Physical Science

Quarter 3 – Module 8:
“Coollide”
Physical Science – Grade 11
Quarter 3 – Module 8: Coollide
First Edition, 2020

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Physical Science
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
“Coollide”
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning at home. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage
and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own learning. Take
time to read, understand, and perform the different activities in the module.

As you go through the different activities of this module be reminded of the

following:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 Let Us Learn

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the concepts on how molecular collision takes place. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow
the standard sequence of the course.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Use simple collision theory to explain the effects of concentration, temperature,

and particle size on the rate of reaction.

Specifically, you are expected to:

1. Explain collision theory by relating chemical reaction to collisions between

reacting particles;
2. Identify the necessary conditions for the reaction of molecular collision to
takes place;
3. Explain how collision theory can be used to visualize how molecular collision
on different factors affecting the rate of a reaction; and,
4. Visualize collision theory reaction on the effects of temperature, concentration
and size or particles using collision theory.

Let Us Try!

Direction: Read the questions carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What will happen to the kinetic energy of the particles enclosed in a container
when the temperature of the container increases?
A. decrease of kinetic C. kinetic energy is constant
B. increase of kinetic energy D. kinetic energy will stay longer

2. Which of the following takes place when there is a decrease in temperature of

the reactants?
A. particles to lose speed
B. slow collision frequency
C. allow less effective collision between the particles
D. increase collision between the particles thus increasing the rate.

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 3. Which of the following best describes activation energy?
A. The energy added by a catalyst
B. The energy possessed by the products
C. The energy needed for a reaction to occur
D. The minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to potentially
occur

4. Which of the following is the result of more collisions?

A. faster reaction rate C. varying reaction rate
B. slower reaction rate D. . same reaction rate

5. Which of the following will lead to a chemical reaction?

A. the reactants must be vaporized
B. chemical bonds must be destroyed
C. the temperature must be above 0oC
D. collisions must occur between reactant particles

Let Us Study

The Collision Theory is a simple and useful model that explains how chemical
reactions occur and why reaction rates differ for different reactions. This can be
compared to the famous Power Puff Girls where these girls are working together and
complementing one another’s strengths. It was proposed around 1917.These
concepts of molecular collision and reaction shall be discussed in detail in the
succeeding activities of this module.

Collision Theory

Collision theory is used to predict the rates of chemical reactions, particularly

for gases. The collision theory is based on the assumption that for a reaction to occur
it is necessary for the reacting species (atoms or molecules) to come together or
collide with one another. Not all collisions, however, bring about chemical change. A
collision will be effective in producing chemical change only if the species brought
together possess a certain minimum value of internal energy, equal to the activation
energy of the reaction.
Furthermore, the colliding molecules must be oriented in a manner favorable
to the necessary rearrangement of atoms and electrons. Thus, according to the
collision theory, the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds is equal to the
frequency of effective collisions. Because atomic or molecular frequencies of
collisions can be calculated with some degree of accuracy only for gases (by
application of the kinetic theory), the application of the collision theory is limited to
gas-phase reactions.

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 The collision theory provides us with the ability to predict what conditions are
necessary for a successful reaction to take place. These conditions include:
1. The particles must collide with each other.

2. The particles must collide with sufficient energy to break the old bonds.

3. The particles must have proper orientation.

To understand the kinetics of chemical reactions and the factors that affect
kinetics, we should first examine what happens during a reaction on the molecular
level. According to the collision theory of reactivity, reactions occur when reactant
molecules effectively collide.

For an effective collision to occur, the reactant molecules must be oriented in

space correctly to facilitate the breaking and forming of bonds and the rearrangement
of atoms that result in the formation of product molecules.

Figure 1 Collision Visualizations

A
B X X
Ineffective Collision

Effective
B X A Collision B + X
A

This visualization shows an ineffective and effective collision based on

molecular orientation.

During a molecular collision, molecules must also possess a minimum

amount of kinetic energy for an effective collision to occur. This energy varies for
each reaction, and is known as the activation energy (Ea) (Figure 1 “Potential
Energy and Activation Energy “).The rate of reaction therefore depends on the
activation energy; a higher activation energy means that fewer molecules will have
sufficient energy to undergo an effective collision.

