Biology: 7. The Microscope & The Cell P. 149 8. Cell Structure P. 173 9. Plants P. 193

Biology
Biology is the study of the life and its interaction with its
environment. What life is and the technology needed to study life
form the basis of this unit.
Science relates the human condition. The choices we make are not
just based on knowledge, facts, and number; they are evaluated in
terms of what is important to us and our acceptance of risk.
7. The Microscope & the Cell p. 149
8. Cell Structure p. 173
9. Plants p. 193
Science is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of

knowledge.
Carl Sagan
Copyright © Kennedy, 2016 148

Introduction
Advancements in technology such as the microscope, was necessary to better understand the basis of life
and the cell.
7.1 Summary Notes — Basis for Life
/ Notes:
Life can only come from other life. The ancient idea that life can
occur without previous life, called spontaneous generation, did not
stand up to scientific experiments, methods, and equipment such
as the microscope. The microscope lead to the discovery of the
cell and the parts that make it up.
Cell means a small compartment.
The cell theory states:

• All living organisms are made of at least one cell
• Cells are the basic building block of all life
• All cells originate from pre-existing living cells

Example
1. Identify the idea that cells can be produced from non-living substances.
Spontaneous generation or abiogenesis.
Problems
Use the terms below to complete the sentences that follow.
life, cell, generation
1. The idea of spontaneous __________________ says life can arise from non-living things but
modern biology states that life can only come from other _______________. The basis for all life is
the __________.
Use the information below to answer the next 2 questions.
Francesco Redi was an Italian physician and poet and is often considered to be the founder of
experimental biology. In 1668 he published the findings of his experiments on spontaneous generation in
which he used jars containing meat. Some jars were covered with gauze that allowed airflow and some
were left uncovered. Flies couldn’t enter the covered jars but were observed to enter the uncovered jars
and only the meat in the uncovered jars grew maggots.
2. Spontaneous generation (aka abiogenesis) is the idea that life can be produced from non-living
matter. Was Redi’s experiment sufficient to disprove the idea of spontaneous generation? Explain.
3. Redi contributed to the modern scientific methods by introducing the importance of the controlled
variable. List two of Redi’s controlled variables.

Louis Pasteur conducted controlled experiments to test the idea of spontaneous generation. He tested if
life could start from yeast broth and air. He designed a container with an S-shaped opening that allowed air
to enter but no bugs or dust. The yeast broths in the containers were first boiled to kill any
microorganisms already present.
Yeast broth
no microbial growth microbial growth
4. What might have Pasteur concluded from 5. Identify Pasteur’s manipulated variable.
his observations?
6. Why is it important for an experiment to 7. Identify the controlled variables in Pasteur’s

have a control (a comparison)? experiment.
8. Louis Pasteur introduced the concept of “pasteurization” where yeast broths were heated to kill all
microorganisms. Why are milks, cheese and yogurts now pasteurized before they are sold in stores?

Observation often leads to theory but direct observation is often not sufficient. A theoretical basis for
biogenesis relied on improvements in technology. Sometimes a theory cannot be tested without the
availability of specialized technology. Robert Hooke examined thin slices of cork through a microscope he
constructed with a magnification power of 30X and noticed small room like compartments he called cells.
9. State the three points of the cell theory. 10. Was Hooke’s observations enough to propose
the cell theory?
11. Is it possible to support the 12. Viruses are smaller than cells and do not
a. theory of biogenesis (that life comes contain a nucleus. They reproduce by invading
from life) without the development of and destroying cells. Some scientists consider
the microscope? them to be alive even though this would
b. cell theory without the development of contradict the cell theory of life. Are exceptions
the microscope? to a theory allowed? Explain.
13. How might an experiment be done to show that cells come from pre-existing cells?
14. Over 2300 years ago Aristotle classified animal life and attempted to explain how life is propagated.
He suggested that “each life springs from a definite parent and gives rise to a predictable progeny.”
How might Aristotle’s statement be related to the cell theory?

