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SPE
SPE 14135

Successful Primary Cementing: Fact or Fiction

by R.C. Smith, Amoco Production Co.
SPE Member

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ABSTRACT The Cementable Wellbore

The planning of the cement job begins long

The producing performance of a wel 1 depends in before the well is drilled. Uppermoet in all plan-
great part on a good primary cementing job. In a ning and drilling dacieions is the the objective of
high-quality cement job, all mud and gas channels obtaining complete zonal isolation in the wellbore
have been permanently prevented and there is a coro- (see Fig. 1). A hydraulic saal muet be obtained
plete hydraulic seal between the casing ●nd the for- between the cement ●nd the casing and between cha
mztion throughout the zones of interest. If the cement and the formation; ●t the same time, mud and
cementing operation is not carriad out correctly, gae channela within the cement sheath muet be elimi-
the well will never reach optimum performance. A nated. If these goals are to be ●ccomplished, the
succeaaful primary cementing operation requires ● weLLbore tzuat be designed and drilled to be cemen-
positive attitude and cotmnitment, proper supervision table. The ideal cementable wellbore (see Fig. 2)
and quality control, detailed planning, and careful is one that is (1) 3 in. (7.62 cm) Larger than the
preparation. This paper discuasea the ●pplication outside diameter of the casing - the ●bsolute min-
and interaction of these aspects of the job, as well imum is 1-1/2 in. (3.81 cm) larger 2’s, (2) aa nearly
as other factors that contribute to successful gauge as poasibla (without washouts), (3) as
cementing. Examples of unique quality control straight as possible (without savere dog-legs)j and
procedures ●re included, The actual mechanics of (4) stabilized and properly conditioned (without
performing a cementing job ●re not covered; they can sloughing or flowing or losing circulation). The
be obtained from references inel.uded in the papar. drillers must keep theee requirements foramost in
all plans. It is imperative that the cementable
DISCUSSION wellbore not be sacrificed in the efforts to raduce
drilling days and mud costs. The coet of repairing
A recent editorial contained this cormtent: the cement job can far exceed savinge in drilling
“There is no excuse for a bad cement job but there costs. Lost production and lost reserves must a~so
is no such thing as a good cement job.”i In my be included in any analysis of costs.
opinion, only the first half of this statement is
true. MY feeling ia that successful primary me Positive Approach
.—
cementing can be a reality. 2 It does not come chaap
-- or without affort, but it can be achieved. A poeitive cementing philosophy must be deveL-
oped ●nd followed. It ie the very foundation of the
The primary cementing job on the production successful cementing block pyramid, as shown in
string is perhaps the moat important operation per- Pig. 3. One must believe that a successful
formed on a well, yet it remains one of the most “cementing job is possible. Such an attitude carries
neglected of all operations. It is aleo eubject to a real commitment to a successful job and involves ●
severe coet-cutting through bidding anti turn- dedication of people, time, and money.
keying. 3’4 But, as always, you get what YOUpay
for. Successful cementing requires the.application Priorities must be set, ●nd the top priority is
of technology, and technology is not free. to obtain a successful cementing job on the first
attempt.

References and illustrations at end of paper.

