0.19 Effective horizontal permeabili Pay zone thickness: Reservoir pressure: ‘Bubble-point pressure: Fluid formation volume factor: Fluid viscosity Total compressibility: Drainage ares: (640 acres (re = 2980 ft) Wellbore radius: 0328 fi ‘Skin factor: Solution 1. For transient flow, calculated points are: kh pe k + — 3.23 162.6B (v= Ploeg 323 (8.2)(53) (8.2) 162.601.1017) loel(30)241 + los > pono zaROAIDE = 0.2075 STB /d-psi Calculated points are: Por (psi) | qo (sb/day) 50 1162 5651 0 Transient IPR curve is plotted in Fig. 3.11. 6000 5000 4000 ‘000 Puntos) 2000 1000 00 400 ~—<600 8001000 1200, 4.(STB/Day)2. For steady-state flow: kh 141 anne ‘ Ty (8.2)(53) 141.2(1.1)(1.7)In (: 3) 328 = 0.1806 STB /d-psi Calculated points are: o (sb/day) 1012 Steady state IPR curve is plotted in Fig. 3.12. Pwe(psia) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Qo (stb/day)3. For pseudo-steady-state flow: kh P= 141.28n[ nt -2 45 2B | nee =F (8.253) 2,980 _ 141.2(1.1)(1.7) (eS on) = 0.1968 STB/d-psi Calculated points are: Pseudo-steady-state IPR curve is plotted in Fig. 3.13. 6000 5000 4000 3000 Pur(Psia) 2000 1000 oO 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 o(STB/Day)Example Problem 3.3 Construct IPR of a vertical weil in a saturated oil reservoir using Vogel's equation. The following data are given: Porosit Effective horizontal permeability: Pay zone thiekness: Reservoir pressure: Bubble-point pressure: Fluid formation volume factor: Fluid viseosity Total compressibility Drainage area: Wellbore radius: ‘Skin factor: Solution 141.28 (ve 2,980 141. sane waa 0) = 0.1968 STB/d ~ psi 1968)(5, 651) ———— = 618 stb/day oa = Tg Ts /day ‘Calculated points are: 5 6000 Peri | ents) ssi Jo 5000 oo “su 206 4000 wom [2m asm | 382 a 3000 413 y 3000 asm | a6 é 2000, siz, 2000 isn | 550 1000, 580, 1000, a ° is 100 200 300 400 500 600 70¢ ‘The IPR curve is plowed in Fig. 3.14. a(stbiday)Example Problem 3.4 Construct IPR of a vertical well in an undersaturated oil reservoir using the generalized Vogel equation. The following data are given: Porosity: Effective horizontal permeability: Pay zone thickness: Reservoir pressure: Bubble-point pressure: Fluid formation volume factor: Fluid viscosity: ‘Total compressibility: Drainage area: Wellbore radius: Skin factor: =F Pp) % ‘AOF _ (0.1968)(3,000) 8 = 328 stb/day 3,000) = 0.19 k=8.2 md ha 53 tt P=5,651 psai Po = 3000 psia ry = 0.328 fe s=0 on) pe 3 Pap(psi) | do (stb/day) |"! amu a) 0 850 = —_ 8263) 565 828 2,980 141.201.1)(1.7){ n> 1130 ‘188 ( ons 1695 9 = 0.1968 STB/d~ psi 260 6s! w=F'O-p) 2826 555 = (0.1968)(5, 651 3000, 522 = 522 sbt/day 5651 0 _tm WTS a (STBDay)Example Problem 3.5 Construct IPR of two wells in an undersaturated oil reservoir using the generalized Vogel equation. The following data are gi Solution Well A: Pz (Psia) Reservoir pressure: Bubble-point pressure: Tested flowing bottom-hole pressure in Well A: Tested production rate from Well A: Tested flowing bottom-hole pressure in Well B: Tested production rate from Well B: r Pus) _ 300 (G,000 = 4, 000) = 0.3000 stb/day — psi 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 q(stb/day)Well B: ye a . (@—p) + 2 |1-02(4 | -0.8{ 18 Pb Pb _ 900 a 3000 2000 2000 (5000 — 3000) + => }1 = 0.2| 3555 } 9:8 ( S560 = 0.3156 stb/day — psi 6000 5000 __ 4000 & 000 3 2 2000 1000 ° 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 q (stbiday) For a two-phase (Saturated oil) reservoir, if the Vogel equation is used for constructing the IPR curve, the model constant qj, ean be determined by a Ga = 8 —____,, 367) 02(puni/P) ~ 0.8(puns PY ‘The productivity index at and above bubble-point pressure, if desired, can then be estimated by J = 18a. 3.68) If Fetkovich’s equation is used, two test points are required for determining the values of the two model constant, that is, 8.69) and 6.70) where g, and q> are the tested