7.2 Summary Notes — The Optical Microscope
The study of the cell would have been impossible without the development of the microscope.
Microscopy still plays a key role not only in the study of cells but many other areas of biology and science.
The simplest microscope is a magnifying glass, using a single lens. / Notes:

Compound microscope use two or more lenses.
The compound microscope is a system of lenses that produces a

magnified image enabling observation of the structure and
mechanisms that would otherwise be too small to observe.
eye piece
tube
nose piece
objective lenses
arm
stage
diaphram
coarse focus
fine focus
illuminator
base
Magnification is how many times larger the image is than the object:
hi
M=
ho
Where:
M is magnification ratio (no units)
hi is height or length of the image Any units as long as
ho is height or length of the object they are consistent

Common unit conversions:
Multiply by
cm 10 000 µm
C
o
mm 1000 µm m
m 100 cm p
cm 10 mm o
u
Divide by n
d microscopes have at least two lenses.
Magnification = Eye piece power x Objective lens power
Mtot = Me x Mo
Where:
Mtot is the total magnification
Me is the magnification of the eyepiece (ocular) lens
Mo is the magnification of the objective lens
Sample size calculation:
Specimen size = Field diameter x Fraction of space occupied
Field Diameter (or field of view) is the distance across the field
of view. As magnification increases the field diameter decreases.
M H FH = M L FL
Where:
M is magnification ratio (no units) H - high
F is the field of view or field diameter (fov) L - low
Wavelength is the
length of one repeating
Resolution is the ability to distinguish detail; to see different objects. unit of a wave
For detail to be resolved the object must be at least half of

the wavelength of light used.
Techniques such as staining make it possible to better view samples under a microscope. If a sample is
transparent it will not be easy to see under a microscope. Adding a stain will increase the contrast between
different parts of the sample making it more visible.

Examples
1. A 1.4 mm long specimen appears to have a length of 46.3 mm through a microscope lens. Calculate
the magnification power of the microscope.
The microscope’s magnification power is 33X.
2. A student uses a microscope that has a low power magnification of 5.0X and a high power
magnification of 40X. The high power field of view is 5.0 mm. Determine the field of view for the
low power magnification.
The microscope’s field of view at low power is 40 mm.
Problems
compound, two, microscopes, objective
1. Cells can be studied using ____________ to magnify the tiny cells. A _____________ microscope has
at least __________ lenses. The overall magnification is the magnification power of the eye-piece
multiplied by the magnification power of the ____________ lens.
2. The letter “e” is cut from paper and 3. Early microscopes used a single lens and were
placed under a microscope and the called “flea glasses” as they were used to look at
image produced is shown below. How insects. A 1.2 mm long insect appears to have a
does the microscope affect the image? length of 12.1 mm through a microscope lens.
Calculate the magnification power of the
microscope.

4. A 1.1 mm long specimen appears to 5. A specimen is viewed under a 4.0X lens and
have a length of 43.9 mm through a appears to have a length of 9.9 mm. Calculate
microscope lens. Calculate the the actual length of the specimen.
magnification power of the microscope.
6. A specimen is viewed under a 400X 7. Convert the given measurements to the

microscope and appears to have a length indicated units (note chart on page 154).
of 1.1 mm. Calculate the actual length of
the specimen. a. 100 mm cm
b. 0.430 cm mm
c. 310 cm m
d. 40000 µm mm
e. 0.0100 mm µm
f. 4350 µm cm
8. A 200 µm long specimen is viewed under a 9. The best optical microscopes can magnify up
250X microscope. Calculate the length of the to 1500X. Calculate the size of an object in
image in units of cm. units of micrometres, if its image size is 2.0 mm
with a magnification of 400X.
Use the information below to answer the next question.
Microbiology is the study of microbes. In 1674 a Dutch cloth maker, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, used a
simple microscope (single lens) that was superior to previously constructed compound microscopes to
observe bacteria and microorganisms in pond water. He is often called the father of microbiology and
obtained magnifications over 270X. He said
… there were many very little living animalcules, very prettily a-moving. The biggest sort . . . had a
very strong and swift motion, and shot through the water (or spittle) like a pike does through the
water. The second sort . . . oft-times spun round like a top . . . and these were far more in number.

10. Calculate the actual size of a protist observed through a microscope that is magnified 200X to produce
an image size of 44.2 cm.
11. An overall magnification can be determined using the magnification power of the eyepiece and the
magnification power of the objective lens in a compound microscope (Mtot = Me x Mo). Complete
the chart below.
Total magnification Eye piece magnification Objective lens magnification

a. 10 4.0
b. 100 10.0
c. 400 10.0
12. In 1595 a Dutch spectacle maker, Zacharias Janssen and his father Hans, constructed the first
compound microscope having a magnification power of 9.0X. Assuming an objective lens power of
2.0X, determine the power of the eyepiece.
In 1665 Robert Hooke constructed his own compound microscope and used it to study many small
animals and noticed what he called cells in a sample of cork. Hooke wrote that
… the collection of most of which I made use of microscopes and some other glasses and
instruments that improve the senses . . . only to promote the use of mechanical helps for the senses,
both in the surveying the already visible World, and for the discovery of many others hitherto
unknown.
13. One of Hooke’s microscope consisted of two lens, one with a power of 5.0X and the other with a
power of 6.0X. Determine the overall magnification of Hooke’s microscope.

