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Connections Between Concrete Layers With Different Ages: Bruno Baleia Casal
Connections Between Concrete Layers With Different Ages: Bruno Baleia Casal
Abstract
Regarding the design of structures, the connections between different elements play a main role in the efficiency of the
structural system. These connections stand out, for example, in casting joints or in precast element joints, being an inherent feature
in any building where structural concrete is used. The interface between concrete layers with different ages in the given examples
must assure enough shear strength as a main requirement to resist the applied actions on the structure. Under this scope, the present
dissertation aims to study the behavior of connections between concrete layers with different ages.
Initially, the most relevant research projects, which represent significant advances at the time of their disclosure, are presented
and assessed. Furthermore, this dissertation includes a synthesis of the most used behavior models that describe the shear
mechanism: the adhesive bond, the dowel action and the friction. Later, an assessment and comparison of the most relevant
normative expressions in Europe is performed, aiming to related these expressions to the mechanism models of the presented
studies. Finally, the effects of shear are evaluated from an analytical point of view, with the presentation of two case studies
regarding the shear requirements for safety of composite elements.
Keywords: Concrete Connections, Adhesion, Bond, Friction, Dowel Action, Shear Resistance
surface smooth and unbounded) from the curves of all test curves are conservative for a smooth bonded connection,
individual test specimens. The nature of failure in these tests is representative for a rough bonded connection and inconclusive
illustrated by the shear-slip curves in Figure 1. for a rough unbounded connection.
Stirrup Effect Subtracted For All Curves 2.2. Birkeland and Birkeland, 1966
4,14
For the same parameter ρfy, the changes of spacing, the areas for a unit crack area, corresponding to project contact
strength and the size of reinforcement do not influence the lengths, ax and ay, that depend on the crack width, the shear
shear strength. displacement, the maximum particle diameter and the total
For values of ρfy<4.1MPa the measured shear strength was aggregate volume per unit volume of concrete. Best results
higher for higher concrete strengths. For values of ρfy were reported for the values of:
below, the concrete strength did not appear to affect the , (2.5)
6,39
shear strength.
To calculate the shear strength, an externally applied In a later study [20], Walraven et al. conducted a statistical
compressive stress acting transversely to the shear plane analysis on the results of 88 push-off test. The following
(σNx) could be add to the effect of parameter ρfy. equation was suggested for the design of a precracked shear
interface:
Mattock and Hawkins stated that in a pre-cracked (2.6)
C
specimen the first developed mechanism is the shear friction,
Where:
followed by the dowel action of the reinforcement crossing the , ,
0,822f′ and 0,159f′ (2.7)
crack.
Based on the results, it was found that eq. (2.1) is rather
conservative for low values of ρfy. Therefore, the authors 2.5. Loov and Patnaik, 1994
proposed using a modified shear friction method, calculated In 1994 an experimental study was performed by Loov and
with the following expression: Patnaik [15] to evaluate the horizontal shear strength of
1.38 0.8 (2.2) composite concrete beams with a rough interface. To do so, 16
composite concrete beams were tested with a single spam. The
where a friction coefficient of 0.8 is established and the web portion was first fabricated with stirrups projecting from
contribution of an externally applied compressive strength (σn) it and the flange concrete was placed three days later. The
is considered. interface was left as-cast with some of the coarse aggregate
protruding.
Two major variables were investigated. The clamping
2.4. Walraven and Reinhardt, 1972 stress was varied while maintaining the concrete strength at
about 35 MPa and the concrete strength was varied for a fixed
In this study, Walraven and Reinhardt [20] developed a clamping stress of about 0.8 MPa.
model called Aggregate Interlock that involves normal stress, By analyzing the results, the authors could conclude the
shear stress, crack width and shear displacement. It has been following:
shown that in reality the transmission of forces across a crack Slip and stirrup stresses in the test beams were
takes place at numerous contact areas between the aggregate insignificant until the beam attained a horizontal shear
particles, embedded in the crack faces, and the matrix on the stress of about 1.5 to 2 MPa. Thereafter, the horizontal
opposite face of the crack. The matrix will deform until shear stress increase with slip, up to a slip ranging from 0.3
equilibrium can be reestablished, as shown in to 0.8 mm, and then decreased.
ax Almost all beams reached slips at failure from 2 to 7 MPa
ax The stirrups were not stressed until a horizontal shear
σpu
stress of about 1.5 to 2.0 MPa was reached. These values
τpu
ay Δ τpu
can be considered as a basis shear strength for connections
w σpu without stirrups. The stirrups become relatively effective
ay
when shear stress reached 3 MPa.
