Professional Documents
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Election Pre Bar Rev LEC 2014 Updated
Election Pre Bar Rev LEC 2014 Updated
The SC gave due course to the Petition on the legal The Lambino Group miserably failed to comply with the
premise that the Constitution recognizes only two (2) methods of basic requirement of the Constitution for the conductof
proposing amendments to the Constitution, viz (1) by Congress people’s initiative. The Constitution require that the
upon a vote of ¾ of all its members and (2) by constitutional amendment must be “directly proposed by the people
convention. through initiative upon a petition.”
Lambino’s group failed to include the full text of the
The SC interpreted Sec. 2 of RA 6735 which provides proposed changes in the signature sheets –a fatal
that “the power of the people under a system of initiative and omission, according to the Supreme Court ruling,
referendum to directly propose, enact, approved or reject, in because it means a majority of the 6.3M people who
whole or in part the Constitution, laws, ordinance or resolutions signed the signature sheets could not have known the
passed by any legislative body upon compliance with the nature and effect of the proposed changes. For the
requirements of this Act, is hereby affirmed, recognized and petition to be valid, two essential requisites must be
guaranteed.” It held that the inclusion of the word “constitution” complied with, namely: (a) the people must author, and
here is neither germane nor relevant to said action which thus sign, the entire proposal; no agent or representative
exclusively relates to initiative and referendum on national and can sign on their behalf; and (b) as an initiative upon a
local laws, ordinances and resolution. Therefore, the people are petition, the proposed amendments must be embodied in
not accorded the power to “directly propose, enact, approved or the petition itself.
reject, in whole or in part the Constitution, through the system of A people’s initiative to change the Constitution applies
initiative. only to an amendment of the Constitution and not to its
revision. Only Congress or a constitutional convention
The SC further declared that Comelec cannot validly may propose revisions to the Constitution. A people’s
promulgate rules and regulations to implement the exercise of the initiative may propose only amendments to the
right of the people to directly propose amendments to the Constitution.
Constitution through the system of initiative. The power of The SC declared that “A popular clamor, even one
Comelec to issue rules and regulations (QJ power) is limited only backed by 6.3M signatures, cannot justify a deviation
to what is provided under – from the specific modes prescribed in the Constitution
itself.”
(a) Section 2 of Article IX-C of the Constitution and
(b) by a law where subordinate legislation is authorized The rationale for the second requisite is that the signature
and which satisfied the “completeness” and the requirement would be rendered meaningless if the person affixing
“sufficient standard” tests. his signature has not first seen and understood what it is that he is
The first and second modes, as provided in Section 1 of Article Not satisfied and within 30 days from submission of their petition,
XVII, apply to both amendment and revision, but the 3 rd mode respondent resorted to their power of initiative under the LGC of
applies only to amendments. The distinction between the first two 1991. On June 18, 1996 Comelec issued Resolution No. 2845
modes and the third was intentional as shown by the deliberations adopting a calendar of activities for local referendum to annul or
of the Constitutional Commission. repeal Kapasyahan Bldg. 10.
There can be no dispute that a people’s initiative can only propose
amendments to the Constitution since the Constitution itself limits Petitioner SBMA seeks to nullify the Order of Comelec denying
initiatives to amendments. There can be no deviation from the petitioner’s plea to stop the holding of a local initiative and
constitutionally prescribed modes of revising the Constitution. A referendum on the proposition to recall the Kapasyahan as it was
popular clamor, even one backed by 6.3M signatures, cannot proceeding with a local initiative that proposes an amendment of a
justify a deviation from the specific modes prescribed in the national law. ISSUE:
Constitution itself. The Lambino’s group proposed changes
constituted not just an amendment but a revision, because of the whether Comelec committed grave abuse of
change in the form of government from Presidential to discretion in promulgating and implementing
Parliamentary, and the shift from a bicameral to a unicameral its Res. No. 2842 which govern the conduct
legislature. of the referendum proposing to annul or
repeal PK Blg. 10 and
DISTINCTION BETWEEN REVISION AND whether the questioned local initiative covers
AMENDMENT. Revision broadly implies a change that alters a a subject within the powers of the people of
basic principle in the constitution, like altering the principle of Morong to enact (whether such initiative
separation of power or the system of checks and balances. There seeks the amendment of a national law.
is also revision if the change alters the substantial entirety of the
Constitution. On the other hand, amendment broadly refers to a
In this case, the SC was compelled to distinguish Initiative from
change that adds, reduces, deletes, without altering the basic
Referendum. To begin with, the process started by Garcia et. al.,
principle involved. Revision generally affects several provisions
was an Initiative but respondent Comelec made preparations for a
of the constitution, while amendment generally affects only the
referendum. In the body of the Comelec Resolution No. 2842, the
specific provision being amended.
word“referendum” is repeated at least 27 times, but initiative is
not mentioned at all. The Comelec labeled the exercise as a
On the second pivotal issue of revisiting the ruling of the Court in
referendum, the counting of votes was entrusted to a referendum
Santiago vs. Comelec, the Court held that an affirmation or
committee, the documents were called referendum returns and so
reversal of the same will not change the outcome of the case. The
forth. As distinguished, initiative is a process of law making by
Court must avoid revisiting a ruling involving the constitutionality
the people themselves without the participation and against the
of a statute if the case before the Court can be resolved on some
wishes of their elected representatives while referendum consists
grounds.
