EE 421

Shift Keying Lab

Students Team

Ali Alsugair Student ID: 436102257

Mohammed alfaifi Student ID: 435106908

Supervisor
Prof. Abdel-Fattah Sheta

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Abstract:
This report investigates the main three types of digital modulation: Amplitude Shift
Keying, Phase Shift Keying and Frequency Shift Keying, Their modulation,
demodulation and their properties are going to be discussed thoroughly.

OBJECTIVE:
• Familiarization with principles of various forms of shift keying.
• Demonstration of the basics of shift keying in modulation and demodulation.
• To demonstrate Spectral features of shill keying.
• To investigate the Bandwidth requirement for shift-keying.
• To study the effects of keying with and without filter.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
In this part there are nine equipment.

• Power supply (Model# 726.86).

• Waveform generator (Model# 726.961).
• Spectrum analyzer (No Display Screen) (Model# 726.94).
• Frequencies counter (Model# 726.99).
• ASK/PSK/FSK modulator (Model# 736.33).
• ASK/PSK demodulator (Model# 736.34).
• FSK demodulator (Model# 736.35).
• Digital oscilloscope.
• Analog Multi-meter.

THEORY:

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ASK theory:
Binary amplitude-shift keying (BASK) is one of the earliest forms of digital
modulation used in radio telegraphy at the beginning of the twentieth century. To
formally describe BASK, consider a binary data stream which is of the ON– OFF
signaling variety. That is defined by:
!,-.(012 3) &'()*+ 5
𝑆!"# (𝑛) = {$ &'()*+ $
!

Figure 1: ASK Waveform and spectrum

PSK theory:
In PSK, the signals for logic 0 and logic 1 are 180 degrees out of phase with one
another as shown in figure 2. PSK can be interpreted as a DSB-AMSC.
!,-.(012 371) &'()*+ 5
𝑆6"# (𝑛) = {!,-.(012!!3) &'()*+ $

Figure 2: PSK Waveform and spectrum

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FSK theory:
In the simplest form of frequency-shift keying known as binary frequency-shift keying
(BFSK), symbols 0 and 1 are distinguished from each other by transmitting one of two
sinusoidal waves that differ in frequency by a fixed amount. A typical pair of
sinusoidal waves is described by:
!,-.(012 3) &'()*+ 5
𝑆8"# (𝑛) = {!,-.(012"#3) &'()*+ $

Figure 3: FSK Waveform and spectrum

ASK PROCEDURES:

ASK Modulation:
1) The experiment was as assembled as specified in Figure 4.

Figure 4: ASK setup

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Dynamic characteristic of the ASK Signal Hard Keying (without Filter):
1) A square-wave signal with AM= 5V, FM=1KHz, was Fed into the input
amplifier of the ASK/FSK/PSK modulator.
2) The following signals were displayed and plotted on the same graph on the
oscilloscope with the following settings: curve Dual, X/div = 500 μs,
Y1/div=Y2/div =5V, Trigger CH1. The oscilloscope plot is shown in figure 5.
SM (t): Modulating square-wave signal, unipolar at the socket MODin.
SASK(t): ASK modulated signal at the output TXout of the amplitude modulator.

Figure 5: Modulating and ASK modulated signals (without filter)

Comment: The amplitude of the ASK modulated signal is the same amplitude of
the massage signal when the input is positive.

Dynamic characteristic of the ASK Signal Keying with Filter (Soft Keying):

1) The modulating signal was fed into the ASK/FSK/PSK modulator via the low
pass filter (soft keying).
2) The following signals were displayed and plotted on the same graph. The
oscilloscope plot is shown in figure 6.
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 SM(t): Modulating square-wave signal, unipolar at the output of the low pass
filter.
SASK(t): ASK modulated signal at the output of the ASK modulator.

Figure 6: Modulating and ASK modulated signals (with a filter)

Figure 6: (CH I) Modulating square-wave signal, (CH II) Modulated ASK signal.