σpu Most stirrups can be expected to reach or be linear yield at
τpu
a slip of about 0.5 mm (for fy<420MPa)
a) b) Based on the results of various tests, the authors developed
Figure 3 – a) Contact area between matrix and aggregate b)
the following equation to approximate the horizontal shear
Stress conditions [20] strength of composite beams:
By considering for the first time the size and shape of the (2.8)
0,1 ∙
particles, as well as plastic deformations, this model can kλ
predict not just the ultimate loading state but also the load-
-deformation response of a specimen.
Considering the equilibrium conditions at a particle surface where:
(fig. 3b), the relations between the stresses in a crack and the - k=0,6 for concrete placed monolithically;
displacement components can be formulated as: - k=0,5 for rough concrete interfaces.
The factor λ is a constant used to account for the effect of
(2.3) concrete density:
- λ=1 for normal weight concrete;
(2.4)
- λ=0,85 for sand-lightweight concrete;
where σ is the normal stress across a crack, τ is the shear - λ=0,75 for all-lightweight concrete.
stress, μ is a friction coefficient and Ax and Ay are projected
4 B. Casal
2.6. Summary of the Different Effects on the Shear type of connection. This feature is the main difference between
Mechanism this mechanism and friction or dowel action.
From the several analyzed studies and from its evolution in 2.6.3. Dowel Action
recent years, one may conclude that the shear resistance in the
interface of concrete layers with different ages is indeed a Dowel action occurs when a steel bar in a crack is
phenomenon where many simultaneous effects may be subjected to a shear displacement. If there is sufficient cover
identified. As it turned out, the combination of these on the reinforcing bar, a complex triaxial state of stress occurs
mechanisms is complex and varies with the various in the adjacent concrete to the bar (Figure 4). The ultimate
intervenient factors, such as the type of concrete, the amount resistance of this mechanism results essentially in yielding of
of reinforcement, the roughness, etc. With regard to the the steel due to bending.
discussed studies, these effects and their contribution to shear
resistance will be addressed below.
The interface roughness has a determinant role throughout High local stresses
the mobilization process of the shear mechanism. Crack
There are numerous measuring methods to quantify the Eventued Spalling
parameters related to the roughness. The SPT method, based of Concrete Corner
on a quantitative approach, is certainly one of the best known.
Figure 4 – Dowel action – common representation [2]
This method consists of pouring a specific material, usually
sand, on a contact surface. Then, the subsequent measurement According to Cavaco [11], the shear strength of dowel
of the covered area diameter permits the roughness action can be approached based on the analogy of a laterally
calculation. loaded beam on a cohesive soil.
Nevertheless, recent studies have been emerging, in which Often, the crack associated to this mechanism generates
some innovative processes to measure roughness are tensile forces in the reinforcement bars, due to external actions
presented. The contribution of Júlio and Santos [14] is an or friction effect. The interaction of tensile forces and bending
outstanding example. In fact, three different methods were leads to a reduction of the maximum possible dowel action.
developed by these authors: a method based on the processing
of the digital image (PDI), a two-dimensional laser roughness 2.6.4. Friction
analyzer (2D-LRA) and an update of the latter, a three
dimensions laser scanner (3D-LS). The mechanism of shear friction develops with the
Regarding the surface treatment, there are several appearance of the first cracks and the consequent slip between
techniques to assign roughness to an interface. In a recent interfaces. The friction force is a function of the normal force
study, Júlio et al [13] assessed four examples of a concrete across the joint. To analyze and quantify this mechanism, one
surface treatment: (1) a surface cast again steel formwork (as a may use the shear friction model, original developed by
reference), (2) a surface prepared with a steel brush, (3) a Birkeland and Birkeland [8], or the aggregate interlock model,
surface treated with sandblasting and (4) a partially chipped developed by Walraven and Reinhardt [20].