14. Marie sketched two diagrams of microorganisms in pond water as shown below. The field diameter
(aka field of view) of the lens was 5.0 mm. Estimate the size of the microorganisms.
5.0 mm a. ________ mm b. ________ mm
A millimetre ruler may be used to determine sample size. The ruler is place over top the slide and is viewed
through the microscope along with the sample.
15. Two samples, human hair and a bee’s wing, are viewed with a mm ruler under a 40X microscope.
Estimate the maximum width of each sample.
a. Human Hair b. Bee Wing
Hair
Sample Field of view (mm) Sample width (mm)

a. hair
b. wing
16. Magnification and field of view are related to each other; as magnification increases, the field of view
decreases. Complete the chart below.
Low Power High Power
Magnification Field of view (mm) Magnification Field of view (mm)
a. 20X 5.0 40X
b. 40X 8.0 3.2
c. 10X 500X 0.24

17. A compound microscope has a low power magnification of 5.0X and a high power magnification
of 40X. The high power field of view is 4.0 mm. Determine the field of view for the low power
setting.
18. A compound microscope has a low power magnification of 6.0X and a high power magnification of
40X. The high power field of view is 5.0 mm. Determine the field of view for the low power
magnification.
19. A compound microscope has a high power magnification of 100X and a low power magnification
of 40X. The low power field of view is 5.0 mm. Determine the field of view for the high power
magnification.
20. A compound microscope has a high power field of view of 4.00 mm and a low power magnification
of 40.0X. The low power field of view is 10.0 mm. Determine the magnification for the high power.
21. Three important factors required to view a microscopic are magnification, resolution, and contrast.
What technique may be used to improve contrast in a cell specimen?

7.3 Summary Notes — Modern Microscope Technology
For more detailed observation of the cell’s structure and process more powerful microscopes were
developed. The electron microscope allowed observation near the molecular level.
/ Notes:
For an object to be seen or resolved its size must not be
much smaller than the wavelength used. A beam of
electrons has a shorter wavelength than a beam of light.
Thus the smaller wavelength of the electron beam in an
electron microscope can resolve smaller objects.
Electron microscopes cannot detect colour or view living

objects.
Example
1. List two advantages an optical microscope has over an electron microscope.

An optical microscope can
• view in colour
• view objects that are alive
• be much less expensive
• be easier to use
Problems
Use the terms below to complete the sentence that follow.
wavelength, visible, higher, optical, smaller
1. An electron microscope has a ___________ resolution than an _____________ microscope and

can therefore see ____________ objects because the electron’s ______________ is less than the
wavelength of ______________ light.

Optical resolution is the ability to distinguish between different objects. Simply magnifying without
improving resolution will create a larger blurry object. Greater resolution is required to view smaller
objects. Electrons have smaller wavelengths than visible light so they have higher resolution and are better
for seeing smaller objects.
semi-truck person mosquito hair strand cell molecule atom
10 m 1m 1 mm 0.2 mm 200 nm 10 nm 0.1 nm
i
ii
iii
2. Identify the range of objects best suited for 3. For a wave to detect an object, the object
being viewed by an must be at least half the size of the length of
a. electron microscope. the wave. Which wave below (a or b) would
have the best chance of detecting the sample
b. optical microscope.
object shown?
c. unaided human eye. a.
sample
b.
4. List benefits and drawbacks of an optical 5. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a large molecule
microscope over an electron microscope. in the nucleus of each cell. It contains the
code/instructions for the development, structure,
and function of all living organisms. Can DNA
be viewed using an optical microscope?
6. Electron beams produce a ____i____ wavelength than visible light. Therefore, electron beams can
resolve ____ii____ objects.
i ii
a. longer larger
b. longer smaller
c. shorter larger
d. shorter smaller