merely with the electorate approving or rejecting what has been
As to the second issue, SBMA insists that the creation of the SSEZ EFFECTIVITY OF RECALL – recall shall become effective
is now a fait accompli for the benefit of the entire nation and only upon the election and proclamation of a successor in the
Morong cannot unilaterally withdraw its concurrence or impose person of the candidate who received the highest number of votes
new conditions for such concurrence as this would effectively cast during the election in recall. Should the official sought to be
render nugatory the creation of the SSEZ. The SC agreed with the recalled receive the highest number of votes, confidence in him is
contention of Garcia that the position of SBMA is premature and thereby affirmed and he shall continue in office. (Sec. 72).
conjectural because at this point the resolution is just a proposal. If
the people should reject it during the referendum, then there is LIMITATIONS ON RECALL – an elective official may be
nothing to declare as illegal. A writ of prohibition cannot issue subject of recall elections only ONCE during his term of office
upon a mere conjecture or possibility as courts may decide only exclusively on the ground of LACK OF CONFIDENCE. The
actual controversies and not hypothetical questions or cases. recall cannot be undertaken within one (1) year from the date of
the official’s assumption of office or within one (1) immediately
3) RECALL – is the termination of official relationship of preceding a regular election. (Sec. 74)
a local elective public official for loss of confidence by the people
prior to the end of his term of office (Sec. 69, R.A. 7160 LGC). In In Paras v. Comelec 264 SCRA 49, Paras, incumbent punong
Angobung v. Comelec 269 SCRA 246 (1997), the Supreme Court brgy sought to bar the recall proceedings against him citing Sec.
ruled that recall is the mode of removal of a public officer by the 74 (B) of RA 7160 that it was barred by the scheduled SK
people before the end of his term of office which shall be elections. The SC settled the issue and held that the SK elections
exercised by the registered voters of a local government unit to is not considered a “regular local elections” for purposes of recall
which the local elective official subject of such recall belongs. under Sec. 74. The term regular local elections is construed as one
referring to an election where the office held by the local elective
The mode of initiating recall against a public elective official is official sought to be recalled will be contested and be filled up by
now limited to a petition commenced only by the registered voters the electorate. It is confined to the regular elections of elective
in the local unit concerned. Section 70 and 71 of RA 7160 is national and local officials.
now amended by RA 9244, otherwise known as An Act
Eliminating the Preparatory Recall Assembly as a Mode of REGISTRATION OF VOTERS
Instituting Recall of Elective Local Government Officials.
Article V Section 1. Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of
Section 70 of RA 7160 now reads as follows: “The recall of any the Philippines NOT otherwise disqualified by law, who are at
elective provincial, city, municipal or barangay official shall be least 18 years of age who shall have resided in the Philippines for
commenced by a petition of a registered voter in the LGU at least one (1) year and in the place wherein they propose to vote
concerned and supported by the registered voters in the LGU for at least six (6) months in the immediately preceding the
concerned during the election in which the local official sought to elections.No literacy, property or other substantive requirements
be recalled was elected subject to the following percentage shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage.
requirements:
At least 25% in the case of an LGU with a voting Section 2. The Congress shall provide for a system of securing
population of not more than 20,000 the secrecy and sanctity of the ballot as well as a system of
At least 20% in the case of LGUs with a voting absentee voting by qualified Filipinos abroad.
population of at least 20,000 but not more than 75,000:
Provided, that in no case shall the required petitioners be The Congress shall also design a procedure for the
less than 5,000. disabled and illiterates to vote without the assistance of other
At least 15% in the case of local government units with persons. Until then, they shall be allowed to vote under existing
a voting population of at least 75,000 but not more than laws and such rules as the Commission on Elections may
300,000: Provided however, that in no case shall the promulgate to protect the secrecy of the ballot.
required number of petitioners be less than 15,000; and
At least 10% in the case of local government units with WHO MAY REGISTER (RA 8189, (An Act Providing for the
a voting population of over 300,000 thousand: Provided General Registration of Voters providing for a System of
however, that in no case shall the required petitioners be Continuing Registration which took effect on June 11, 1996)
less than 45,000.
PERIOD TO FILE: Any time except 105 days prior to a regular ABSENTEE VOTING
election or 75 days prior to a special election. The petition should
be supported by a certificate of disapproval of his application and Local Absentee Voting – In local absentee voting, public officials
proof of service of notice upon the Board. MTC shall decide and employees, in the performance of their election duties,
within fifteen (15) days after its filing. stationed in places other than the place where they are registered
voters of (e.g. members of the PNP, AFP, offices of the Comelec,
school teachers, among others) are allowed to vote in their
If the decision is for the inclusion of voters in the permanent list of respective place of work (Sec. 12, RA 7166).
voters, the Board shall place the application for registration
previously disapproved in the corresponding BV and indicate in RA No.10380, otherwise known as the “Local Absentee Voting
the application for registration the date of the order of inclusion for Media Act”, now allow media practitioners to vote on
and the court which issued the same. specified days earlier than Election Day so that that even if on
Election Day, they are assigned to cover election events away
Section 35 – Petition for Exclusion of Voters from the list – from their place of registration as voters, they would nonetheless
WHO MAY FILE: any registered voter, representative of a have the opportunity to cast their votes.
political party or the Election Officer.