surface. According to the pull-off and shear tests, the authors Both models are based on the same principle: when two
concluded that the more efficient technique is the treatment crack surfaces are forced to slide each other, a separation will
with sandblasting (3), followed by the treatment with a steel occur. This separation causes the reinforcement to be stressed
brush (2), the chipped surface (4) and the casting without in tension, and thus a resisting compression force is developed.
treatment (1), respectively in descending order of efficiency. Thus, the shear will be resisted by friction between the two
materials. The compression may be also due to an external
2.6.2. Adhesive bond force.
The shear strength by adhesion may be defined as the 2.6.5. Final Considerations
transference of stress between two sections, throughout the
connection between their constituent materials. With regard to As shown before, the shear mechanism can be described as
concrete layers with different ages, the adhesion is mainly a combination of various effects:
granted by the chemical bonding between the new concrete The adhesion is the first mechanism to be developed. The
and the existing one. The created connection shall be similar to maximum shear strength is achieved at reduced values of
the one of aggregate-cement, where a bond between the new slip. After this initial slip a considerable decrease of
and the old concrete matrix occurs. strength occurs.
The roughness and the class of concrete, which are usually
Likewise, the friction due to external compression forces
parameters considered in shear stress calculation, are two of
starts to develop with the beginning of the slip. Then, a
the main connection influencers.
gradually increase occurs.
The maximum value of adhesion is achieved at values of
On the other hand, the friction due to the reinforcement
slip about 0,02 to 0,05mm. In fact, the adhesive bond is a rigid
bars requires higher slips to start developing. This
B. Casal 5
mechanism starts approximately after the failing of The calculation of the first term is based on the analogy of
adhesion. a beam on a cohesive soil, as shown before. The second term
The contribution of each mechanism (adhesion and represents the reduction of the dowel action due to tensile
friction) depends mainly on the amount of transversal forces and bending generated in the reinforcement.
reinforcement. Recent studies indicate that the maximum
shear strength is given by adhesion when ρ<0,005. Ultimate Limit State of Shear Joints
With the increase of slip, the reinforcement bars will be
also subjected to bending. Thus, the contribution of dowel This document presents also a section covering the general
action will take place. design of reinforced concrete interfaces. When a more specific
The interaction of friction and dowel action depends model is not available and service limit state aspects are not
essentially on the interface roughness, the expected slip governing, the following expression is recommended:
and the anchorage of the reinforcement. Friction will β μ σ 0,25 (3.4)
prevail if a roughened surface and a good reinforcement
anchorage is provided. In this case, the reinforcement is where β and µ depend on the roughness category of the
considerable tensioned, and the effect of dowel action is interfaces.
reduced. On the contrary, the dowel action will be de
dominant effect. 3.2. Eurocode 2 (EC2)
3.1. Model Code 1990 (MC90) In this expression one can identify three different terms:
cfctd : represents the influence of the adhesion. As shown
In this design code [6], the mechanism of shear transfer before, this contribution depends on the compressive
along a concrete-to-concrete interface is represented by the strength of concrete and shear plane characteristics.
mechanism of friction and dowel action. µσn : represents the external normal forces contribution.
Friction This term depends on the surface roughness and is affected
by the factor µ
The shear resistance of an interface due to concrete friction ρfsyd(µsinα+cosα) : expresses the reinforcement contribu-
may be evaluated by means of the following expressions: tion to shear resistance due to friction and tensile stress. It
depends on the ratio of reinforcement, ρ, the yield strength
Smooth Interface , 0,40σ (3.1) of reinforcement, fsyd, the roughness of the interface, µ, and
the bars inclination.