7.4 Summary Notes — Cell Components
The optical microscope allowed the cell and many of its parts to be / Notes:
observed and their function to be studied. Cells are composed of
many different parts called organelles.
Each organelle is responsible for aspects of the cell’s function.
All cells have a cell membrane which contains all the parts of the
cell and selectively allows for substances to enter and leave the cell.
Plant cells also have a cell wall which provides shape and rigidity
to the cell. The organelles are in the cytoplasm, which is the
soapy-like fluid inside the cell. The actions of the cell and how the
cell develops are controlled by the nucleus of the cell. The genetic
code is stored in a DNA molecule inside the nucleus (the largest
organelle).
The endoplasmic reticulum is a system of tubes present in most

cells. They transport materials around the cell. There are two types:
smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum. The rough
endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is located around the nucleus.
Ribosomes found on the RER give it the rough appearance. The
Ribosomes can only be resolved using an electron microscope.
They manufacture proteins, used by the lysosomes, while the
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is responsible for the
synthesis of membrane lipids (fats) and phospholipids and other
molecules required by the cell.
The proteins manufactured in the RER are packaged in the Golgi

apparatus (aka Golgi body) for transport to other areas of the cell.
The Golgi apparatus tends to be one of the larger organelles in a
cell.
The mitochondria controls most of the cell’s energy.

A vesicle is an organelle such as a vacuole or lysosome. It is / Notes:
composed of a phospholipid bilayer containing fluids. Vacuoles
are vesicles that contain mostly water and dissolved nutrients.
Animal cells have many small vacuoles while plant cells have a
large central vacuole which occupies much of the space inside the
cell.
Most animal cells contain spherical vesicles called lysosomes. They

contain proteins supplied by the Golgi apparatus which have the
task of breaking down waste molecules for disposal or recycling.
They are not typically found in plant cells.
Plant cells differ from animal cells in that plant cells have cell
walls and chloroplast and animal cells don’t. Chloroplasts are
specialized organelles that contain chlorophyll (which give
plants their green colour) that use light energy to convert water
and carbon dioxide into glucose according to the following
reaction:
CO2(g) + H2O(l) ® C6H12O6(aq) + O2(g)
Animal Cell Plant Cell
lysosome
nucleus
ribosome
rough endoplasmic reticulum

smooth endoplasmic reticulum
cell membrane
cytoplasm
mitochondria
Golgi body
vacuole
chloroplast
cell wall

Problems
vacuole, rough, smooth, plant, chloroplast, Golgi, ribosomes, mitochondria, ribosomes, lipids
1. Animal cells do not have a cell wall but ____________ cells do. Plant cells also have a large central
___________ and contain the organelle called ______________ that is responsible for converting
light energy to chemical energy. ________________ are responsible for synthesizing proteins while
the _______________ apparatus processes those proteins. The _______________ process the
energy required by the cell using the ATP molecule. Vesicles that are seen as bubbles or tubes within
the cell contain _______________ and can synthesize proteins and are called ______________
endoplasmic reticulum. The ______________ endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes ____________
and carbohydrates.
2. Even in the modern era of camera technology that interfaces with microscopes, it is still valuable to
hand sketch what is viewed through a microscope; this leads to better observation and recall. Anna
drew the following diagrams of cells she observed through a microscope. Label the parts of the cells.
a.
b. f.
c.
d.
g.
e.

3. Provide a brief description of the function of each of the following organelles. Use your own
words.
a. nucleus:
b. ribosomes:
c. rough endoplasmic reticulum:
d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum:
e. cell membrane:
f. cytoplasm:
g. mitochondrion:
h. Golgi apparatus:
i. vacuole:
j. lysosomes:
k. chloroplast:
l. cell wall:

Gaucher’s disease is a genetic disease caused by malfunctioning enzyme production by the lysosomes. The
waste products are not properly disposed of resulting in liver and spleen problems and fatigue and easy
bruising.
4. Identify the organelle responsible for removing the waste product from the cell.
A study conducted in the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine investigated mitochondria levels in
muscle cells. In the study, eight 68 year olds (5 men and 3 women) who were not otherwise active had
their mitochondria levels measured before and after a 12-week exercise program. It was observed that their
mitochondria levels increased by 50 %.
5. For the experiment, identify the:
a. manipulated variable _____________________________
b. responding variable ______________________________
c. controlled variables ______________________________
6. Interpret the results of the study regarding

a. aging and mitochondria levels?
b. activity (exercise) and mitochondria levels?
7. Identify two cell features that cannot be viewed using an optical microscope.
8. Alzheimer’s disease affects many older people and is the sixth leading cause of death in those over
65. On a cellular level it is a result of a dysfunction of the cell membrane of neuron cells in the brain.
Apparently the phospholipids molecules of the cell membrane may be affected but no drugs have
yet been developed that provide positive results. List some of the attributes of a well-constructed
drug trial that would be required for a new Alzheimer’s drug. (Note page 30)