Limitation: Those entitled to avail of local absentee voting shall
PERIOD TO FILE: Any time except 100 days prior to a regular only be allowed to vote for President, VP, Senators, and Party-List
election or 65 days prior to a special election. Supporting Representative
documents shall be proof of notice to the Board and to the
challenged voter. MTC shall decide within ten (10) days. Grounds for disapproval of the Application for Local
Absentee Voting
If the decision is for exclusion, the Board, shall remove 1) The applicant is not a RV or his registration records
the voters registration record from the corresponding BV, enter the have been deactivated.
order of exclusion therein. 2) It was filed out of time;
3) It was not sworn to or otherwise not under oath by any
Akbayan v. Comelec March 26, 2001 – The petition for person authorized to administer oath;
exclusion is a necessary component to registration since it is a 4) It was only photocopied/faxed;
safety mechanism that gives a measure of protection against flying 5) The Certification portion of the application form is not
voters, non-qualified registrants, and the like. The prohibitive duly accomplished.
period, on the other hand, serves as the purpose of securing the
voters substantive right to be included in the list of voters. OVERSEAS ABSENTEE VOTING (OAV) – RA 9189
Absentee Voters Act of 2003
The bone of contention of petitioners in this case in praying for a
2-day special registration of new voters for the May 14, 2001 Under RA 9189, Filipino citizens who are overseas workers,
elections which was denied by the Comelec on account of immigrants or permanent residents in other countries may vote in
operational impossibility, undermined their constitutional right to Philippine national elections when they are away from the country
vote and caused the disenfranchisement of around 4M Filipinos of on the day of the elections; Provided, That in the case of
voting age who failed to register before the registration deadline immigrants or permanent residents, they file a sworn statement
set by the Comelec.
Loida Nicolas-Lewis, et. al. vs. Comelec G.R. No. 162759, Once registered the political party is issued a Certificate of
August 6, 2006. - Petitioners are dual citizens having retained or Registration (Sec. 7) (1) acquires juridical personality (2) public is
reacquired Philippine Citizenship under RA 9225 or the informed of the party’s existence and ideals (3) it identifies the
Citizenship Retention and Reacquisition Act of 2003. As such, party and its officers for purposes of regulation by the
they sought registration and certification as overseas absentee Comelec.For purposes of the electoral process that an organization
voters under RA 9189 or the Overseas Absentee Voting Act of need not be a political party.
2003, in order to vote in the May 2004 elections. However, the
Philippine embassy in the US advised them that per Comelec letter Limitations on Registration –
dated September 23, 2003, they have yet no residence requirement It is a religious sect or denomination or association,
as prescribed by the Constitution. Petitioners sought a clarification organized for religious purposes. Registration of
from the Comelec which thereafter, expressed the opinion that religious sects are prohibited for the purpose of the
dual citizens under RA 9225 cannot exercise the right of electoral process which is made in the spirit of
suffrage under the Overseas Absentee Voting Law because separation of church and state and intended to prevent
said law was not enacted for them, hence, they are considered churches from wielding political power.Does not
regular voters who have to meet requirements of residency, extend to organizations with religious affiliations or to
among others. political parties which derive their principles from
religious beliefs.
ISSUE: Whether or not petitioners and others who might have Those who seek to achieve their goals through
meanwhile retained and/or reacquired Philippine citizenship unlawful means
pursuant to RA 9225 may vote as absentee voter under RA 9189. Those which refuse to adhere to the Constitution
Those which are supported by any foreign government
HELD: Section 1 of Article V of the Philippine Constitution (Sec. 2(5) Article IX-C)
prescribed residency requirement as a general eligibility factor
for the right to vote. On the other hand, Section 2 thereof, Cancellation of Registration (Sec. 8) – Upon verified complaint
authorizes congress to devise a system wherein an absentee may of any interested party, or motu propio by the Commission,
vote, implying that a non-resident may, as an exception to the the registration of any political party, coalition of political parties
residency prescription in the preceding section, be allowed to vote. or organizations under the party-list system may be cancelled after
due notice and hearing on the following grounds:
There is no provision in the dual citizenship law (RA 9225), (a) Acceptance by the political party, coalition of
requiring “duals” to actually establish residence and physically political parties, or organizations or any of its
stay in the Philippines first before they can exercise their right to candidates, of financial contributions from foreign
vote. On the contrary, RA 9225, in implicit acknowledgement that governments and/or their agencies for activities related
“duals” are most likely non-residents, grants under Section 5(1) to elections.
the same right of suffrage as granted to an absentee voter under (b) Violation of laws, rules or regulations relating to
RA 9189 which aims to enfranchise as much as possible all elections, plebiscites, referenda or initiative.