Rough Interface , 0,40
⁄
σ ⁄
(3.2) This document also shows that it is possible to include the
ordinary shear reinforcement in ratio ρ. According to Câmara
As one can notice, the compressive strength of concrete, [10], a field of compression struts will be present if one admit
the reinforcement ratio and the normal compressive stress due that the reinforcement is mobilized to vertical shear. The
to external actions are considered in the rough interface vertical component of compression struts is necessarily equal
expression. Nevertheless, the compressive stress is the only to the reinforcement tensile stress. Thus, the interface will be
parameter included in the smooth interface expression, compressed increasing friction.
affected by a representative value of friction coefficient. In
fact, when the crack surface is very smooth, the crack opening 3.3. Model Code 2010 (MC10)
is minimum. As a consequence, the clamping of the crack due
to the stress of the reinforcement bars will not occur, which The Model Code 2010 [3] presents the shear strength
invalidates the contribution of this effect in friction mechanism as a combination of three kinds of effects:
development. adhesion/mechanical interlocking, friction and dowel action.
Dowel Action The single mechanisms can be summarized and approached
with the following expressions:
Regarding the dowel action, the Model Code 1990 presents
the following design expression: Adhesion + friction
, μ σ k∙ ∙ (3.6)
.
ø 1 1,3 1,3 ∙ 1
(3.3)
where k is interaction (“effectiveness”) factor.
Term 1 Term 2
6 B. Casal
This type of connection is similar to the joint between two MC10 - Smooth surface
concrete layers with transversal reinforcement bars. The 2,50 MC90 - Dowel Action
developed mechanism can be associated to the dowel action, 2,00
presented before.
1,50
The design shear resistance of a headed stud automatically
welded should be determined from: 1,00
0,50
d 0,29αd f E (3.10)
0,8f π
P 4 or P 0,00
γ γ
0,000 0,005 0,010 0,015
ρ
Whichever is smaller, with:
Figure 5 – Comparison between EC2 and MC10 expressions for smooth
h h (3.11) surface and MC90 expression for dowel action
α 0,2 1 for 3 4
d d
B. Casal 7
1,00
MC10 EC2
0,50
High pressure water jetting Very smotth
kc 2.3 βc 0.5 c 0,25 0,00
k 0.5 μ 0.8 μ 0,5 0,000 0,005 0,010 0,015
ρ
αf 0.9
Table 2 – Values of parameters Figure 7 - Comparison between EC2, MC10 and EC4 expressions
As it can be seen, the values obtained through the 4. Shear Effect Evaluation and Applications
expression of MC10 are slightly more conservative than those
obtained through the expression of EC2. However, one may
disregard the small differences and conclude that the two To improve the load capacity of a composite element, a
mechanisms considered in the expression of MC10 (friction good connection between the two materials shall be ensured.
and dowel action) and based on k and αf values lead to results Thus, it is important to calculate the shear force in a
similar to those of the EC2 that simply regard friction. Also, connection, given by the variation of normal stresses on the
the results of both expressions are identical when ρ=0, which cross section. To assess the distribution of these stresses, an
indicates a similar accounting of adhesive effect. When the analysis of elements with linear and non-linear elastic
reinforcement ratio is zero (ρ=0), the shear resistance is behavior is presented below.
around 0,6 MPa. In a cross section with a linear elastic behavior, horizontal
Finally, the expression of EC4, equation (3.15) which is shear stress depends on the bending moment in any part of the
mainly used in the design of composite steel and concrete element and it may be calculated through the following
structures, will be compared to the expressions of EC2 and expression:
MC10. Regarding the stud connectors in composite cross S , (4.1)
sections, one may notice similarities between the mechanical τ V
I b
behavior of these connectors and the mechanical behavior of
dowels. For comparison purposes, the results obtained through In a cracked element, the cross section is assumed to
the expression of EC4 shall provide shear stresses depending display a non-linear elastic behavior. The axial tensile strength
on reinforcement ratio: of concrete may be disregarded in these cases. In the region
between the innermost reinforcement and the axial
8 B. Casal
compression stress in concrete, the horizontal shear stress is In this case, the analysis of the constructive process and
given by: the loads action on the structure play a major role as it allows
V (4.2) the assessment of the evolution of the stress distribution on the
τ
zb course of time. On the first phase before any action takes
place, the structure is loaded with its Self-Weight (SW), Other
However, in most of the repairing practical cases, Permanent Loads (OPL) and Imposed Loads (IL). On the
reinforcement is included in the new layer, being the old and second phase the OPL and the IP are withdrawn. On the third
the new reinforcement the bound of the connection. In these phase the new concrete layer is added to the slab and waits
cases: until it cures. On the fourth phase the OPL and the higher IL
V (4.3) are added. Due to the mentioned above it’s verifiable that only
τ β on phase four the concrete acquires the resistant capacity,
zb
forming a piece composed of two materials. From this analysis
Where β is the ratio of the longitudinal force in the new and in the first instance it can be concluded that the shear
concrete area and the total longitudinal force either in the stress on the interface of the two materials only results from
compression or tension zone, both calculated for the the stress originated by the OPL and the IL.