4
 2 sUCCESSFUL PRItfARY CEMENTING- FACT OR FICTION 14135 .,
●

The Team Effort

The team effort - the next tier in the block ening time) is ilI.ustrated in Fig. 4. Note that
pyramid - is essential to a successful job. The with only a small increase in downhole circulating
team consists of employees of the the service com- temperature there is a pronounced decrease in
pany, the operating company and the drilling con- pumping time; therefore, temperature must be deter-
tractor. Consnunication and cooperation must be mined fairly accurately. One source of information
established early among all parties, but particu- on downhole temperature is primary Logs run on the
larly between the drilling engineers and the service well at the casing setting depth. The maximum
company engineers. The engineered design of the recorded Log temperature often is considered psue-
cementing job to fit the well requirements takes dostatic, provided it is obtained about 24 hours
time. All personnel must apply the total engineered after the last circulation ceased. If less than
concept which starts with planning and design, con- 24 hours has elapsed, another temperature 10
tinues through blending and mixing the cement, and bottomhole circulation survey should be run. I ‘ince
culminates in pumping the cement. The operation is a static temperature is determined, the appropriate
too big for one or two people. A team effort is temperature schedule for slurry design purposes can
required to handle the many and varied quality con- be obtained from API tabLes.lo If a circulation
trol measures necessary for a successful job. Usu- survey has been made, the temperature from that
ally, the operator should dedicate one drilling survey should be used in developing a temperature
foreman and at least one drilling engineer to schedule.
quality control.
Fracture Pressure Gradient: During the pLan-
The Application of Technology ning stage for drilling a well, tentative decisions
must be made about casing seats, mud weights, and
The third tier of blocks in Fig. 3 involves the cementing requirements. The decisions become firmer
application of cementing technology. This tech- as more information becomes available during
nology includes procedures, techniques, materials, drilling. Sufficient knowledge of formation frac-
and job execution. We must link technical know-how ture pressure, pore pressure, and Lithology is
to field execution. To accomplish. this task, field required not only to optimize the casing and
personnel must have access to the best technology. drilling plan, but ●lso to provide for a successful
Therefore, a program to transfer technology across cementing job. Casing setting depths must be
company boundaries and from research and the selected to prevent Lost circulation problems and to
industry to field personnel is mandatory. Such a permit proper control of the well at all times. It
continuing-education program includes seminars, becomes imperative, therefore, to know the total
classroom courses, job experiences, and on-site hydrostatic pressure at which the exposed formations
expert assistance. Then to assure success, a con- will fracture.
scientious effort must be made to apply the proven
technology. For safe operations, formation fracture pres-
sure is defined for cementing purposes as the frac-
Cement Job Planning: The major areas of con- ture extension pressure. It should not be confused
sideration in any cementing operation are job plan- with fracture initiation pressure, which is usually
ning, slurry design, blending of bulk materials, higher because of the tensile strength of the
slurry mixing, well preparation, and slurry exposed rocks. However, since rock strength cannot
pumping. ‘*7 Each area requires special attention and be accurately measured in situ, fracture initiation
offers many challenges. A properly engineered pressure cannot be pred~ery accurately.
slurry design satisfies aLl well requirements and is Fig. 5 presents two formation control capability
●ffected by well depth, downhole temperature, down- tests that show the difference between fracture ini-
hoLe fracture pressure gradient, slurry density, gas tiation pressure and fracture extension pressure.
❑igration, fLuid loss, pumping time, strength devel- ne tests were conducted about one hour apart on an
opment, type and quality of mix water, type and den- 8,000-ft (2438-m) well. Note on Test 2 the absence
sity of drilling mud, displacement flow regime, and of a br~akdown or fracture initiation pressure, yet
brand and kind of cement. The design proceeds in a fracture extension pressure on the two tests
Logical manner from one property to the next until remained essentially unchanged. In Test 1, fracture
all well requirements are fulfilled. The literature initiation pressure was about 450 psi (3.1 mPa) or
contains procedures for determining most of these 1 lb/gal (120 kg/m3) higher than fracture extension
properties. “7’10 The steps that offer the most preesure. It appeare that once the formation has
challenge are (1) determining the downhole tempera- been broken, this extra pressure due to rock
ture, (2) determining the downhoLe fracture pressure strength can no longer be counted on for control of
gradient, (3) controlling gas migration, the well. It seems possible that during normal
(4) conditioning the mud and hole, and (5) blending drilling o?ecations the formation could be broken
the bulk cement. unintenti~nally without its being indicated at the
surface. Designing for maximum slurry density on
WeLl TemPerature; Well temperature is impor- the basis o’f initiation pressure could easily lead
tant because it affects aLl properties of cement, to lost circulation during the cementing job.
particularly pumping time and strength develop- Therefore, the fracture extension pressure should be
ment.6’9 Pumping time is the Length of time the considered the maximum safe pressure for cementing.
slurry remains pumpable. Oownhole cementing temper-
ature can vary widely, depending on the type and Formation fracture pressure is affected by the
weight of drilling mud, well depth, circulation interrelationship of overburden stress, pore pres-
time, geographic Location, and many other factors.a sure and matrix stress ~oefficient as given by the
The effect of temperature on pumping time (or thick- following expression:t’ 1’
 14135 R. C. SMITH 3