production rates at tested flowing bottom-hole pressures Py and Pui Respectively.Example Problem 3.6 Construct IPR of a well in a saturated oil reservoir using both Vogel's equation and Fetkovich’s equation. The following data are given: Reservoir pressure: P= 3,000 psia Tested flowing bottom-hole pressure: py = 2000 psia Tested production rate at py: Tested flowing botiom-hole pressure: Tested production rate at pa qo = 800 stblday Solution Vogel’s equation: Fax = ——__4___, 1- va(2) - ox (22) P P _ 500 1-0.2{—_ 08 2000 “*\ 3000 “| 3000, = 978 stb/day Calculated data points are:Fetkovich’s equation: a = 2,000)” * \ (3.0007 = (7,000)? ~ (0002, 0007)" = 0.0001 stb/day — psi?" Calculated data points are: 3500 3000 — Vogel's model = = Fetkovich's model 2500 2000 Pw (psia) 1500 1000 0 200 400 «600-800. 10001200 q (stb/day)Composite IPR ~~} + LiL Pudi = @P wn dwn oy . Vhs Gi = Iwn LLLLZETZLLLLLETL LLL LLL PLLLEEI LITTLE LYLE LL Single-phase liquid flow _ i n yi #1 (Pi— Pup) = wn i=1 40F = S'J «iP, ioe J*; is the productivity index of layer i Pwfo: dynamic bottom hole pressure because of cross flow between layers Composite IPR Two-| -phase liquid flow (if Vogel’s IPR is used) Lehi 1 2 ’ = ~% ()- o8(7) = dn 18 1 J*, is the productivity index of layer i Pwfo: dynamic bottom hole pressure because of cross flow between layersBottom hole pressure (psi) Bottom hoel pressure (psi) 7 co oe a 1s —M £0,000 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 il production rate (stb/day) Composite IPR of Layers D3-D4, C1, B4-C2, B1, A5, and A4 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 100,000 100,000 300,000 500,000 700,000 Liquid rate (stb/day)‘Composite IPR of layers B4, C1 and C2 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 aT 500 Bottom hoel pressure (psi) 0 ———_——+ ~1E#05 0 — 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 o 0 0 0 oO Liquid rate, stb/day Composite IPR of layers B1, A4 and A5 3500 posi ye! 3000 { 2500 2000 1500 1000 Bottom hool pressure (psi) 500 0 -20,000 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 Liquid rate (stb/day) Table 3.2 Comparison of Commingled and Layer-Grouped Productions | Production rate (stb/day) Grouped Layers Group 2 Shut-in 0 53,896 Group 3 Shut-in Shut-in 0 116,090 6903Example Problem 3.8 Determine the IPR for a well at the time when the average reservoir pres- sure will be 1800 psig. The following data are obtained from laboratory tests of well fluid samples: Reservoir properties Present | Future Average pressure (psig) 2250 1800 Productivity index J (stb/day-psi) 1.01 Oil viscosity (ep) 3. 3.59 Oil formation volume factor (rb/stb) | 1.173 1.150 Relative permeability to oil 0815 0.685 Solution ( Bro. ) Botto)y aay (ez), 0.685 (5 39(1.150) ois (3 11(1-173) 0.75: sth/day ~ psi =101 3.8.1 VOGEL’S METHOD Let J and J} be the present productivity index and future productivity index, respectively. The fol- lowing relation can be derived: Kero ) GL (a. f f B83) Ip ( kyo ) Biotic), lia), Ge, G84) Thus, 2 ms) : G85) Pr‘Vogel's equation for future IPR: = (073410 [sas Des -os( Dey )] Calculated data points are as follows: Present and future IPR curves are plotted in Fig. 3.24. 2500 —Resewvor pressure = 2250 psig 2000 = Reservoir pressure = 1800 psig 1500 Pwe(Psig) 1000 500 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 q (stb/day)Example Problem 3.9 Using Fetkovich’s method plot the IPR curves for a well in which p, is 2000 psia and J} = 5 x 10~ stb/day — psia*, Predict the IPRs of the well at well shut-in static pres- sures of 1500 and 1000 psia. Solution The value of J’, at 1500 psia is 1,500 = 5x 19-4 {ke JL=5X 10 (: ) = 3.75 10°* stb/day (psia)”, and the value of J’, at 1000 psia is 1,000 J,=5x 10-4 {> ) = 9.5 x 10° sth/day(psi A +398) ayn Using the above values for J’, and the accompanying p., the following data points are calculated: ‘Pe= 1500 