considered section. In case of the new concrete is being However the behavior of the materials in the course of
subjected to axial tensile stresses, β is calculated by: time must be considered, particularly the concrete creep. Over
A (4.4) time the stress distribution will drive away from the one
β existent on the end of the building process and will approach
A A
the monolithic behavior. Thus it is possible to accept the
When the cross section of the new concrete is being reinforced slab as being concreted all at once, disregarding the
compressed, two situations may be considered. If all the influence of the building process. This assumption is
compression is applied in the new concrete, β is equal to 1. If conservative and facilitates the process of security check.
the compression is distributed over both concrete layers, β In the first instance, there is the need to determine whether
shall be calculated by the ratio of compressions, i.e. using an it will be necessary to perform the reinforcement, in which
expression analogous to the previous one. This procedure may areas and with which reinforcement bars. Thus, the resistant
be avoided when assuming all the compression applied in the stress shall be calculated by the equation (3.5) by isolating the
new concrete, resulting in a conservative assessment. term related to adhesion (ρ=0 e σn=0). Adopting c=0.45 and
µ=0.7:
Two case studies, in which the shear effects were assessed, ã
0,60 Mpa (4.5)
will be presented next. These case studies refer to the Funchal
Centrum enterprise structure, in which several structural Whit this value, the maximum shear force supported by
interventions were carried out in order to provide the adhesion can be estimated. With β=0.48, VRd is calculated by
requirements for Dolce Vita Shopping Mall. equation (4.3), as follows:
ã (4.6)
4.1. Slab Reinforcement by adding a new concrete layer 433 KN/m
The slab is supported by 0.90 m diameter circular columns, A value of ρ=0.00223 was calculated, which leads to a
in a 8,10 m 8,10 m grid. In span areas there is a 0.22 m transversal reinforcement area of As=95.3cm2. Adopting
thickness, while an enlargement of the column head provides a Ø12mm bars, a solution of 44 connectors is reached.
0.35 m thick slab on supports. Each enlargement occurs in an To rectify the longitudinal bars interruption, 4 ribbons with
area of 3,00x3,00 m2. Class C30/37 concrete and class double reinforcement were adopted near the column. Thus, a
A500NR steel reinforcement were used. By using these data, concentration of horizontal shear in these ribbons will take
an approximate numerical model was performed.
B. Casal 9
Plan Elevation
a
Figure 11 – Beam supported by a pilaster [7]
b
This example can be applied to the studied situation. In
e this model it was only performed a qualitative analyze.
d Because this mechanism has a wider contact area between the
interfaces, it is considered to be less conditioning then the
mechanisms presented before. In this example, it was clarified
the importance of making a gap in the wall for the slab
Figure 10 – Slab-Wall connection: Dowel action mechanism
connection, despite the arduous construction process. It is
If the crack width “e” is enough to avoid the surface easily understandable that if the slab disconnects from the wall
contact between the two faces, the dowel action model can be between the different kinds of concrete, it is the concrete
adopted. Thus, the calculations were performed based on beneath the slab that resists to the shear in the first instance.
MC90, using equation (3.8) with the following parameters: This concrete will resist mostly to the service solicitations
until the shear stress is enough to break the connection of the
sloping plan with an approximately 20º angle.
10 B. Casal