overseas Filipinos, who, save for the residency requirement (c) Untruthful statements in its petition for registration
exacted of an ordinary conditions, are qualified to vote as ruled in (d) The said political party, coalition of political parties
Makalintal vs. Comelec 405 SCRA 614. or organization has become a religious sect or
denomination, is pursuing its goals thru violence or
other unlawful means, is refusing to adhere to or uphold
the Constitution of the Philippines, or is receiving
support from any foreign government;
POLITICAL PARTIES, PARTY LIST AND CITIZENS (e) Failure to comply with applicable laws, rules or
ARM regulations of the Commission
(f) Failure to field official candidates in the last two
Article IX-C, Sec. 1 (5), authorizes the Comelec under preceding elections or failure of their candidates to
the Constitution to “Register, after sufficient publication,
political parties, organizations, or coalitions which, in addition
2. Under the AES – Section 11 of RA 8436 provides “for this In Talaga v. Comelec/Alcala 683 SCRA 197 (2012) The High
purpose, the deadline for filing of COC/petition for Court provided for the rationale for the filing of CoC within a
registration/manifestation to participate in the election shall not be prescribed period – The evident purposes of the requirement for
later than 120 days before the elections. the filing of CoCs and in fixing the time limit for filing them are,
The period has already been amended by RA 9369 namely; (a) to enable the voters to know, at least 60 days prior to
which now reads – “For this purpose, the Commission shall set the regular election, the candidates from among whom they are to
the deadline for the filing of COC/petition of make the choice; and (b) to avoid confusion and inconvenience in
registration/manifestation to participate in the election. Any the tabulation of the votes cast. If the law does not confine to the
person who files his COC within this period shall only be duly-registered candidates the choice of the voters, there may be
considered as a candidate at the start of the campaign period for as many persons voted for as there are voters, and votes may be
which he filed his COC; Provided that, unlawful acts or omissions cast even for unknown or factitious persons as a mark to identify
applicable to a candidate shall effect only upon the start of the the votes in favor of a candidate for another office in the same
aforesaid campaign period. Xxxx “. election.
Section 73, BP 881/Omnibus Elections Code (OEC) , par. (1) – Sec. 66 BP 881/OEC.An appointive official is considered
Certificate of Candidacy – No person shall be eligible for any resigned upon the filing of his/her certificate of candidacy. The
elective office unless he files a sworn certificate of candidacy forfeiture is automatic and the operative act is the moment of
within the period fixed therein.Sinaca v. Mula 315 SCRA 266, it filing which shall render the appointive official resigned
is the nature of a formal manifestation to the whole world of the (Nicolasora v. CSC 1990 case and PNOC v. NLRC, May 31,
candidate’s political creed or lack of political creed. 1993), where the provision of Sec. 66 is applicable also to GOCC
and can constitute as a just cause for termination of employment in
Coquilla v. Comelec G.R. No. 139801, 31 May 2000 – A addition to those set forth in the Labor Code.
certificate which did not indicate the position for which the Section 66 has already been repealed by RA 9369 to wit
candidate is running may be corrected. The SC ruling on the – “Section 13. Section 11 of RA 8436 is hereby amended to read
effectiveness of the amended COC filed to correct the defect as follows: “Any person holding a public office or position,
declared that the filing of an amended COC even after the deadline including active members of the AFP, and officers and employees
but before the election was substantial compliance with the law in GOCC, shall be considered ipso facto resigned from his/her
which cured the defect. office and must vacate the same at the start of the day of the
filing of his/her certificate of candidacy.
Section 73 (3) BP 881 (Effect of filing multiple certificates of
candidacy)–No person shall be eligible for more than one office Sec. 67 OEC – An elective official running for a position other
to be filed in the same election(requirement to run for elective than the one he is holding in a permanent capacity, except for
office), and if he files his certificate of candidacy for more than President and Vice-President, is deemed resigned upon the filing
one office, he shall not be eligible for any of them. of his certificate of candidacy. Section 67 has been repealed by
Section 14 of RA 9006 (The Fair Elections Law), a candidate
The disqualification is removed by Who can file – a petition to declare a candidate a nuisance
plenary pardon or granted amnesty candidate shall be filed by any registered candidate for the same
upon declaration by a competent authority that officewithin 5 days from the last day of the filing of the
said insanity or incompetence had been certificate of candidacy. (As amended by Section 5 of RA 6646
removed
expiration of a period of 5 years from his Rev. Elly Chavez Pumatong v. Comelec, G.R. No. 161872 13
service of sentence unless of course within the April 2004 – The rationale behind the prohibition against nuisance
same period he again becomes disqualified. candidates and the disqualification of candidates who have not
evinced a bona fide intention to run for office is easy to divine.