psig ‘Pe= 1000 psig Pas (sig) | q(stb/day) | per(psig) | 4 (stbiday) 1500 o 1000 0 1350 160 900 48 1200 304 800 0 1050 430 700 128 900 540 600 160 750 633 500 188 600 709 400 210 450 768 300 228 300 310 200 240 150 335 100 248 0 Ba 0 250 — Reservoir pressure = 2000 ps0 — Reservoir pressure = 1500 psa 2000 = + Reservoir pressure = 1000 psig 1500 Pwr (psig) 0 500 1000 1500 2000» 2500 q(stb/day)Example Problem 4.1 Suppose that 1000 bbl/day of 40 °API, 1.2 cp oil is being produced through 22-in., 8.6-Ib,,/ft tubing in a well that is 15° from vertical. If the tubing wall relative roughness is 0.001, calculate the pressure drop over 1000 ft of tubing. Solution Oil-specific gravity: 141.5 10> TAPI+ IBS Oil density: p= 624% = (62.5)(0.825) =51.57 Iba /i Elevation increase: az 08 (aL = eos (15)(1,000) 966. fe The 22in., 8.6-Ib,,/ft tubing has an inner diameter of 2.259 in. Therefore, 2.259 PR = 0.188 ft Fluid velocity can be calculated accordingly: =D _4(5.615)(1,000) 74(0.188)"(86, 400) = 234 f/s. Reynolds number: 14 Ng = SP _1.48(1000)(51.57) ~~ e259) = 28,115 >2100, turbulent flow Chen's correlation giveson Relative roughness ° 0.00) ——0.000001 0.000005 os 0.00001 0.00005 oo7 Frition factor R B 8 0.03 0.02 0.01 o 4002 1.6009 1.0104 1405 106.071.0400 Reynolds number Finally, the pressure drop is calculated: 8 Pap — eer AP = = pAz+ Av = 2” 2g gD _ 2(0.006625)(51.57)(2.34)7(1000) (32.17)(0.188) = 50,435 Ibe/f? Example Problem 4.3 Solve the problem in Example Problem 4.2 with the Cullender and ‘Smith Method. Solution Example Problem 4.3 is solved with the spreadsheet program Cullender-Smith.xls. Table 4.2 shows the appearance of the spreadsheet for the Input data and Result sections. The pressures at depths of 5000 ft and 10,000 ft are 937 psia and 1082 psia, respectively. These results are exactly the same as that given by the Average Temperature and Compressibility Factor Method.Example Problem 4.4 Guo—Ghalambor method: For the folloy Total measured depth: ‘The average inclination angle: ‘Tubing inner diameter: Gas product mn rate: Gas-specifie gravity: Oil produetion rate: Oil-specific gravity: Water production rat Water-specitic gravity: Solid production rate: Solid-specitfic gravity: Tubing head temperature: Bottom-hole temperature: ‘Tubing head pressure: ig data, estimate bottom-hole pressure with the 1.05 H,0 = 1 ava 2.65 H,0=1 100°F 24°F 300 psia Table 4.3 Result Given by Guo-GhalamborBHP.xls for Example Problem 4.3 (Guo-GhalamborBHP xls button; and (4) view result in th input Data Description: This spreadsheet calculates flowing bottom-hole pressure based on tubing head pressure and tubing flow performance using the Guo—Ghalambor method. Instruction: (1) Select a unit system: (2) update parameter values in the Input data section; (3) click “Solution” Total measured depth: Average inclination angle: ‘Tubing inside diameter: Gas production rate: Gas-specific gravity: Oil production rate: Oil-specific gravity: Water production rate: Water-specific gravity: Solid production rate: Solid-specifie gravity: ‘Tubing head temperature: Bottom-hole temperature: ‘Tubing head pressure:Bottom-hole pressure, Pry = 3.1243196 in? 0.16625 ft 622°R 0.9397014 40.908853 0.415505 0.001713 2.884E-06 1349785.1 3.8942921 0.0041337 20447.044 6.669E +09 1682 psia Example Problem 4.5 For the following given data, calculate bottom-hole pressure: Tubing head pressure: Tubing head temperature: Tubing inner diameter: Tubing shoe depth (near bottom hole): ‘Bottom-hole temperature: Liquid production rate: Water cut: Producing GLR Oil gravity: Water-specific gravit Gas-specific gravity: 500 psia 100°F 1.66 in. 5000 ft 150°F 2000 stb/day 25% 1000 sefistty 30°API 1.05 1 for freshwater 0.65 1 for air Solution This problem can be solved using the computer program Poettmann-CarpenterBHP. als. The result is shown in Table 4.4.Table 4.4 Result