Factors That Affect Reaction Rate

The following factors can affect the rate of a reaction. Collision theory can be
used to explain their effect.

• Temperature

• Concentration

• Surface Area (Particle Size)

• Catalyst

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Temperature

Increasing the temperature increases the kinetic energy of the reactant

particles. The particles move more quickly increasing the frequency of collisions. The
particles also collide with more energy which increases the likelihood of each collision
being successful.
Increasing the temperature does not alter the total amount of product
that is formed. This is because the amount of reactant particles does not change. If
the temperature is low, it simply takes longer for the same amount of product to be
formed. Therefore the line representing the reaction at a lower temperature is flatter
but still eventually reaches the same height.

Increase
concentration

Concentration
Increasing the concentration means there are more reactant particle in a given
space (volume). This increases the chance that reactant particles will collide. The
increased frequency of collisions results in a faster rate of reaction.
Surface Area/Size of Particles

Low Surface Area High Surface Area

=Acid Particle = Water Molecule =Magnesium Atom

If one of the reactants is a solid, only the particles at the surface can partake
in the reaction. Breaking the reactant into smaller pieces increases the surface and
more particles are exposed to the reaction mixture. This results in an increased
frequency of collisions and therefore a faster rate of reaction.
Therefore powdered magnesium reacts more quickly than a lump of solid
magnesium. Increasing surface area increases the rate of reaction but does not alter
the total amount of product formed.

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Let Us Practice

Activity 1: Predicting Collision Effects

Complete the boxes below to show what would happen to particles before
reaction by adding or subtracting particles inside each box.

Decrease Increase
Temperature Temperature

1. 2.

Decrease Increase
size Size

3. 4.

Decrease
Concentration Increase
Concentration

5.
6.

Using your understanding of rates of reaction explain the following briefly.

Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1 How does increasing the temperature of reaction increases the rate of reaction?
2. How does adding a catalyst increase rate of reaction?

3. How does increasing the temperature of reaction increases the rate of reaction?

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 Let Us Practice More

Activity 2: Illustrate Your Understanding

For particles to react they must collide (with sufficient energy). The greater the
number of the molecules, the greater the rate of the reaction

A basic principle of collision theory is that, in order to react, molecules must collide.

1. Increased Temperature
Complete the diagrams by adding more particles.

Room Temperature High Temperature

2. Increased Concentration
Complete the diagram by adding particle as appropriate.

Low Concentration High Concentration

3. Increased Gas Pressure

Complete the diagram by placing particle to its proper place.

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 Let Us Remember

The Collision theory provides a qualitative explanation of chemical reactions

and the rates at which they occur.

For a chemical reaction to occur, reactants must collide. The more often
reactant molecules collide, the more often they react with one another, and the
faster the reaction rate.

If reactant particles do not collide with enough energy and with right
orientation, they will not react together. In reality, only a small fraction of the
overall collisions, are effective collisions that result in a chemical reaction.

This is because only a small number of molecules have the right orientation
and the right amount of energy at the moment of impact to break the existing bonds
and form new ones.

The energy barrier reactant particles must overcome to break bonds is called
the activation energy (Ea).

Let Us Assess

Direction: Read the questions carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What will happen to the kinetic energy of the particles enclosed in a container
when the temperature of the container increases?
A. decrease of kinetic C. kinetic energy is constant
B. increase of kinetic energy D. kinetic energy will stay longer

2. Which of the following is the result when there is a decrease in temperature

of the reactants?
A. particles to lose speed
B. slow collision frequency
C. allow less effective collision between the particles
D. increase collision between the particles thus increasing the rate.