Cement Slurry Density: Eor a casing program

Like that of Fig. 7, the maximum slurry density to
Pf = PP+K (Sov- Pp), , . . . . . . . . . ...(1) prevent Losing circulation would be: (1) about
17.5 lb/gtsl (2096 kg/m3) for the production liner,
(2) nearly 15 lb/gal (1797 kg/m3) for the drilling
where liner, and (3) 11.5 to 12.5 lb/gal (1378 to
1498 kg/m3) filler slurry followed by 15.8 lb/gal
Pf = formation fracture pressure, psi, (1893 kg/m3) tail-in slurry for the intermediate
string.
= formation pore pressure, psi,
‘P To determine optimum slurry density involves
s = overburden stress, psi, considerable effort but the extra effort pays diti-
Ov dends in successfully cementing the well.
K = matrix stress coefficient, dimension-
less, A wide range of slurry densities can be
obtained using the nine API classes of cement, other
To obtain a reasonable prediction”of formation non-API cements, and various additives. Fig. 8
fracture pressure using Eq. 1, one must have repre- shows elurry density vs a generalized grouping of
sentative estimates for overburden strese, formation cements ranging from neat (with no additives) to
pore pressure, and matrix stress coefficient. Over- cements variously weighted with density-altering
burden stress is obtained from formation density additives. Each group has distinct advantages and
logs, and pore pressure usually is obtained from properties. Laboratory testing will determine the
empirical correlations using wireline log parameters upper and lower limits for application.
and measured pore pressures for the drilling
area.z’ However, matrix stress coefficient, K, must Gas Migration: Natural gas is often present in
be determined from actual destructive testing of the formations exposed to the wellbore at the time of
formation--i.e., hydraulic fracturing, or formation cementing. This gas must be prevented from
control capability testing at the casing shoe where migrating through the cement column during WOC
the formation was fractured--or from leakoff test (waiting on cement] time. Failure to prevent gas
data. Care muse be exercised in developing empir- migration can cause such problems as high annular
ical correlations for stress coefficient. Ueually pressures ● t the surface, blowouts, poor zonal iso-
it is back calculated from Eq. 1 when the other par- lation, loss of gas to nonproductive zones, poor
emeters ●re known. The value of formation fracture stimulation, low producing rates, etc., (see
preesure, pf, must be the value of fracture ●xten- Fig. 9). All of these are coetly to correct.
sion pressure determined in the destructive test.
For some active drilling areas, ● correlation has Before it begins to hydrate, a cementing slurry
been developed by Matthews and 14etthews.13 in the annulus can transfsit hydrostatic head and
thus prevent gas invasion into the slurry. However,
Sometimes Poison’s ratio14 is used in place of during the etrly stages of hydration, the slurry
the stress coefficient: however, reliable values for developc ●l strength ●nd tends to become Load-
Poison’s ratio are not alwaye available. bearing, If which cauaes it to Loee its ability to
tranemit hydrostatic head. In this condition, gas
Ref. 13 provides an updated procedure for det- invaaion can occur.
ermining downhole fracture pressure from which mex-
imum slurry dansity can be obtained. There are several successful methods to control
gas migration, each with its advantages. Early
An exampte of a curve of calculated onshore methods included controlling fluid LOSS,16 pres-
fracture pressure gradient in relation to curves of curing the annulus, increasing slurry density, and
overburden stress and pore pressure is presented in eliminating free water. 17 Those techniques, which
Fig. 6. Notice that the overburden stress, which is still are ueed, solve some gas migration problems,
calculated from density logs, ie not constant. For but not ●ll. Another method uees a cement slurry
offshore application, the fracture pressure gradient that interacts with the incoming gas to form an
must be adjusted for depth of water and height of impermeable barrier in the cement pore spaces. 18
mud line ●bove water level.26 Still ●nether technique usee an impermeable cement
system for controlling gas migration. 1S Other
Casing Setting Depths: The casing setting approaches involve cements containing gaslg or other
depths must be selected euch that the well can be ●dditives20 to cause ● xpansion of the cement during
corkrolled and ‘lost circulation can be prevented hydration. In selecting the optimum mechanism or
during drilling and cementing. Assuming an overba- combination of mecheniems for controlling gae inva-
Lanced drilling situation, a mud weight curve is eion ●nd migration many well conditions must be con-
●stablished as ehown on Fig. 7. From this curve and sidered. For example, formation pressure,
the fracture pressure curve casing seats can be permeability, gas flow rate, bottomhole temperature,
selected (see Fig. 7). The Regulatory Body having wellbore geometry, well deviation, height of the
jurisdiction over the drilLing area ●nd eetabliehed cement coluam; formation fracture pressure.
field rules often dictate maximum and minimum set-
ting depthe for surface casing. Also, guideLines Some of the techniques for preventing gas
are often given for pressure gradients for the other migration involve the use of ●n externil casing
casing strings; therefore, these requirements, field packer, 7 which providee a positive seal in the
rules ●nd guidelines must be followed in selecting ●nnulus (see Fig. 10). It eliminates all three
the final casing string setting depth ●nd size pro- avenuee of consmmication: the formstion/cement
gram. interface, the microannulus between casing and
cement, and channels within the cement sheath.