Given by Poettmann-CarpenterBHP.xls for Example Problem 4.2 Poetimann—CarpenterBHP.xts Description: This spreadsheet calculates flowing bottom-hole pressure based on tubing head pressure and tubing flow performance using the Poettmann—Carpenter method. Instruction: (1) Select a unit system; (2) update parameter values in the Input data section; (3) Click “Solution” button: and (4) view result in the Solution section. Input Data US. Field Units ‘Tubing ID: 1.66 in| Wellhead pressure: 500 psia Liguid production rate: 2000 std Producing gas—liquid ratio (GLR): 1000 scfisiby Water cut (WC): 23% Oil gravity: 30 °APL Water-specific gravity: 1.05 freshwater = 1 Gas-specific gravity 0.65 1 for air Na content in gas 0 mole fraction CO; content in gas: 0 mole fraction H,S content in gas: 0 mole fraction Formation volume factor for water: 1.0 rbistb, Wellhead temperature: 100°F Tubing shoe depth: 5000 ft Bottom-hole temperature: 150°F Solution Oil-specifie gravity = 0.88 freshwater = 1 Mass associated with 1 stb of oil = 495.66 Ib Solution gas ratio at wellhead = 78.42 seffsth Oil formation volume factor at wellhead = 1.04 rb/sth Volume associated with 1 stb oil @ wellhead 45.12 cf Fluid density at welhead 10.99 Ib/ef Solution gas—oil ratio at bottom hole 301.79 sefistb, Oil formation volume factor at bottom hole 1.16 rb/stb Volume associated with 1 stb oil @ bottom hole 17.66 of Fluid density at bottom hole 28.07 Ibvet The average fluid density 19.53 Iblof force (Dp) = 79.21 Ib/day-ft factor = 0.002 Friction term = 293.12 (Ib/ef)” Error in depth = 0.001 Bottom-hole pressure = 1699 psiaExample Problem 4.6 For the data given below, calculate and plot pressure traverse in the tubing string: ‘Tubing shoe depth: 9700 ft Tubing inner diameter: 1,995 in, Oil gravity: 40 °API Oil viscosity Sep Production GLR: 75 scfibbl Gas-specific gravity: 0.7 ain Flowing tubing head pressure: 100 psia Flowing tubing head temperature: 80°F Flowing temperature at tubing shoe: 180°F Liquid production rate: 758 sib/day Water cut: 10% Interfacial tension: 30 dynesfem Specific gravity of water 1.05 H20 = 1 Solution This example problem is solved with the spreadsheet program HagedornBrownCorrelation.xls. The result is shown in Table 4.5 and Fig. 4.5, Table 4.5 Result Given by HagedornBrownCorrelation.xls for Example Problem 4.6 HagedornBrownCorrelation.xls Description: This spreadsheet calculates flowing pressures in tubing string based on tubing head pressure using the Hagedom—Brown correlation. Instruction: (1) Select a unit system; (2) update parameter values in the Input data section; (3) click “Solution” button; and (4) view result in the Solution section and charts. Input Data US. Field Units SI Units Depth (D): 9700 ft Tubing inner diameter (d,.) 1.995 in. Oil gravity (API) 40 “API Oil viscosity (10): Sep Production GLR (GLR): 75 sctfobl Gas-specific gravity (79): 0.7 air Flowing tubing head pressure (py) 100 psia Flowing tubing head temperature (¢,): 80°F Flowing temperature at tubing shoe (1,3): 180°F Liquid production rate (q,): 758 stbiday Water cut (WC): 10% Interfacial tension (0): 30 dynes/em. Specific gravity of water (,): 1.05 H,0 = 1Depth Pressure (ht) (mn) (psia) (MPa) 0 0 100 0.68 334 102 183 124 669 204 269 1.83 1003 306 358 2.43 1338 408 49 3.06 1672 510 343, 3.69 2007 612 638, 434 2341 74 76 501 2676 816 835 5.68 3010 918, 936 6.37 3345 1020 1038 7.06 3679 1122 141 776 4014 1224 1246 8.48 4348, 1326 1352, 9.20 4683 1428 1459 9.93 5017 1530 1567 10.66 5352 1632 1676 5686 1734 1786 12.15 6021 1836 1397 12.90 6355 1938 2008 13.66 Table 4.5 Result Given by HagedornBrownCorrelation.xls for Example Problem 4.6 Continued 6690 2040 2121 14.43 7024 2142 2034 15.19 7359 2043 2347 15.97 7693 2345 2461 16.74 8028 2447 2576 1752 8362 2549, 2691 18.31 8697 2651 2807 19.10 9031 2753 2923 19.89 9366 2855 3040 20.68 9700 2957 3157 21.48