Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología

ISSN: 0185-3309
mrlegarreta@prodigy.net.mx
Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología, A.C.
México

Bautista Baños, Silvia; Hernández López, Mónica; Barrera Necha, Laura Leticia
Antifungal Screening of Plants of the State of Morelos, Mexico Against Four Fungal Postharvest
Pathogens of Fruits and Vegetables
Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología, vol. 18, núm. 1, enero-junio, 2000, pp. 36- 41
Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología, A.C.
Texcoco, México

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 36/ Volumen 18, Número 1, 2000
Antifungal Screening of Plants of the State of Morelos, Mexico
Against Four Fungal Postharvest Pathogens of Fruits
and Vegetables
Silvia Bautista-Baños, Mónica Hernández-López and Laura Leticia Barrera-Necha,
Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carr. Yautepec-
Jojutla km. 8.5 San IsidroYautepec, Morelos, México 62731.
(Recieved: August 23, 1999 Accepted: July 24, 2000)
Abstract. To evaluate the fungicide properties of cultivated
plant species from the State of Morelos, Mexico, aqueous
extracts and powders from leaves of 20 different plant species
were prepared to evaluate their in vitro effect on development
of the postharvest phytopathogenic fungi: Alternaria spp.,
Fusarium spp., Pestalotiopsis spp. and Rhizopus spp. The
parameters evaluated were mycelial growth, sporulation and
mycelial dry weight. Results indicated that the fungistatic
activity was diffferent between aqueous extracts or powders
and the species evaluated. A selective fungistatic effect
depending on plant species and pathogen was evidenced as
well. Pithecellobium dulce was the main plant species
showing fungistatic effects against the development of the
fungi tested. Other plant species with promising fungicide or
fungistatic activity properties were Achras sapota, Annona
cherimola, Casimiroa edulis, Citrus limon, Crataegus
mexicana, Carica papaya, Psidium guajava, Persea
americana and Spondias purpurea. In situ studies are
recommended to continue this research.
Additional keywords: Alternaria spp., Fusarium spp.,
Pestalotiopsis spp., Rhizopus spp., aqueous extracts, plant
powders, biofungicides.
Resumen. Para evaluar las propiedades fungicidas en plantas
cultivadas del Estado de Morelos, México, se estudió el efecto
de extractos acuosos y polvos de hojas de 20 diferentes
especies vegetales en el desarrollo in vitro de los hongos
patógenos postcosecha Alternaria spp., Fusarium spp.,
Pestalotiopsis spp. y Rhizopus spp. Los parámetros
evaluados fueron crecimiento micelial, esporulación y peso
seco micelial. Los resultados mostraron que la actividad
fungistática fue diferente entre los extractos acuosos o
polvos y entre las especies probadas. Se evidenció también,
un efecto fungistático selectivo dependiendo de la especie
de planta y patógeno utilizado. Pithecellobium dulce fue la
especie botánica más sobresaliente en detener el desarrollo
de los hongos estudiados. Otras especies con buena actividad
fungicida o fungistática fueron Achras sapota, Annona
cherimola, Casimiroa edulis, Citrus limon, Crataegus
mexicana, Carica papaya, Psidium guajava, Persea
americana y Spondias purpurea. Se sugiere como
continuación de esta investigación llevar a cabo estudios in
situ.
Palabras clave adicionales: Alternaria spp., Fusarium spp.,
Pestalotiopsis spp, Rhizopus spp., extractos acuosos, polvos
botánicos, biofungicidas.
Economic losses during postharvest handling of horticultural
commodities caused by various microorganisms can be
considerable. Rots originated by fungi are among the main
causes of postharvest diseases (Sommer, 1992; Mohamed et
al., 1996). Fungi such as Alternaria spp., Fusarium spp.,
Pestalotiopsis spp. and Rhizopus spp. cause serious damage
to various fruits and vegetables such as tomatoes
(Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.), peppers (Capsicum
annuum L), mangos (Mangifera indica L.), sapote mamey
(Pouteria sapota Jacq.), papaya (Carica papaya L.) and
ciruelas (red mombin) (Spondias purpurea L.) during their
postharvest handling (Snowdon, 1990; Bautista and Díaz,
1997; Bautista et al., 1997). For many years, pesticide use has
been the main strategy to reduce postharvest diseases;
however, there is a global tendency to reduce their use. Public
concern over the detrimental effects on human health and
worldwide ambient pollution are among the various reasons
for developing alternatives to control of postharvest
pathogens (Montes, 1996). In the last decade, there has been
a great interest in studying naturally occurring compounds
as substitutes to synthetic fungicides. A number of in vitro
studies have demonstrated the antifungal effects of plant
extracts to reduce the incidence of postharvest pathogens
(Pandey et al., 1983; Apodaca and Gerardo, 1993; Wilson et
al., 1997; Hernández,1997). Our investigation aimed to
ascertain the fungicidal effects of various plant extracts and
powders on in vitro development of Alternaria spp.,
Fusarium spp., Pestalotiopsis spp. and Rhizopus spp
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant species. Scientific and common names and family of
 Revista Mexicana de FITOPATOLOGIA/37