2) Sec. 68 of the OEC The State has a compelling interest to ensure that its electoral
exercises are rational;, objective and orderly. Towards this end,
those guilty of giving money or material consideration
the State takes into account the practical considerations in
to influence, induce or corrupt voters or public official
conducting elections. Inevitably, the greater the number of
performing electoral functions;
candidates, the greater the opportunities for logistical confusion,
those who have committed terrorism to enhance his
not to mention the increased allocation of time and resources in
candidacy
preparation for the election. These practical difficulties should, of
those who have spend in the election campaign more course, never attempt the State from the conduct of a mandated
than that required by law (Php10/RV/Php5.00) electoral exercise. At the same time, remedial actions should be
available to alleviate these logistical hardships, whenever
NOTE: Section 68 deals with a petition to disqualify a candidate necessary and proper. Ultimately, a disorderly election is not
for other violations of the election code as specified in said merely a textbook example of inefficiency, but a rot that erodes
section, and against a candidate who is a permanent resident or faith in our democratic institutions.
immigrant of a foreign country. That section does not specify a
period within which to file the petition. Martinez III vs. HRET 610 SCRA 53 (January 2010) –
Proceedings in cases of nuisance candidates require prompt
In Codilla vs. De Venecia 393 SCRA 634, it was held that the disposition. The declaration of a duly registered candidate as
power of Comelec to disqualify candidates is limited to the nuisance candidate results in the cancellation of his COC.
enumerations mentioned in Section 68 of the OEC. Elements to
be proved are as follows: Dela Cruz v. Comelec G.R. No. 192221, 13 November 2012 -
(Should the votes cast for such nuisance candidate be
the candidate, personally or through his instructions, considered stray or counted in favor of the bona fide
must have given money or other material consideration candidate?) – In an automated election, the Supreme Court,
and likewise ruled not to consider the votes cast for a nuisance
the act of giving material consideration or money should candidate as stray but to count them in favor of the bona fide
be for the purpose of influencing, inducing or corrupting candidate.
the voters or public officials performing electoral “As far as Comelec is concerned, the confusion caused
functions. by similarity of surnames of candidates for the same position and
putting the electoral process in mockery or disrepute, had already
3) Sec. 69 – Petition to Abate a Nuisance Candidate – the been rectified by the new voting system where the voter simply
Comelec, may motu propio or upon verified petition of an shades the oval corresponding to the name of their chosen
interested party, refuse to give due course to or cancel a certificate candidate. However, as shown in this case, Comelec issued
of candidacy if it is shown that it is filed in contemplation of a Resolution No. 8844 on May 1, 2010, 9 days before the elections,
nuisance candidate or cancel the same if already filed. This is an with sufficient time to delete the names of disqualified candidates
exception to the ministerial duty of the Comelec and its not just from the Certified List of Candidates, but also from the
officers to receive a certificate of candidacy under Section 76 Official Ballot. Indeed, what use will it serve if Comelec orders
of the OEC. the names of disqualified candidates to be deleted from list of
official candidates if the official ballots still carry their name?
WHO IS A NUISANCE CANDIDATE The Court holds that the rule in Resolution No. 4116
considering the votes cast for a nuisance candidate declared as
one who files his certificate to put the election process in such in a final judgment, particularly where such nuisance
mockery or disrepute candidate has the same surname as that of the legitimate candidate,
contemplates the likelihood of confusion which the not stray but counted in favor of the latter, remains a good law.
similarity of surnames of two (2) candidates may As earlier discuss, a petition to cancel or deny a CoC under
generate. (in the appreciation of ballots, when two Section 69 of the OEC should be distinguished from a petition to
candidates with the same name or surname and only the disqualify under Section 68. Hence, the legal effect of such
name or surname is written, will be considered stray cancellation of a CoC of a nuisance candidate cannot be equated
vote and will not be counted for either of the candidate with a candidate disqualified on grounds provided in the OEC and
unless one of the candidate with the same name or the Local Government Code.
surname is an incumbent – equity of the incumbent rule)
NOTE:The 1st ground for disqualification consists of two (2) Mercado v. Manzano & Comelec, it was held that the fact that
parts, namely: (1) those sentenced by final judgment for an offense respondent Manzano was registered as an American citizen in the
involving moral turpitude, regardless of the period of BID & was holding an American passport on April 22, 1997, only
imprisonment; and (2) those sentenced by final judgment for an a year before he filed a certificate of candidacy for Vice-Mayor of
offense, OTHER THAN one involving moral turpitude, Makati, were just assertions of his nationality before the
punishable by one (1) year or more imprisonment, within 2 years termination of his American citizenship.
after serving sentence.
Valles v. Lopez, the Court held that the mere fact that Lopez was
Sec. 40 of RA 7160 limits the disqualification to two (2) years a holder of an Australian passport and had an ACR are not act
after service of sentence. This should now be read in relation to constituting an effective renunciation of citizenship and do not
Sec. 11 of RA 8189 which enumerates those who are disqualified militate against her claim of Filipino citizenship. For renunciation
to register as a voter. The 2 year disqualification period under to effectively result in the lost of citizenship, the same must be
Sec. 40 is now deemed amended to last 5 years from service of express (Com. Act 63, Sec. 1). Referring to the case of Aznar, an
sentence after which period the voter will be eligible to register as ACR does not amount to an express renunciation or repudiation of
a voter and to run for an elective public office. one’s citizenship. Similarly, her holding of an Australian passport
as in the Manzano case, were likewise mere acts of assertions
Those convicted by final judgment for violating the before she effectively renounced the same. Thus, at the most,
oath of allegiance to the Republic Lopez had dual citizenship – she was an Australian and a Filipino,
as well.