Comment: The shape of the output signal was affected by the low pass filter (LPF) as we can
see in the figure 6.

ASK Demodulation:
1) A square-wave signal with AM=5V, FM=1KHz, was Fed into the input amplifier
of the ASK/FSK/PSK modulator.
2) The modulating signal at the output of the input amplifier of ASK/FSK/PSK
modulator and the demodulated signal at the TTL output of the bipolar of
ASK/PSK demodulator were displayed and plotted on the oscilloscope with the

٦
 following settings: curve Dual, X/div = 500 μs, Y1/div=Y2/div =5V, Trigger
CH1. The oscilloscope plot is shown in figure 7.

Figure 7: the modulating and ASK demodulated signals

3) From the figures (7, 8), we were able to demodulate the binary signal using
ASK demodulator. Figure 7,8 shows the modulating and demodulated signals,
where the demodulated signal is reconstructed by the reconstruction filter.

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 Figure 8: the demodulated signal at A12

Comment: There is a phase shift between mode A11 and mode A12

ASK Spectrum:
Recording the Spectrum of the ASK Signal Hard Keying (without Filter):

1) The experiment was as assembled as specified in Figure 9.

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 2) The output of ASK Modulator was connected to the Input of the Spectrum
Analyzer.
3) The Amplitude of FSK (G) without modulation (using the Oscilloscope) and
Frequency (using frequency counter) were measured and recorded: Ac=5.3v,
fvco=105.5 KHz .
4) A square-wave signal with AM=5V, FM=1KHz, was Fed into the input
amplifier of the ASK/FSK/PSK modulator.
5) The analyzer settings were set as the following:
analyzer settings
V1 :1
V2 : 2, 5
Fr(khz) :50 b(hz) :100
SPAN (khz) : 5 …40 T(s) :40

6) The measurement values were recorded in Table 1, and the spectrum was
sketched in diagram 1.

Table 1: ASK Spectrum without filter:

Signal parameters Analyzer settings

n f V2 S(n) SPAM(n) (V)

(KHz) (V)

1 7 5 1 0.2
2 9 5 0.9 0.18
3 11 5 1.2 0.24
4 13 5 1.4 0.28
5 15 5 1.7 0.34
6 17 5 2.8 0.56
7 19 5 7 1.4
8 20 2 4.9 2.45
9 21 5 8.3 1.66
10 23 5 2.8 0.56
11 25 5 1.5 0.3

٩
 ٣٫

٢٫٥

٢٫
SASK(n) (v)

١٫٥

١٫

٠٫٥

٠٫
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
F(KHz)

Diagram 1: ASK Spectrum (without filter)

PHASE SHIFT KEYING (PSK):

PSK Modulation:
1) The experiment was as assembled as specified in Figure 10.

Diagram 2: ASK Spectrum (without filter)

Figure 10: PSK setup

١٠
Dynamic characteristic of the PSK Signal Hard Keying (without Filter):

1) A square-wave signal with AM=5V, FM=1KHz, was Fed into the input
amplifier of the ASK/FSK/PSK modulator.
2) The following signals were displayed and plotted on the same graph on the
oscilloscope with the following settings: curve Dual, X/div = 200 μs,
Y1/div=Y2/div =5V, Trigger CH1. The oscilloscope plot is shown in figure 11.
SM (t): Modulating square-wave signal, unipolar at the output of the input
amplifier.
SPSK(t): PSK modulated signal at the output of the PSK modulator.

Figure 11: Modulating and PSK modulated signals (without filter)

Comment: As we can see in the figure 11 the phase of the PSK modulated
signal changes by 180 degrees.

١١
Dynamic characteristic of the PSK Signal Keying with Filter (Soft Keying):
1) The modulating signal was fed into the ASK/FSK/PSK modulator via the low
pass filter (soft keying).
2) The following signals were displayed and plotted on the same graph. The
oscilloscope plot is shown in figure 12.
SM(t): Modulating square-wave signal, unipolar at the output of the low pass
filter.
SPSK(t): PSK modulated signal at the output of the PSK modulator.

