1. What is intensive and extensive properties?

We have discuss before how intensive and extensive property differs to each other. So Intensive
properties are one of the properties of fluid do not depend on the size or the amount of the system
meaning it is independent in terms of mass that the objects have. Otherwise, extensive properties do
depend on the size or extent of the system. And we can easily determine whether what kind of
property it is if we considered that all the parameters with lowercase letter except pressure (P) and
temperature (T) are to be considered intensive property. While the parameters with uppercase letter
except mass (m) are considered theb extensive property.

2. Give six intensive properties and four extensive properties *

 Six example falls uder the intensive properties: Temperature, Pressure, Density, Specific gravity,
Temperature of refractive index, size and color
 Four example under the extensive proerties: Total mass, Total volume, Total momentum and
entropy

3. What is specific gravity? How is it related to density? *.

We have dicuss before the relationship between specific gravity and density. But before that, specific
gravity, or relative density defined as the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some
standard substance at a specified temperature. Usually water at 4°C, for which the density of Hydrogen
is given as 1000 kg/m^3. Also, it is define as the ration of the specific weight of a certain
substancebtobthat of the specific weight of water at a standard condition. That is,

SG= Density of a substance (P)/Density of water at standard condition ( PH2O).

This means that when we get the specific gravity, we can determine the density given as:
Density of a substance (P)= SG x Density of water at standard condition ( PH2O). Therefore this sums up
the relationship between specific gravity and density.
4. To what particular conditions the ideal gas equation applicable to real gases? *

We all know that a gas can be treated as an ideal gas when it is at a high temperature or in a low
pressure relative to its critical temperature and pressure. Say for an instance in everyv low pressures
and high temperatures, the gas density probably decreases in which the gas behaves simillar to ideal
gas. Moreover,there are many familiar gases such as air, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and even heavier
gases such as carbon dioxide can be treated as ideal gases. Meaning air and other gases at room
temperature and pressure can become also ideal gases without any significant loss of accuracy.

5. In what type of gases is the ideal gas assumption not suitable? Why?

There are also assumptions whenbit comes to the applicability of ideal gas law. These are the gases
under the dense gases such as water vapor in steam power plants and refrigerant vapor in refrigerators,
air conditioners, and heat pumps. These gases are not treated or considered to be as ideal gases
because they usually exist at a state near saturation area.
6. What is vapor pressure and how is related to saturation pressure *

The vapor pressure (Pv) of a pure substance is defined as the pressure exerted by its vapor in phase
equilibrium with its liquid at a given temperature. Meaning vapor pressure is a property of the pure
substance, and turns out to be identical to the saturation pressure Psat of the liquid. Given as Pv = Psat.
Say for an instance, water as the vapor pressure treated as saturation pressure of a pure substance is
also the pressure exerted by its vapor molecules when the system is in phase equilibrium with its liquid
molecules at a given temperature.

7. Describe the phenomenon of cavitation and what causes it?

Upon discussion, we have learned that cavitation is a phenomenon in which a common cause for drop in
performance and even the erosion of impeller blades. Cavitation can have a serious impact not only on a
pump operation but also on the lifespan it has. The pump impeller that is most severely impacted by the
cavitation will eventually destroyed or will be affected. Yet, this new impeller that has suffered from
cavitation typically looks like it has been in use so oftenly once it has been damaged. Moreover, the
impeller material may be crushed and possibly can not be repaired. And this is caused when the liquid in
a pump turns to a vapor at any low pressure and since there is not enough pressure between the end of
the pump, air bubbles are created at this state. Due to this occurances the liquid passes from the side of
the impeller and to the other side, the bubbles will be imploded. And creates a shockwave that hits the
impeller. Afterwards it eventually creates pump vibration and possibly leading to complete failure of the
pump even to the whole impeller.

8. In the process of cavitation, what does flashing means? *

Flashing and cavitation can both cause significant valve damage, even with clean fluids around it.
Flashing in the process of cavitation occurs just downstream of the valve trim when the pressure drops
below the vapour pressure, eventually the bubbles collapse when the pressure recovers above the
vapour pressure. And when the bubbles collapse, it occurs severe shock waves into the flow stream.
Moreover, flashing occurs when liquid flows through a control valve and vaporizes. Flashing have some
in common with cavitation in that the process begins with vaporization of the liquid. When a liquid is
flowing through a piping system, and it encounters a restriction, like a reduced port valve, it accelerates
to a higher velocity to retain a relatively constant volumetric flow rate. If the local pressure within the
restricted flow area drops below the vapor pressure of the liquid, vaporization of fluid will happen. Yet,
if the downstream pressure remains below the vapor pressure of fluid, flashing takes place, and the
outlet stream will be in a vapor phase. When this flow takes on the valve components, it can cause
imploded or massive damage. Thus, erosion can be severe and may occur even when no solids are
present in the liquid.

9. What is an implosion? When does it occur in the process of cavitation *

Cavitation usually happens in a pump when the temperature and pressure of the liquid at the suction of
the impeller equals the vapor pressure. It can happen at low pressures and normal operating
temperatures. Bubbles form during cavitation. As the pressure in the pump increases, those bubbles
collapse in the form of an implosion – equally as violent as an explosion. The implosion causes
shockwaves to travel through the water and hit the impeller causing severe damage on it. In any event,
when the cavitation finally reach instability condition the result is a strong crushed or “implosion.” It is
the implosion of cavitation bubbles that occurs in the impeller causes mechanical damage.

10. What is a micro jet? How does it cause damage on the equipment? *

A microjet is a light jet-propelled craft that sometimes a cause for the bubbles or cavity to collapse
which eventually creates implosion that will also a cause of shockwaves to damage a impeller. Meaning,
this cavitation bubble can produced microjet either on a solid wall. However, this micro jet can damage
some equipment at some point. The effect of microjets produced by cavitation bubbles under an
ultrasound field is widely applied in ultrasonic medicine, ultrasonic chemistry, and other ultrasonic field.
The prediction and control of microjets have been a very challenging work due to the complicated
mechanisms of the collapsing of cavitation bubbles under the ultrasonic field. But in order to know the
interaction of the microjet as for the forming cavitation, the dynamics of bubble growth and collapse
near a rigid boundary in liquid are still uder exploration.