Table 1. Scientific and common names and plant family of the botanical species used.
Scientific name Common name Family
Achras sapota L. Sapodilla Sapotaceae
Annona cherimola M. Cherimoya Annonaceae
Annona reticulata L. Custard apple Annonaceae
Annona muricata L. Soursoap Annonaceae
Arctostaphylos polifolia H.B.K. ‘Pinguika’ Ericaceae
Bromelia hemisphaerica L. ‘Timbiriche’ Bromelaceae
Carica papaya L. Papaya, pawpaw Caricaceae
Casimiroa edulis Llav. et Lex White sapote Sapotaceae
Citrus limon L. Lemon Rutaceaea
Crataegus mexicana Moc. et Sess Hog Rosaceae
Crysophyllum cainito L. Cainito, Star Apple Sapotaceae
Dyospiros ebenaster Retz. ‘Black Sapote’ Sapotaceae
Inga spuria Humb. et Bompl. ‘Cuajinicuil’ Leguminosae
Persea americana M. Avocado Lauraceae
Phitecellobium dulce Benth. ‘Guamuchil’ Leguminosae
Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H. E. Moore & Stearn Sapote-mamey Sapotaceae
Prunus capuli Cav. ‘Capulin’ Rosaceae
Psidium guajava L. Guava Mirtaceae
Spondias purpurea L. Red-mombin Anarcadiaceae
Tamarindus indica L. Tamarind Leguminosae

each plant used in this study are described in Table 1.
Collection of leaves of each plant species was carried out
throughout the state of Morelos. Once in the laboratory, plant
samples were selected, discarding damaged or diseased plant
material. After a rapid washing with chlorinated water (200 ml
l-1), they were rinsed with distilled water and air dried. Before
storage in amber bottles, they were macerated with the aid of
a grinder.
Microorganisms. Postharvest pathogens were isolated from
rotting vegetables or fruit as follow: Alternaria from infected
tomato, Fusarium from infected papaya, Pestalotiopsis from
diseased sapote mamey and Rhizopus from ciruelas. To
maintain pathogenicity of fungal species, each fungus was
continuously inoculated and reisolated from their respective
vegetable or fruit.
Preparation of plant extracts or powders. Leaf extracts were
prepared following the method described by Ahmad and
Prasad (1995). Powders of leaves were mixed with distilled
water (2:10 w/v) and left overnight. The extract was vacuum
filtered and autoclaved at 15 lb/cm2 for 15 min. Extracts were
incorporated to Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium (10:40
v/v) in 125ml Erlenmeyer flasks for evaluation of mycelial dry
weights. To evaluate plant powders, 0.05 g of the macerated
plant species was added to 25 ml of PDA and then autoclaved
(Hernández, 1997). After sterilization, extracts or powders were
incorporated into Petri plates for future evaluation of the
mycelial growth. A 5 mm disc agar containing the respective
pathogen was placed at the centre of each plate or Erlenmeyer
flask. Each of them were then incubated as follow: Five days
for Alternaria, seven for Fusarium and Pestalotiopsis and
four for Rhizopus. Incubation temperature was 20°C, except
for plates with Pestalotiopsis which were incubated at 25°C.
To evaluate the mycelial weight after the incubation period,
the mycelial mats were vacuum filtered, dried in a hot air oven
at 45°C and weighed.
Parameters evaluated. Mycelial growth was evaluated for
the four postharvest fungi. Mycelial dry weight was recorded
only for Alternaria, Fusarium and Pestalotiopsis and
sporulation for Fusarium, Pestalotiopsis and Rhizopus.
Sporulation for Pestalotiopsis was ranked as followed: high
= > 2.5x105 spores/ml, good = 1.0x105-2.4x105, poor = 2.0x103-
9.7x104 and nil = zero. To collect conidia for the sporulation
test, Petri dishes from each treatment were rinsed with 10 ml
sterile distilled water, the surface scrapped with a glass rod
and filtered through a cotton wool. Aliquots of 0.5 ml from
each conidial suspension were then transferred to a
Neaubauer haemocytometer. Spore concentration was
determined with a compound microscope (Nikkon) at 40x
magnification.
Statistical analysis. Each treatment was repeated three times.
Except for sporulation of Pestalotiopsis, data were analyzed
by means separation (Tukey’s multiple range test, P < 0.05).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Extracts of P. capuli and powders of C. papaya and C. edulis
had an inhibitory effect toward mycelial growth of Alternaria.
Extracts had a stronger effect on Alternaria mycelial weight
than powders. The lowest mycelial weights were obtained
 38/ Volumen 18, Número 1, 2000