9
3. Which of the following best describes activation energy?
A. The energy added by a catalyst
B. The energy possessed by the products
C. The energy needed for a reaction to occur
D. The minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to potentially
occur

4. Which factor increases the rate of reaction?

A. increasing temperature C. increasing surface area
B. increasing concentration D. same reaction rate

5. Why does a higher temperature increase the rate of reaction?

A. it increases both the frequency and energy of particle collisions
B. it only increases the frequency of particle collisions
C. it only increases the energy of particle collisions
D. it reduces the activation energy of the reaction

6. Why does a higher concentration increase the rate of reaction?

A. it lowers the activation energy
B. it increases the amount of reactants
C. it increases the energy of particle collisions
D. it increases the frequency of particle collisions

7. Which of the following is the result of more collisions?

A. faster reaction rate C. varying reaction rate
B. slower reaction rate D. same reaction rate

8 Why does a higher concentration increase the rate of reaction?

A. the reactants must be vaporized
B. chemical bonds must be destroyed
C. the temperature must be above 0oC
D. collisions must occur between reactant particles

9. Which is the effect of faster product formation?

A. temperature is decreased
B. the reaction is not stirred
C. the particle size of the reactants is larger
D. c concentration of the reactants is increased

10. Which of the collisions is brought about by a chemical reaction?

A. consistent collisions C. effective collisions
B. normal collisions D. same reaction rate

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11. Which will happen most likely happen when there are more collisions?
A. faster reaction rate C. slower reaction rate
B. constant reaction rate D. same reaction rate

12. Which of the following is/are the fundamental idea/s of collision theory?
A. Molecules react by colliding together
B. The effective collisions must occur with certain minimum amounts of
energy
C. . The effective collisions must occur with certain maximum amounts of
energy
D. In a large sample, the greater the number of effective collisions, and the
faster the rate of reaction.

13. What two factors govern whether a collision between reacting particles will
be effective?
A. orientation and potential energy C. kinetic energy and orientation

B. kinetic energy and temperature D. potential energy and kinetic

energy

14. Why does a higher temperature increase the rate of a reaction?

A. it reduces the activation energy of the reaction
B. it only increases the energy of particle collisions
C. it only increases the frequency of particle collisions
D. it increases both the frequency and energy of particle collisions.

15. According to the collision theory, the particles must collide with ____ and ____
for a reaction to occur.
A. sufficient rate; sufficient energy
B. sufficient surface area; correct orientation
C. sufficient catalyst; sufficient energy
D. sufficient energy; correct orientation

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 Let Us Enhance

Activity 3: Reaction Results

Instruction: Explain briefly how reaction takes place using the collision
theory.

What happens to What happens to What happens to

Change to the movement the frequency of the rate of
reaction (kinetic energy) collisions? reaction?
of the particles?

Increase the
temperature

Increase the
concentration

Increase the
surface area of a
solid

Let Us Reflect

The collision theory states that gas-phase chemical reaction occurs when
colliding molecules have sufficient kinetic energy. Activation energy is the energy
required to proceed and reach the transition state.

Does increasing the temperature lower the activation energy?

Temperature, like concentration, surface area, and the nature of reactants,

affects the rate of the reaction by changing the rate of collisions. As temperature
increase, molecules gain more kinetic energy – they move faster and faster.
Therefore, the higher the temperature, the higher the probability that the molecules
will be moving with the necessary activation energy for a reaction to occur upon
collision. Increasing the temperature does not mean the activation energy is
decreased.

Decreasing the activation energy is done by catalysts that offer a lower

energy pathway for the reaction to occur.

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 13
Let Us Assess Let Us Assess Let Us Assess Let Us Try
11. A 6. D 1. A 1. A
12. A 7. A 2. C 2. C
3. A
13. C 8. D 3. A 4. A
14. B 9. C 5. D
4. D
15. D 10. A 5. A
Answer Key
 References

Factors that Affect the Rate of Reactions: June 02, 2020. Accessed from:
https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/factors-that-affect-
the-rate-of-
reactions-2/

Collision Theory. June 01, 2020. Accessed from:

https://www.penfield.edu/webpages/tabraham/resources.cfm?subpa
ge=1498912

Collision Theory. June 01, 2020. Accessed from:

https://www.ausetute.com.au/reactrate.html

Kinetic Chemistry. May 26,2020. Accessed from

https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:i7H80Ixy9ukJ:
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chem-
kinetics+&cd=11&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ph&client=safari.

The Rate of a Chemical . May 25,2020. Accessed from

Reactionhttps://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/
Map%3A_Introductory_Chemistry_(Tro)/15%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.0
2%3A_The_Rate_of_a_Chemical_Reaction
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E. Quirino Avenue, Davao City

Telephone: (082) 227 4762

Email Address: lrms.davaocity@deped.gov.ph