11.8 (b) Set x = y 4- h.

Then, by (a),
m - ny + h) +f(h)y + ■■■ +If h is such that f(h),f'(h), . . . ,f(n)(h) are all positive, then the
equation f(y + h) = 0 in y cannot have a positive root. That is,/(jc) = 0 has no root greater than h,
and h is an upper bound for the roots of /(jc).
(c) We have
f(n~Q(a 4- h) = fin~k)(a) 4- f^n~k+l)(a)h 4- • • • + /(n)(«) jjry,
which shows that iffin~k)(a), f(n~k+l)(a), • • • ,/(n)(«) are all positive, and h is also positive, then
f(n~k)(a 4- h) must be positive. Similarly, the other functions are also positive for jc = a + h.
(d) The greatest root lies between 3 and 4.
11.9 (a) Consider the four cases illustrated in Figure 140.
(b) 2.0945514, correct to 7 places.
(c) 4.4934.
(h) See, for example, W. V. Lovitt, Elementary Theory of Equations, p. 144.
FIGURE 140
12.1 (a) B\ = 1/6, B2 = 1/30, B3 = 1/42, B4 = 1/30, B5 = 5/66.
(b) 7709321041217 = 37(208360028141).
(c) B4 = -1 4- 1/2 4- 1/3 4- 1/5; Bs = 6 + 1/2 4- 1/3 4- 1/5 4- 1/17.
12.2 (a) Use mathematical induction.
(b) cos 4jc = 8 cos4* — 8 cos2x + 1,
sin 4x = 4 sin x cos x — 8 sin3* cos x.
(c) (-1 -i)15 = 2l5/2(cos 225° + i sin 225°)15
= 2l5/2(cos 3375° + i sin 3375°)
= 215/2(cos 135° + i sin 135°)
= 27(—1 + i).
(d) cos (mrl2) + i sin(nir/2) = [cos(7t/2) + i sin(7r/2)J'' = i".
(e) ±l, ±(V2 + iV2)/2, ±i, ±(V2 - iV2)l2.