171
 4 SUCCESSFULPRIMARYCEMENTING- FACT OR FICTION :4135

Hud and Hole Conditionin&: To enhance mud dis- taminate a cement slurry to the point that it
placement ●fficiency during a primary cementing job, will not perfom downhole. A tank should be
the hole ssid the mud must be properly condi- cleaned if it contains excess cement.
tioned021?22 This is one phase of the entire oPera-
tion that should not be rushed-- up to 24 hrs may be 2. Verify the calculations of additive weights.
required to properly condition the ❑ ud and wellbore
after the casing is on bottom. At best, a cement 3. Verify the weights of all additives put in the
slurry can only follow the path of the drilling mud batch tank for each blend. In addition, count
circulating ahead of it in the annulus. Therefore, and stack the sacks of each additive placed in
the time required to properly condition the mud and the cement blend.
the hole will be very well spent. Some of the
important procedures that have proven successful are 4. Limit the batch size to 50 % of the total
sumarized here. capacity of the tank.

The mud and the hole are initially conditioned 5* Verify the air valve positions made by the
with drillpipe in the hole before the casing is run. operator.
Uiper trips are made to check for caving, hole inst-
ability, and tight spots. The casing should not be 6. Blend materials with air and then transfer them
run until the hole is free of cavings and all tight between tanks a minimum of three times.
spots are eliminated. Then the tunning speed of the
casing is controlled carefully to prevent fracturing 7. Collect representative samples of the bLend for
and lost circulation. Once the casing is on bottom, analysis.
pipe movement and mud conditioning are begun and are
continued throughout the entire cementing opera- Close attention should be paid to the proper
tion.6’7’21 Cement pumping should not begin until collection of samples. Although investigations into
at least 95% of the hole volume is being circu- proper sampling techniques have been limited, the
lated.z Generally this can be determined with fluid industry consensus is that three transfers of the
calipers. The drilling mud should be conditioned to blend should be made before sampling. With ● con-
as low a plastic viscosity and yield point ~s the tinuous in-line sampling device, a representative
system permits without dropping out soLids. (In sample can be taken of each blend. A minimum of two
some hi hly deviated holes, this may not be advi- I-gal samples of bulk material should be collected
sable.25) The hole should be conditioned with good and identified for every weigh tank batch.
surface conditioned mud ● t rates as high as the
expected cementing pump rates. Such high circula- After the blending, laboratory tests should be
tion rates are necessary to remove the gelled mud conducted to determine the chemical compositions or
that haa developed during the static period as a the pumping time10 at the expected temperature and
result of temperature rise and filtrate loss. In pressure.
addition, impr’oved displacement efficiency is
obtained by following these guidelines: (1) the Job Execution ●nd 140nitorin&
properties of the mud returned should be close to
those of the mud being pumped. into the well, (2) the Proper job execution includes monitoring and
funnel viscosity .If the mud returned should be less controlling several factors. Certain data must be