Table 2. Effect of various plant leaf extracts and powders on mycelial growth, and dry mycelial weight of Alternaria
spp. after five days of incubation at 20°C.
Plant specie Mycelial growth Mycelial dry weight
(cm) (mg)
Extracts* Powders* Extracts* Powders*
Control l3.5 ab 3.5 a .125 efg .125 j
A. sapota 2.4 fg 2.2 ef .059 i .253 efg
A. cherimola 2.8 cde 2.3 de .170 c .321 cde
A. reticulata 3.0 cd 2.3 de .163 cd .236 efg
A. muricata 3.0 cd 2.6 b .144 cde .836 a
A. polifolia 3.6 a 3.6 a .130 ef .202 fghi
B. hemisphaerica 3.1 bc 2.0 fg .110 fgh .309 de
C. papaya 2.4 fg 1.8 h .098 gh .319 cde
C. mexicana 3.4 ab 1.9 gh .138 de .563 b
C. edulis 2.2 gh 1.8 h .165 cd .244 efg
C. limon 2.1 gh 2.5 bc .087 h .210 fghi
C. cainito 2.6 ef 2.5 bc .103 fgh .132 hi
D. ebenaster 3.0 cd 2.1 ef .146 cde .366 cd
I. spuria 3.0 cd 1.9 gh .144 cde .354 cd
P. americana 2.8 cde 2.2 ef .234 a .202 fghi
P. dulce 2.7 def 1.5 i .236 a .130 ij
P. sapota 3.7 a 2.5 bc .050 i .201 fghi
P. capuli 2.0 h 2.5 bc .201 b .181 ghi
P. guajava 3.0 cd 2.2 ef .052 i .278 def
S. purpurea 3.0 cd 1.9 gh .199 b .400 c
T. indicus 2.2 gh 2.5 bc .238 a .220 fgh
*Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P < 0.05) determined by Tukey´s multiple
test.

Table 3. Effect of plant leaf extracts or powders on mycelial growth, sporulation and mycelial dry weight of Fusarium spp. incubated for
seven days at 20°C.
Plant specie Mycelial growth (cm) SporulationSpores/ml Mycelial dry weight (mg)
Extracts* Powders* Extracts* Powders* Extracts* Powders*
Control 2.3g 2.3i 2.8x104g 2.8x104ef .258a .258def
A. sapota 3.5bcd 2.9efg 9.3x104cdef 7.0x104abcdef .590bcde .044j
A. cherimola 2.8f 3.2def 1.3x105ab 6.5x104bcdef .062bcd .061j
A. reticulata 3.3de 2.8fge 3.8x10 efg
4
8.5x104abcde .049cdefg .203g
A. muricata 3.6abcd 3.5bc 3.1x104fg 1.2x105abc .011j .391a
A. polifolia 3.5bcd 2.7gh 7.5x104bcdefg 1.3x105a .043defghi .220fg
B. hemisphaeerica 3.5bcd 3.8ab 1.1x105abcd 1.2x105ab .036fghi -----
C. papaya 3.6abcd 4.0a 2.5x104g 5.5x104cdef .065bcd .141h
C. mexicana 3.6abcd 3.6abcd 4.0x104def 4.0x104def .068b .291cd
C. edulis 3.2def 3.2def 6.1x104defg 1.1x105abc .066bc .319bc
C. limon 3.3de 3.3de 5.4x10 defg
4
5.5x104cdef .038efghi .054j
C. cainito 4.0a 3.2cdef 9.9x104bcde 1.8x104ef .029hij .141h
D. ebenaster 3.8abc 4.0a 6.8x10 defg
4
1.4x105a .045cdefgh .111hi
I. spuria 3.6abcd 3.2cdef 3.9x104efg 2.0x104ef .021ij .067ij
P. americana 3.9ab 4.0a 1.2x105abc 1.2x105abc .048cdefgh .362ab
P. dulce 3.4cde 1.8j 3.3x104fg 3.0x104ef .029hij .042j
P. sapota 3.4cde 3.0def 1.0x10 abcd
5
8.8x105abcde .039efghi .245efg
P. capuli 3.4cde 3.5bc 1.1x105abcd 2.7x104ef .033ghij .142h
P. guajava 3.0ef 2.6hi 4.4x104efg 1.0x105abcd .029hij .286cde
S. purpurea 3.3de 0.0k 1.6x105a 0.0f .052cdefgh .263def
T. indicus 3.2def 3.4cd 6.2x104defg 3.3x104ef .058bcdef .155h
*Means followed by the same letter are not significant different (P < 0.05) determined by Tukey’s multiple test.
- Missing data
 Revista Mexicana de FITOPATOLOGIA/39