7.5 Extensions
A reticle (eyepiece micrometer) is a transparent scale viewed through a microscope superimposed over the
image and can be used to calculate the size of the object being viewed. This method is more accurate than
using a ruler on the sample being viewed. An eyepiece reticle, with divisions in mm, is shown below.
The distance between markings can be determined using the equation:
D
d=
0 5.0 10.0 M
Where:
d is the spacing distance (mm)
D is the reticle’s divisions (mm)
M is the objective magnification power
1. Determine the spacing of the scale in millimetres and micrometres. Complete the chart below.
Objective Spacing distance (mm) Spacing distance (µm)

magnification
a. 4.0X
b. 10X
c 40X
2. A sample, as shown below, is viewed through a microscope at 40X. Determine the size of the sample
if the reticle divisions represent 1.00 mm marks.
0 5.0 10.0

7.6 Review
1. Identify the statement below that is NOT a part of the cell theory.
a. All living things are made from cells
b. Cells only come from other cells
c. Cells must be small in order to efficiently transport material in and out
d. Cells are the basic building block of all life
2. A microscope with an eyepiece magnification power of 10X and an objective lens power of 4.0X has
an overall magnification of
a. 0.25X
b. 2.25X
c. 4.0X
d. 40X
3. Convert 400 mg to g.
a. 400 g b. 4.00 g c. 0.400 g d. 0.0400 g
4. Andrew measures a microscope’s field of view to be 4.2 mm when using a low power 40X
magnification. The blood cells he views are too small to be measured. He switches to a 400X
magnification and notes that each blood cell occupies about 20 % of the field of view. The size of
each blood cell is ____ mm.
a. 0.084 b. 0.42 c. 2.1 d. 0.042
5. As magnification increases, the field of view _________.

a. increases
b. decreases
c. stays the same
d. changes randomly
6. A 1.4 mm long specimen appears to have a length of 46.3 mm through a microscope lens. The
magnification power of the microscope is
a. 33X
b. 0.030X
c. 30X
d. 65X
7. The ability of a microscope to increase the apparent size of an object is called ___i___ while the
ability for the microscope to distinguish detail is called its ___ii____.
i ii
a. power depth of field
b. resolution power
c. resolution magnification
d. magnification resolution

8. The ____i___ contain enzymes that break down waste materials while ___ii___ synthesize protein.
i ii
a. nucleus cell membrane
b. cell membrane nucleus
c. ribosomes lysosome
d. lysosome ribosomes
9. Energy is distributed throughout the cell via the ATP molecule which is produced in the
a. ribosomes
b. mitochondria
c. lysosomes
d. Golgi apparatus
10. Samples to be viewed using a microscope are often stained so they can be seen better. Staining
improves the
a. magnification of the sample
b. brightness of the sample
c. depth of field possible for different parts of the cell
d. contrast between different parts of the cell

low, decrease, contrast, two, medium, highest
11. As magnification increases, the field of view will ___________. When focusing a microscope it is
best to start with _________ power and then go to __________ power and lastly to _________
power. A compound microscope has a minimum of __________ lenses. Staining a sample may
improve the ___________ between different parts of the sample making it easier to see.
12. Compare (list similarities and differences) between lysosomes and vacuoles.
13. List the steps for the proper set-up, use, and take down of an optical microscope.
14. Describe how modern science and medicine depend on the invention and development of the
microscope.
15. A wave representing visible light is shown below. Identify the wave, i or ii, that would most likely
represent an electron wave.
i.
Visible light wave ii.

7.7 Review Assignment
1. Microscope Lab Report
Part 1: Obtain a prepared slide.
Select the magnification (start at low magnification) that works best to view your specimen. Include:
• a diagram or photograph of what is seen through the microscope.
• the identification of specimen.
• the magnification information (show work)
View the specimen under low power with a mm ruler. Include:

• a diagram or photograph of specimen with ruler.
• field of view information.
• specimen size (more than one dimension if necessary). You may have to view using high power
to get the specimen size.
Part 2: Obtain a sample of pond water.
Place one drop of pond water on a slide and add cover slip.
View under low, then medium, Include
• the magnification information.
Note:
• Always start with the low power objective lens.
• Only use the coarse adjustment dial with the low magnification.
• Do not use the coarse adjust dial when using high magnification.
• Use different light intensities to better view your samples.
• Place diagrams inside neat circles. Always use a ruler when drawing straight lines.
Part 3: Obtain a sample of your hair.
Place one strand of your hair on a slide and add a cover slip
View under low, then medium, then high. Include:
• the width of a single strand of your hair.