than 50 seconds :+nd be within 5 seconds of the vis- collected and ●nalyzed to ensure timely decisions
cosity of the mud being pumped into the well, and affecting the overall operation. Recorded data
(3) the gas content of the returning mud should be should include pump rate in, annulus rate out, weLl-
within iO units of normal background-gas. Following head pressure (at the cementing head), density of
those guidelines has resuLted in more successful fluide pumped in and those returning (using radioac-
cementing. tivity devices or equivalent), cumulative displace-
ment volume, cumulative return volume, hook load
The Importance of Bulk Blending: It is appro- during pipe reciprocation. To enable the job super-
priate to single out bulk blending, or dry blending, visor to make timely decisions, he should have a
for additional discussion. Blending of bulk mater- central monitoring point such as ● monitoring van or
ials often is taken for granted, yet it is a process portable electronic data recorder from which he can
in which serious errors can occur undetected, and if observe the entire operation.
not corrected, can lead to a cementing failure.
After the cementing system has been carefully It ia especially
important to measure the mud
deeigned in the laboratory, the composition or return rate. Eree-fallzg
Because of of cement in
recipe must be correctly blended to ensure proper the casing, the mud return rate can exceed displace-
slurry performance in the wellbore. The two major ment ratea while ● well is on ● vacuum. However,
factore affecting this performance are the concen- Later in the job, as the free-fall rate slows down,
tration and the distribution of the additives in the the return rate can be significantly less than the
camerc Llend.24 Smell variations in concentrations displacement rate. This lowering of return rate is
of additive can significantly alter the performance often mistaken for Losing circulation. Therefore,
properties of the cement slurry. Therefore, qual~i.y it is ieportemt to calculate job performance using ●
control during this phase is extremely important. downhole simulator with which to compare real-tine
PoLlowing are steps that should be carefully fo~.- data during the job. Full-opening magnetic flow
lowed.24’2s meters are available for measuring return rate for
water-baaed systems. These are much more accurate
1. Visually inspect aLl bulk tanks before trans- than trip tanks which ●re occasionally used.
ferring any bulk material. Any cement
remaining in tanks from previous jobs can con-

.—
172
 14135 R. c* SHITH 5

1
Another reason to measure the and return rate 12. Pilkington, P. E.: “Fracture Gradient
s so the downhole displacement rate can be con- Estimates in Tertiary Basins,” Pat. Eng. -
rolled to ensure the proper flow regime during dis- _Intl. (May 1978).
placement. For example, if turbulent flow is
squired throughout the job, then the annulus return 13. Matthews, J. C. and Matthews, W. R.: “Program
ate should not be allowed to drop below this mia- Calculates Frac Gradients for Many 8asins,” Oil
—
mum return rate. On the other hand, if plug flow and Gas Journal (July 8, 1985) 39-43.
isplacement is desired, the an.wlsa return rate
mst not exceed the maximum calculated rate. 14. Eaton, B. A.: “Fracture Gradient Prediction
and Its Application in Oilfield Operations,” ~
‘OCCLUSIONS Pet. Tech. (Oct. 1969), 1353.