Fugitives from justice in criminal and non-political
cases. In reconciling the disqualification under Sec. 40 of RA 7160. The
Court clarified and as ruled in the Manzano case “dual
In Marquez, jr. vs. Comelec and Rodriguez 259 SCRA, it was citizenship” as used in the LGC and reconciled with Article IV
held that fugitives from justice refer to a person who has been Section 5 of the 1987 Constitution on dual allegiance (Dual
convicted by final judgment. The SC ruled that when a person allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and
leaves the territory of a state not his own, homeward bound and shall be dealt with by law.”) In recognizing situation in which a
subsequently learns of the charges filed against him while he is in Filipino citizen may, without performing any act, as an
his own country, does not outrightly qualify him as a fugitive from involuntary consequence of the conflicting laws of different
justice if he does not subject himself to the jurisdiction of the countries, be also a citizen of another state (jus sanguinis for the
former state. When Rodriguez left the US, there was yet no Philippines where the child follows the nationality or citizenship
complaint filed and warrant of arrest, hence there is no basis in of the parents regardless of his/her place of birth as opposed to jus
saying that he is running away from any prosecution or soli which determines nationality or citizenship on the basis of
punishment. place of birth), the Court explained that dual citizenship as a
disqualification must refer to citizens with dual allegiance.
Those removed from office as a result of an
administrative charge The fact that Lopez had dual citizenship did not automatically
disqualify her from running for public office. For candidates with
The proceedings of the board of canvassers shall be open and Typoco vs. Comelec 614 SCRA 391 – In Garay v. Comelec 261
public. SCRA 222 (1996) the Court held that “(a) certificate of votes does
not constitute sufficient evidence of the true and genuine results of
BP881, Section 222. Relationship with Candidates and other the election; only election returns are, pursuant to Sections 231,
members of the Board.The chairman and the members of the 233-236 and 238 of BP881.” Again in De Guzman v. Comelec
boards of canvassers shall not be related within the 4 th civil degree 426 SCRA 698 (2004) the Court stated that, in an election contest
of consanguinity or affinity to any of the candidates whose votes where the correctness of the number of votes is involved, the best
will be canvassed by the said board, or to any member of the same and most conclusive evidence are the ballots themselves; where
board. the ballots can nor be produced or are not available, the election
returns would be the best evidence.”
BP881, Section 224. Feigned Illness. Any member of the board of
canvassers feigning illness in order to be substituted on election Doromal vs. Biron/Comelec 613 SCRA 160 (2010) – the
day until the proclamation of the winning candidates shall be certificate of votes, which contains the number of votes obtained
guilty of an election offense. by each candidate, is issued by the BEI upon the request of the
duly accredited watcher pursuant to Section 16 of RA 6646.
RA 8436, Section 23 – National Board of Canvassers for Senators Relative to its evidentiary value, Section 17 of RA 6646 provides
– The chairman and members of the Commission on Elections that Sections 235 and 236 of BP 881 notwithstanding, the
sitting en banc, shall compose the national board of canvassers for Certificate of Votes shall be admissible in evidence to prove
senators. It shall canvass the results for senators by consolidating tampering, alteration, falsification or any anomaly committed in
the results contained in the data storage devices submitted by the the preparation of the election returns concerned, when duly
district, provincial and city boards of canvassers, of those cities authenticated by at least two members of the BEI who issued the
which comprise one or more legislative districts. Thereafter, the certificate. Failure to present the CV shall however not bar the
national board shall proclaim the winning candidates. presentation of other evidence to impugn the authenticity of the
ER. It cannot be a valid basis of canvass.
Section 30, RA 7166 – Congress as the National Board of
Canvassers for the election of President and Vice-President: Purpose of requiring authentication of at least 2 members of the
Determination of Authenticity and Due Execution of Certificates BOC – to safeguard the integrity of the certificate from the time it
of Canvass. – is issued by the BEI to the watcher after the counting of votes at
the precinct level up to the time that it is presented to the board of
1) Congress for Pres. & VP (Sec. 4, Article VII) canvassers to proved tampering.
