Name :Mahasri Sobahiya

Nim :183221062

Class :5K/PBI

FIRST SENTENCE STAGE

A. One-word stage/ holophrases:

1. Period: around 1 year ~ 1 year 6 months:
• Nouns (dog, cat, milk, cookie) are more common than Verbs

• First verbs are ‘action’ verbs (go, eat)

• First adjectives have ‘vivid’ meanings (dirty, funny)

• Interestingly: frequent grammatical morphemes (the, of, …) are

initially absent

• Overextension and underextension of meaning:

• Overextension: one word has a general meaning

– ‘dog’ = any animal (dog, cat, horse)

– ‘ball’ = any round object (ball, moon, lampshade)

– ‘daddy’ = any human male

• Underextension: one word has a specific meaning

– ‘dog’ = the dog that the family has at home

– ‘daddy’ = Mr. Bob is my daddy

B. Syntax
Syntax are rules or sentence building structures that are systematically organized. Usually
the words that are commonly used at this stage are nouns (about 60%) and verbs account
for perhaps 20% of all speech. however, sometimes other word classes can also be found
such as adjectives and adverbs or other word classes such as bye-bye. The following is an
example of the negative sentence and the question sentence used in the first stage:
• STAGE 1 (1,6 ~ 2,2 years old) (negation)

Rumus: no(t)+sentence

– No I can go

– No sit here

– No fall

• STAGE 1 (1,6 ~ 2,2 years old) (questions)

 • Rumus: Intonation, or

Wh- word at the beginning

No inversion

– I can go?

– This is it?

– Where kitty?

C. Morphological development
Stage in morphological development:

• Stages in morphological development

1) Seemingly perfect use of morphemes (e.g. English plurals endings)

2) Over-generalization: child uses the "-s" ending or past tense "-ed" too often

– "I holded the baby rabbits"

– "There were three mans on the train."

3) Correct usage of regular and irregular forms

• This development use U-shaped learning is a behavior in which the learner first learns
the correct behavior, then abandons the correct behavior and finally returns to the
correct behavior once again. This kind of cognitive-developmental trajectory has been
observed by cognitive and developmental psychologists in a variety of child-
development phenomena: language learning

• Pattern can be explained by rules

• Children at first have no rule knowledge and imitate adult forms (stage 1). Example:

FATHER : Can you say “ one glass”?

CHILD : One... glass...

FATHER : Say “one”

CHILD : One

FATHER : Say “glass”

CHILD : glass