1. Successful primary cementing can be a reality. 15. Cheung, P. R. and Beirute, R. H.: “Gas Flow in
Cements,” J. Pet. Tech. (June 1985), 1041-1048.
2* Successful primary cementing requires intense
quality control. 16. Garcia, J. A. and Clark, C. R.: “An Investiga-
tion of Annular Gas Flow Following Cementing
3. Successful primary cementing requires a proper Operations,” Paper SPE 5701 presented at the
positive attitude, consnitmentj and dedication. 1976 SPE Symposium on Formation Damage Control,
Houston, Jan. 20-30.
;1 METRIC CONVERSIONFACTORS
17. Webster, W. W. and Eikerts, J. V.: “Flow After
bbl X 1.589873 E-01 =m 3 Cementing - A Field Study and Laboratory
ft X 3.048 E-o1 =m Hodel,” Paper SPE 8259 presented at the 54th
‘F (°F-32)/l.8 = Og SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,
gal x 3.785412 E-03 =m Las Vegas, Sept. 23-26, 1979.
Lbm X 4.53S924 E-01 = kg
psi x 6.894757 E-03 = mpa 18. Bannister, C. E., Shuster, G. E., Wooldridge,
lb/gal x 1.198 E+02 = kg/m3 L. A., Jones, M. J. and Birch, A. G.: “Critical
in. x 2.54 E+O(J = cm Design Parameters to Prevent Gas Invasion
During Cementing Operations,” Paper SPE 11982S
references presented at the SPE 58th Annual Technical Con-
ference and Exhibition, San Francisco,
1. “cogent comment,” World Oil (Jan. 1985). Oct. 5-8, 1983.

2* Smith, R. C.: “Succ&sful Primary Cementing 19. Tinsley, J. H., Miller, E. C., and Sutton, D.
Can be ● Reality,” J. Pet. Tech. (Nov. 1984)s L.: “study of Factors Causing Annular Gas Flow
1851-1858. Following Primary Cementing,” J. Pet. Tech.
(Aug. 1980) 1427-1437.
3. “DiaLog”, J. Pet. Tech. (Ner. 1985).
20. Griffin, T. J., Spangle, L. B., and Nelson, E.
4. Jenkins, Dean: “President’s Outlook,” Well B.: “New Expanding Cement Promotes Better
servicing (Mer./Apr. 1985)? 9. Bonding,” Oil and Gas Journal (June 25, 1979),
143-151.
5* Shryock, S. H. and Smith, D. K.: “Ceothermel
Cementing - The State-of-the-Art,” Halliburton 21. Haut, R. C. ●nd Crook, k. J. Jr.: “Primary
Services Brochure C-1274. Cementing: Optimized for Uaximum Mud Displace-
ment,” World Oil (Nov. 1980).
6. Smith, D. K.: Camentin , Monograph Series,
SPE, Dallas (1976
+ . 22. Clark, C. R. and Carter, L. G.: “Mud Displace-
ment with Cement S.urries,” J. Pet. Tech. (JuLY
1. Suman, C. O., Jr., and Ellis, R. C.: ~ 19731, 775-783.
Handbook, World Oil (1977).
23. Keller, S. R., Crook, R. J., Haut, R. C., and
8. API Task Group: “Better Temperature Readings Kulakofsky, D. S.: “Problems Associated with
Promise Better Cement Jobs,” DriLling-DCW (Aug. Deviated Wellbore Cementing,” Paper SPE 11979
197.7). preeented ● t the SPE 58th Annual Technical Con-
ference and Exhibition, San Francisco,
9. Venditto, J. J. and Ceorge, C. R.: “Better Oct. 5-8, 1983.
Wellbore Temperature Data Equal Better Cement
Job,” World Oil (Feb. 1984). 24. Pace, R. S., #lcElfresh, P. M., Cobb, J. A.,
Smith, C. L., and Olsberg, M. A.: “Improved
10. API Specifications for Materials and Testing Bulk Blending Techniques for Accurate and Uni-
for Well Cements, API Spec. 10, 2nd Ed., API form Cement Blends,” Paper SPl? 13041 presented
Production Dept., Dallas (1984). at the SPE 59th Annual Technical Conference ●nd
Exhibition, Houston, Sept. 16-19, 1984.
11. Matthews, W. R. ●nd Kelly, J.: “How to Predict
Formation Fracture Pressure and Fracture Gra- .25. Smith, R. C.: “Successful Primary Cementing
dient,” Oil and Gas Journal (Feb. 20, 1967)s Checklist,’’ Oil and Gas Journal (Nov. 1, 1982).
92.
 6 SUCCESSFULPRIMARYCEMENTING- FACTOR FICTIC!I 14135