with extracts obtained from A. sapota, P. sapota and P.
guajava. In general, higher mycelial dry weights were
associated with powders than extracts of all the botanical
species (Table 2). Except for powders from P. dulce and S.
purpurea, the remainder plant species promoted the mycelial
growth of Fusarium (Table 3). Although plant powders of S.
purpurea totally inhibited sporulation of Fusarium, it did
not inhibit mycelial growth or sporulation when extracts were
used. In this case, sporulation increased to almost five times
more that the untreated control. C. papaya extract caused a a
reduced sporulation. In addition to P. dulce powders, other
plant species that had strong inhibitory effect on mycelial
weight were powders of A. sapota, C. limon, A. cherimola
and I. spuria. A strong inhibitory effect was shown with leaf
extracts from A. muricata, I. spuria, C. cainito, P. dulce and
P. guajava. Compared with the untreated culture of
Pestalotiopsis, only extracts of C. mexicana, I. spuria and P.
dulce reduced the mycelial growth by half (Table 4). Extracts
and powders of A. sapota, C. limon and C. cainito, leaf
extracts of A. muricata, I. spuria, P. capuli, P. guajava and S.
purpurea, and powders of C. papaya, D. ebenaster and P.
dulce prevented sporulation of Pestalotiopsis. Mycelial dry
weight was more than three times lower than the untreated
Pestalotiopsis when grown on powders of P. americana. A
contrary effect was evidenced with powders of C. papaya
which increased significantly the mycelial dry weight in
comparison with the control. A mild inhibitory effect on
Rhizopus mycelial growth was shown by leaf extracts of A.
sapota, A. cherimola, C. mexicana and S. purpurea, as well
as powders of A. muricata, A. polifolia, C. papaya, P. dulce,
P. guajava and T. indicus (Table 5). However, sporulation
was completely deterred by various plants species such as
the two of the Annonacea family (A. cherimola and A.
reticulata), extracts and powders of C. papaya, leaf extracts
of C. mexicana, C. limon, P. dulce and P. sapota, and powders
of A. muricata and P. guajava. In general, sporulation of the
untreated Rhizopus had a tendency to be higher as compared
to the various treatments. The results of this study showed
that plant extracts and powders can affect at some stage, the
development of each of the four postharvest fungi tested.
Most of the plant species evaluated, showed a selective
fungistatic activity depending on the pathogen evaluated.
However, in general, extracts and/or powders of P. dulce
exhibited a significant activity against all four pathogens.
For example, mycelial growth of Alternaria, Fusarium and
Pestalotiopsis grown on extracts or powders of P. dulce was
significantly less compared to the untreated fungi. Similarly,
Pestalotiopsis and Rhizopus sporulation was completely
inhibited in plates amended with powders and extracts,
respectively, from this plant species. Previous studies have

Table 4. Effect of plant leaf extracts or powders on mycelial growth, sporulation and mycelial dry weight of Pestalotiopsis spp.
incubated for seven days at 25°C.
Plant species Mycelial growth(cm) SporulationSpores/ml Mycelial dry weight(mg)
Extracts* Powders* Extracts+ Powders+ Extracts* Powders*
Control 4.2a 4.2a high high .222fg .222ghi
A. sapota 3.1c 3.1c nil nil .241efg .106j
A. cherimola 3.0cd 3.1c poor high .270def .256efgh
A. reticulata 3.9ab 3.1c poor poor .318bc .236fgh
A. muricata 2.6d 4.2a nil poor .420h .108j
A. polifolia 3.6b 3.7b medium poor .201fg .292efg
B. hemisphaeerica 3.0cd 3.1c high medium .369ab .603b
C. papaya 4.0ab 4.2a medium nil .386a 1.08a
C. mexicana 2.0e 3.1c medium medium .307cde .318ef
C. edulis 3.0cd 3.2c poor high .209fg .459c
C. limon 4.0ab 4.2a nil nil .351ab .291efg
C. cainito 4.0ab 4.0ab nil nil .310cd .406cd
D. ebenaster 3.6b 4.2a medium nil .301cd .329de
I. spuria 2.0e 3.1c nil medium .194g .230gh
P.americana 4.0ab 4.0ab medium poor .310bc .067j
P. dulce 2.0e 2.3d poor nil .274def .256efgh
P. sapota 4.0ab 4.2a poor poor .257def .106j
P. capuli 3.0cd 3.1c nil poor .303cd .203hi
P. guajava 3.6b 4.2a nil poor .185g .207hi
S. purpurea 3.0cd 4.0ab nil poor .324bc .128ij
T. indicus 3.0cd 4.0ab poor poor .296cde .235fgh
*Means followed by the same letter are not significant different (P < 0.05) determined by Tukey’s multiple test.
+
Sporulation ranked: high = > 2.5x105 spores; medium = 1.0x105-2.4x105; poor = 2.5x103-9.7x104 and nil = zero.
 40/ Volumen 18, Número 1, 2000