2. The picture below shows the red blood cells of a frog under the high power view of a microscope.
Estimate the size of the cells assuming the field of view to be 1.2 mm.
3. Cells come from previous cells according to the cell theory. But if the reproduction of cells occurs in
an uncontrolled manner the entire organism may be endangered. Cells that reproduce in this way are
called cancer cells. Investigate further and write a summary about cancer at a cellular level.
4. Computer Research Project: The Electron Microscope
• List three types of electron microscopes

• Include at least three electron microscope images (identify specimen images and magnification)
• Brief description of how they work
• List at least two advantages and disadvantages of electron microscopes over optical
microscopes
• List sources
5. Vacuoles and lysosomes are vesicles found in cells. A vacuole and a lysosome have been compared
to bringing groceries into a house in a bag (vacuole), and taking the garbage out in a bag (lysosome).
Comment on the validity of the analogy.


Biology: 7. The Microscope & The Cell P. 149 8. Cell Structure P. 173 9. Plants P. 193

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Biology

7. The Microscope & the Cell p. 149

8. Cell Structure p. 173

Science is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of

Copyright © Kennedy, 2016 148

7.1 Summary Notes — Basis for Life

Cell means a small compartment.

The cell theory states:

Copyright © Kennedy, 2016 149

Spontaneous generation or abiogenesis.

Use the terms below to complete the sentences that follow.

life, cell, generation

Use the information below to answer the next 2 questions.

Copyright © Kennedy, 2016 150

no microbial growth microbial growth

6. Why is it important for an experiment to 7. Identify the controlled variables in Pasteur’s

Copyright © Kennedy, 2016 151

Copyright © Kennedy, 2016 152

The simplest microscope is a magnifying glass, using a single lens. / Notes:

The compound microscope is a system of lenses that produces a

Copyright © Kennedy, 2016 153

Magnification = Eye piece power x Objective lens power

Sample size calculation:

Specimen size = Field diameter x Fraction of space occupied

For detail to be resolved the object must be at least half of

Copyright © Kennedy, 2016 154

The microscope’s magnification power is 33X.

The microscope’s field of view at low power is 40 mm.

Use the terms below to complete the sentences that follow.

compound, two, microscopes, objective

Copyright © Kennedy, 2016 155

6. A specimen is viewed under a 400X 7. Convert the given measurements to the

Use the information below to answer the next question.

Copyright © Kennedy, 2016 156

Total magnification Eye piece magnification Objective lens magnification

Use the information below to answer the next question.

Copyright © Kennedy, 2016 157

5.0 mm a. ________ mm b. ________ mm

Use the information below to answer the next question.

a. Human Hair b. Bee Wing

Sample Field of view (mm) Sample width (mm)

Copyright © Kennedy, 2016 158

Copyright © Kennedy, 2016 159

Electron microscopes cannot detect colour or view living

1. List two advantages an optical microscope has over an electron microscope.

wavelength, visible, higher, optical, smaller

1. An electron microscope has a ___________ resolution than an _____________ microscope and

Copyright © Kennedy, 2016 160

semi-truck person mosquito hair strand cell molecule atom

10 m 1m 1 mm 0.2 mm 200 nm 10 nm 0.1 nm

Copyright © Kennedy, 2016 161

Each organelle is responsible for aspects of the cell’s function.

The endoplasmic reticulum is a system of tubes present in most

The proteins manufactured in the RER are packaged in the Golgi

The mitochondria controls most of the cell’s energy.

Copyright © Kennedy, 2016 162

Most animal cells contain spherical vesicles called lysosomes. They

CO2(g) + H2O(l) ® C6H12O6(aq) + O2(g)

Animal Cell Plant Cell

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Copyright © Kennedy, 2016 163

Use the terms below to complete the sentences that follow.

Copyright © Kennedy, 2016 164

5.0 mm a. mm b. mm

1. An electron microscope has a _ resolution than an ___ microscope and