26. Christman, S. A.: “Offshore Fracture Gradi-

ents ,“ J. Pet. Tech. (Aug. 1973).

27. Hottman, C. 1?. and Johnson, R. K.: “Estimation

of Formation Fracture Pressures from Log-
Derived Shale Properties,” J. Pet. Tech. (June
1965), 717.

28. FlcElfresh, P. M.: “Chemical Thickening-Time

Test for Cements,” J. Pet. Tech. (Feb. 1983).

29. Beirute, R. M.: “The Phenomenon of Free Fall

During Primary Cementing,” Paper SPE 13045 pre-
sented at the SPE 59th Annual Technical Confer-
ence and Exhibition, Houston, Sept. 16-19,
1984.
9

....0..... , WE 14135

0
..”...
Complete Cement Sheath
.. ,,
..,. without Mud or Gas Channels
.,” “,“, .
,.. . .. . .
. ...”..’” D + 3“ (7.62 cm)
.-. #..

., . .’ . . . . ,. Roperly conditioned
Hofe & Mud

NO Sloughing

. . .. . . ...

Gauge Diameter
“.. “.. . ,.” Straight As I%ssibie
.“. . ..”. . .
.. . . ..” “.

No FfOW

NO Lost Circulatii

Figure 1 Figure 2
Objectives of a Primary Cementing Job The Cementable Wellbore

I
I
Quality
control I
I -4
‘fbcdwme Transferof l~lnj~
cementing m
Techniques Technology
Knowledge

G m & = ~:=

Team Concept
E 4
Attitude Commii Dedkatbln
moritles

I .Cemeqting Philosophy
I
Fgure 3
Structure of a Successful Primary Cementing Job
 2500
(17.24) Fracture Initiation f%essure
I

(I!!) I
APIOleee E

class D
Oement
160 . I
g (71.1) aase G
Carnent
L
0
w-
a
3
!$ (;8?9)
u
$
+
(2?7) ~a~ G

VOLUMEDPUMPED,bbl (ma)

(;’i)” 2 4 6 8 I(J
PUMPING TIME, HOURS
Figure4 Figure 5
Effect of Temperatureon Pumpinglime of Formation Control Capability Tests
Veriws API Cementsat AtmosphericRessure.’

o- 0. I
I
2000 - 2000 - I
Pressure I
I
4000 - 4000 - Pressure
I
I
-.: <6000 -
%re FYessure
E
Gradient
k!i 800Q- # 8000 - I

1000O- 1000O-

12000- 12000-

14000I i I 1 I
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
PRESSURE GRADIENT, PS1/ft
EQUIVALENTMUD WEIGHT,lb/GAL

Figure 6 Fgure 7
Formation Fracture Ressure Onshore Casing Setting Depths

—
-.176
 WE 14135

Fgure 8
Density Range of Cement Slurries Z

Channels
Gas Ilk’ Mud

Impermeable or Expanding Cement

Low Ffukt Loss
‘ 1111 Zero Free Water

External Inflatable
Casing Packer b .;:%%
zone “-.* .“.. ,* Wr.. .. .

@s~! ,

zone :. . ..‘
F

Fgura 9 Figure 10
Gas Mgration in a Cemented Annulus. s Use of a Casing Packef To Pravant
Gas Migration in a Cemented Annulus
(ModMed from Ref. 6)