Table 5. Effect of various plant leaf extracts and powders on mycelial growth, and sporulation of Rhizopus spp. after
four days incubation at 20°C.
Plant species Mycelial growth (cm) Sporulation (Spores/ml)
Extracts* Powders* Extracts* Powders*
Control 4.0a 4.0a 2.4x105a 2.4x105a
A. sapota 3.9ab 4.0a 1.5x105bc 1.8x105cdef
A. cherimola 3.8c 4.0a 0.0h 1.9x105cdef
A. reticulata 4.0a 4.0a 0.0h 2.0x105abcdef
A. muricata 4.0a 3.8ab 1.3x105bc 0.0j
A. polifolia 4.0a 3.7b 1.0x105de 1.2x105ghi
B. hemisphaerica 4.0a 4.0a 2.0x10 gh
4
1.9x105abcdef
C. papaya 4.0a 3.9ab 0.0h 0.0j
C. mexicana 3.8bc 4.0a 0.0h 1.9x105abcdef
C. edulis 4.0a 4.0a 1.6x105bc 1.1x105hi
C. limon 4.0a 4.0a 0.0h 2.3x105abc
C. cainito 4.0a 4.0a 9.9x104def 1.7x105defg
D. ebenaster 4.0a 4.0a 1.0x10 de
5
2.0x105abcdef
I. spuria 4.0a 4.0a 1.9x105b 2.4x105ab
P. americana 4.0a 4.0a 6.0x104fg 2.1x105abcd
P. dulce 4.0a 3.7b 0.0h 2.1x105abcd
P. sapota 4.0a 4.0a 0.0h 2.3x105ab
P. capuli 4.0a 4.0a 1.2x105cd 1.5x105fgh
P. guajava 4.0a 3.8ab 1.0x105def 0.0j
S. purpurea 3.9ab 4.0a 7.5x104ef 7.9x104i
T. indicus 4.0a 3.9ab 1.5x105bc 1.5x105efgh
* Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P < 0.05) determined by Tukey’s multiple test.

demonstrated the antifungal activity of leaves of P. dulce
against infection by Uromyces appendiculatus on bean crops
(Montes et al., 1990). The high content of various saponins
have been considered responsible of various medicinal
properties of this species (Sahu and Mahato, 1994; Yoshikawa
et al., 1997). In this study various plants were found to have
a fungistatic or fungicidal effect on each fungi. Some of them
such as C. edulis, P. capuli, P. sapota, P guajava, P. sapota,
I. spuria, C. mexicana, D. ebenaster and S. purpurea with a
previous history of medicinal plants, others, with nematicidal,
fungistatic and/or insecticidal activity on plants (Osato et
al., 1993; Aguilar et al., 1994; Corthout et al., 1994; Sabillon
and Bustamante, 1996; Bautista et al., 2000). For example,
extracts from various plant organs of C. papaya (seeds, leaves
and pulp) have shown activity against various pathogens
such as nematodes, insects and fungus. Among numerous
components of this plant, it is likely that the alkaloid carpaine
might be responsible of this effect (Head and Lauter, 1956;
Ogan, 1971). Similarly, studies regarding P. americana and C.
limon plant species, have shown useful fungicidal and
insecticidal properties using peel or peel oil extracts,
respectively (Misra et al., 1988; Mwaiko, 1992; Oberlies et
al., 1998). In this study, an important step has been carried
out on the identification of some plant species from the state
of Morelos with fungitoxicity against some postharvest fungi.
However, in order to have a broader understanding of the
fungicidal effects of the tested plant species, it would be of
great importance to carry out studies on fruits or vegetables
infected by the above studied fungi.
Acknowledgements. To the National Council of Science and
Technology Project: 26414-B, and the National Polytechnic
Institute: COFAA (DGEPI: 978039).
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