Figure 12: Modulating and PSK modulated signals (with a filter)

Comment: The shape of the input signal was affected by the low pass filter
(LPF) as we can see in the figure 12.

PSK Demodulation:
1) A square-wave signal with AM=5V, FM=1KHz, was Fed into the input
amplifier of the ASK/FSK/PSK modulator.

١٢
2) The modulating signal at the output of the input amplifier of ASK/FSK/PSK
modulator and the demodulated signal at the TTL output of the bipolar of
ASK/PSK demodulator were displayed and plotted on the oscilloscope with the
following settings: curve Dual, X/div = 50 μs, Y1/div=Y2/div =2V, Trigger
CH1. The oscilloscope plot is shown in figure 13.

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Figure 13: the modulating and PSK demodulated signals

١٤
 Figure 14: the modulating signal and the output signal of the synchronous rectifier

Comment: From the previous figures (13, 14), we were able to demodulate the
binary signal using PSK demodulator. Figure 18 shows the modulating and
demodulated signals, where the demodulated signal is reconstructed by the
reconstruction filter.

PSK Spectrum:
Recording the Spectrum of the PSK Signal Hard Keying (without Filter):

1) The experiment was as assembled as specified in Figure 15.

١٥

Figure 15: Setup for PSK spectrum measurements

 2) The output of PSK Modulator was connected to the Input of the Spectrum
Analyzer.
3) A square-wave signal with AM=5V, FM=1KHz, was Fed into the input
amplifier of the ASK/FSK/PSK modulator.
4) The analyzer settings were set as the following:
analyzer settings
V1 :1
V2 : 2, 5
Fr(khz) :50 b(hz) :100
SPAN (khz) : 5 …40 T(s) :40

5) The measurement values were recorded in Table 3, and the spectrum was
sketched in diagram 3.

Table 3: PSK Spectrum without filter

Signal parameters Analyzer settings

n f V2 S(n) SPAM(n)
(KHz) (V) (V)

1 8 5 0.8 0.16
2 10 5 1 0.2
3 12 5 2.6 0.52
4 14 5 4.5 0.9
5 16 2 2.5 1.25
6 18 5 3 0.6
7 20 5 2.5 0.5
8 22 5 2.7 0.54
9 24 5 7.5 1.5
10 26 5 6 1.2
11 28 5 1.8 0.36
12 30 5 0.9 0.18
١٦
 13 32 5 0.7 0.15
14 34 5 0.4 0.08
15 36 5 0.4 0.08

١٫٦

١٫٤

١٫٢

١٫
SPSK(n) (V)

٠٫٨

٠٫٦

٠٫٤

٠٫٢

٠٫
٠ ٥ ١٠ ١٥ ٢٠ ٢٥ ٣٠ ٣٥ ٤٠
F(KHz)

Diagram 3: PSK Spectrum (without filter)

Comment: As we can see in diagram 3, the PSK spectrum has a similar spectrum
to the double side band.

١٧
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK):

FSK Modulation:
1) The experiment was as assembled as specified in Figure 16.

Figure 16: FSK setup

Dynamic characteristic of the FSK Signal Hard Keying (without Filter):

1) A square-wave signal with AM=5V, FM=1KHz, was Fed into the input amplifier
of the ASK/FSK/PSK modulator.
2) The following signals were displayed and plotted on the same graph on the
oscilloscope with the following settings: curve Dual, X/div = 200 μs,
Y1/div=Y2/div =5V, Trigger CH1. The oscilloscope plot is shown in figure 17.
SM (t): Modulating square-wave signal, unipolar at the output of the input
amplifier.
SFSK(t): FSK modulated signal at the output of the amplitude modulator.

١٨
 Figure 17: Modulating and FSK modulated signals (without filter)

Comment: The frequency increases when the modulating signal is high.