2) Comelec – Senators and Regional Officials –
3) PBC – Members of the HR and provincial officials FUNCTIONS OF THE CERTIFICATE OF VOTES
(composed of the PES, Provincial Prosecutor and
provincial official of the DepEd Prevent or deter the members of the BEI or other official
4) District BOC in each legislative district in MM – from altering the statement because they know of the
members of the HR and municipal officials existence of such certificate
5) City and MBOC – member of the HR, city and To advise the candidate definitely of the number of his
municipal officials composed of the city or municipal votes so that in case the election statement submitted to
EO, City Prosecutor and DepEd Superintendent the BOC does not tally with the certificate in his hands,
he may ask that the other authentic copies of the same be
RA 9189, Section 18(4) – A Special Board of Canvassers used for the canvass
composed of a lawyer preferably of the Commission as chairman, To serve as evidence of fraud in election protest cases
a senior career office from any of the government agencies and in subsequent prosecution of the election offenses
maintaining a post abroad and, in the absence of another against those liable therefore.
government officer, a citizen of the Philippines qualified to vote
under this Act deputized by the Commission, as vice-chairman Statement of Votes – is a tabulation per precinct of the votes
and member secretary, respectively, shall be constituted to canvass obtained by the candidates or reflected in the ER.
election returns submitted to it by the Special Boards of Elections
Inspectors. Xxx xxx “The Certificates of Canvass and the Certificate of Canvass – is based on the SV and which serves as
accompanying Statements of Votes as transmitted via facsimile, basis for proclamation.
electronic mail and any other means of transmission equally safe,
secure and reliable shall be the primary basis for the national DISPOSITION OF ELECTION RETURNS
canvass.
in appeals from the ruling of the BOC which is generally Velayo v. Comelec 327 SCRA 713 – a PPC is summary in nature,
of two types first type are n questions contesting its administrative in character and which is filed before the BOC. It
composition or proceedings and appeal therefrom must was ruled that while it is true that RA 7166 provides for summary
be taken by the contestant adversely affected within 3 proceedings in PP cases and does not require a trial type hearing,
days from such ruling .and the second type refers to nevertheless, summary proceedings cannot be stretched as to mean
ruling on questions contesting ER. The party adversely ex-parte proceedings.
affected must immediately inform the board that he
intends to appeal from the ruling and the board shall In Velayo case, respondent objected to the inclusion of two
enter said information in the minutes of the canvass and (2)ER’s which did not contain a vote for respondent being
within 48 hours from the ruling, the adverse party must statistically improbable which was overruled by the BOC. It was
file with the board a written and verified notice of ruled that it is possible for a candidate to get zero votes in one or
appeal, and within an unextendible period of 5 days few precincts. The bare fact that a candidate receive zero votes in
thereafter, he has to take the appeal to the Comelec 1 or 2 precincts can not support a finding that the ER are
in petitions directly filed with it. statistically improbable. (Exception to the Lagumbay Doctrine)
Macabago v. Comelec 392 SCRA 178 – it was held that issues in Lagumbay v. Comelec 16 SCRA 175 (1966) - The Lagumbay
a PPC is properly limited to challenges aimed against the BOC doctrine isthe prevailing case on statistical improbability which
and proceedings before said board relative to particular ER to states that where there exists uniformity of tallies in favor of
which respondent should have made particular verbal objections candidates belonging to one party and the systematic blanking out
subsequently reduced in writing. of the opposing candidates as when all the candidates of one party
received all the votes, each of whom exactly the same number, and
BP 881 Section 243.Comelec Rules of Procedure Rule 27 (4) - the opposing candidates got zero votes, the election returns are
SCOPE/ISSUES that may be raised in a PRE- obviously manufactures, contrary to al statistical improbabilities
PROCLAMATION CONTROVERSY and utterly improbable and clearly incredible.
Illegal composition or proceedings of the BOC In Ocampo v. Comelec 325 SCRA 636, it was reiterated that if
The canvassed ER are incomplete, contain material only one candidate obtained all the votes in some precincts, this is
defects, appear to be tampered with, or falsified or not sufficient to make the election returns statistically improbable.
contain discrepancies in the same returns or in other
authentic copies as mentioned in Sec. 233-236 Imelda Dimaporo vs. Comelec/Vicente Belmonte 544 SCRA
The ER were prepared under duress, threats, coercion or 381- (Sec. 15 of RA 7166)provides that for the purpose of the
intimidation or they are obviously manufactures or not elections for president, VP, senator & member of the HR, no pre-
authentic – in Ocampo v. Comelec 235 SCRA 436, it proclamation cases shall be allowed on matters relating to the
preparation, transmission, receipt, custody and appreciation of ER
Mendoza v. Comelec 616 SCRA 443 – There is a difference in Sec. 2 Rule 19 of the Comelec Rules of Procedure a motion to
the result of the exercise of jurisdiction by the Comelec over reconsider a decision, resolution, order or ruling of a Division
election contests. The difference inheres in the kind of jurisdiction shall be filed within five (5) days from the promulgation thereof.
invoked, which in turn, is determined by the case brought before Such motion, if not pro-forma, suspends the execution for
the Comelec. When a decision of a trial court is brought before implementation of the decision, resolution, order or ruling and
the Comelec for it to exercise appellate jurisdiction, the division would in effect, suspend the running of the period to elevate the
decides the appeal but, if there is a motion for reconsideration, the matter to the SC (Sec.4).
appeal proceeds to the banc where the majority is needed for a
decision. If the process ends without the required majority at the 5) REGIONAL TRIAL COURT – exclusive jurisdiction over
banc, the appealed decision stands affirmed. all contests relating to the election, qualifications and returns for
municipal officials. Protest to be filed 10 days from date of
Upon the other hand, and this is what happened in the instant case, proclamation. Subject to appeal with Comelec within five (5)
if what is brought before the Comelec is an original protest days from receipt of decision. Decisions of the Comeledc en banc
involving the original jurisdiction of the Commission, the protest, on contest on appeal involving municipal and barangay officials
as one whole process, is first decided by the division, which are final and executory except on grounds of grave abuse of
process is continued in the banc if there is a motion for discretion within 30 days.