Dynamic characteristic of the FSK Signal Keying with Filter (Soft Keying):
1) The modulating signal was fed into the ASK/FSK/PSK modulator via the low
pass filter (soft keying).
2) The following signals were displayed and plotted on the same graph. The
oscilloscope plot is shown in figure 18.
SM(t): Modulating square-wave signal, unipolar at the output of the low pass
filter.
SFSK(t): FSK modulated signal at the output of the FSK modulator.

١٩
 Figure 18: Modulating and FSK modulated signals (with filters)

Comment: The shape of the input signal was affected by the low pass filter (LPF) as we can
see in the figure 18.

FSK Demodulation:
1) A square-wave signal with AM=5V, FM=1KHz, was Fed into the input amplifier of the
ASK/FSK/PSK modulator.
2) The modulating signal at the output of the input amplifier of ASK/FSK/PSK modulator and the
demodulated signal at the TTL output of the bipolar of FSK demodulator were displayed and
plotted on the oscilloscope with the following settings: curve Dual, X/div = 500 μs,
Y1/div=Y2/div =5V, Trigger CH1. The oscilloscope plot is shown in figure 19.

٢٠
 Figure 19: the modulating and FSK demodulated signals

3) The modulating signal at the output of the input amplifier of ASK/FSK/PSK

modulator and the control signal of FSK demodulator of the VCO (at the output
of the low pass filter) were displayed and plotted on the oscilloscope as shown in
figure 20.

٢١
 Figure 20: the modulating signal and the VCO control signal

Comment: The control signal has a similar shape of the modulating signal.

FSK Spectrum:

Recording the Spectrum of the FSK Signal Hard Keying (without Filter):

1) The experiment was as assembled as specified in Figure 21.

٢٢

Figure 21: Setup for FSK spectrum measurements

 2) The two discrete carrier frequencies f1 and f2 at the output of FSK Modulator were
measured using the frequency counter. This was done by selecting
fM=1KHz.f1=105.12KHz, f2=145.23KHz
3) A square-wave signal with AM=5V, FM=1KHz, was Fed into the input amplifier
of the ASK/FSK/PSK modulator.
4) The output of FSK Modulator was connected to the Input of the Spectrum
Analyzer.
5) The analyzer settings were set as the following:
analyzer settings
V1 :1
V2 : 2, 5
Fr(khz) :50 b(hz) :100
SPAN (khz) : 5 …40 T(s) :40

6) The measurement values were recorded in Table 4, and the spectrum was
sketched in diagram 4.

Table 4: FSK Spectrum without filter

n F(KHz) V2 S(n) SFSK(n)

1 6 5 0.42 0.084
2 8 5 0.55 0.11
3 10 5 1 0.2
4 12 5 1.2 0.24
5 14 5 4.5 0.9
6 16 5 3 0.6
7 18 2 1.3 0.65
8 20 2 1.2 0.6
9 22 2 3.5 1.75
10 24 2 3 1.5
11 25 2 3 1.5
12 26 5 2 0.4
13 28 5 1.5 0.3
14 29 5 0.9 0.18
15 32 5 0.7 0.14

٢٣
 2

1٫8

1٫6

1٫4

1٫2
SFSK(n) (V)

0٫8

0٫6

0٫4

0٫2

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
F(KHz)

Diagram 4: FSK Spectrum (without filter)

Conclusions:
• In ASK, the amplitude of the ASK modulated signal is approximately equal the amplitude of
the massage signal.
• In PSK, the amplitude of PSK modulated signal is approximately equal the amplitude of the
massage signal but there are phase shift 180 degrees between two signals.
• In FSK, the amplitude of the FSK modulated signal is approximately equal the amplitude of
the massage signal but the frequency of the FSK modulated signal is directly proportional to
the modulating signal.
• The low pass filter (LPF) before the modulator changes the shape of the input signal so when
using a filter, the bandwidth becomes smaller.

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٢٥