reconsideration of the division ruling. If no majority decision is
reach in the banc, the protest, which is an original, shall be 6) MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURT – exclusive jurisdiction over
dismissed. There is no first instance decision that can be deemed all contests relating to the election, returns and qualifications for
affirmed. barangay officials. Protest to be filed within 10 days from
proclamation. Appeal to the Comelec within 5 days from receipt
Hence, if no decision is reached after the case is reheard, there are of the decision.
two different remedies available to the Comelec, to wit (1) dismiss
the action or proceeding, if the case was originally commenced in Calo v. Comelec 610 SCRA 342/Pecson v. Comelec 575 SCRA
the Comelec; or (2) consider as affirmed the judgment or order 634 – decisions of the courts in election protest cases, resulting as
appealed from, in appealed cases. This rule adheres to the they do from a judicial evaluation of the ballots and afull blown
constitutional provision that the Comelec must decide by a adversarial proceedings. Should at least be given similar worth
majority of all its members. and recognition as decisions of the board of canvassers. This is
especially true when attended by other equally weighty
Relampagos v. Cumba 243 SCRA 690 (1995) and in Carlos v. circumstances of the case, such as the shortness of the term of the
Angeles 346 SCRA 571 (2000), Comelec is vested with the contested elective office, of the case.
power to issue writs of certiorari, prohibition and mandamus only
in aid of its appellate jurisdiction consistent with Section 50 of BP Mananzala vs. Comelec and Julie Monton 523 SCRA 31. -
881 and Article 2(1) of the Constitution. These ruling abandoned Decisions, final orders or rulings of the Commission on Election
the earlier ruling in Garcia vs. de Jesus 206 SCRA 779. It was contests involving elective municipal and barangay offices shall
also declared that both the SC and Comelec has concurrent be final, executory and not appealable; All such election cases
jurisdiction to issue writs of certiorari, prohibition and mandamus shall be heard and decided in division, provided that motions for
over decision of trial courts of general jurisdiction (RTC) in reconsideration of decisions shall be decided by the Commission
election cases involving elective municipal officials. The Court en banc.
that takes jurisdiction first shall exercise exclusive jurisdiction
over the case. (Art. VIII 5(1) 1987 Constitution, Rule 65, Sec. 1) A decision of the RTC was raised on appeal which was heard by
the 2nd division which reversed the decision of the RTC. In his
MR petitioner argues that the MR filed with the former 2 nd
division “has thrown the whole case wide open for review as in
a trial de novo in a criminal case” yet Comelec en banc failed to
conduct a thorough review of the contested ballots. Election cases
Garcia v. Commission on Elections 611 SCRA 55 – Generally, Comelec v. Silva Feb. 10, 1998, the SC settled the issue as to
the Court will not interfere with the finding of probable cause by whether the Chief State Prosecutor, who was designated by the
the Comelec absent a clear showing of grave abuse of discretion. Comelec to prosecute election cases, has the authority to decide
whether or not to appeal from the orders of dismissal of the RTC.
Pp. v. Inting July 25, 1990, Comelec is given exclusive authority It was held that the authority belongs to the Comelec and not the
to investigate and conduct preliminary investigations relative to prosecutor as the latter derive its authority from the Comelec and
commission of election offenses and prosecute the same. A not from their offices. Propriety dictates, that if the prosecutor
preliminary investigation conducted by the Provincial Election believes, after the conduct of the PI, that no probable cause
Supervisor involving an election offense does not have to be warrants the prosecution of the accused who have allegedly
coursed through the Provincial Prosecutor before the RTC may violated Sec. 27 of RA 6646 (tampering of certificate of canvass),
take cognizance of the investigation and determine whether or not the matter would have been discussed with the Comelec and if the
probable cause exist to issue a warrant of arrest. If the Provincial latter disagrees, seek permission to withdraw from the case.
Prosecutor performs any role at all as regards the prosecution of an
election case, it is by delegation or that he was deputized by the Dino vs. Olivares 607 SCRA 251 (2009). The SC held that being
Comelec. mere deputies or agents of the Comelec (with continuing
authority), provincial or city prosecutors deputized by it are
Faelnar v. People 331 SCRA 429, (a) where the State Prosecutor, expected to act in accord with and NOT contrary to or in
or Provincial or City Prosecutor exercises the power to conduct derogation of its resolutions, directives or orders in relation to
preliminary investigation of election offense cases and after the election cases that such prosecutors are deputized to investigate
investigation submits its recommendation to the Comelec, the and prosecute. They must proceed within the lawful scope of their
issue of probable cause is already resolved. The proper remedy delegated authority.
to question the said resolution is to file an appeal with the
COMELEC and the ruling of the Comelec on the appeal Such authority may be revoked or withdrawn anytime by the
would be immediately final and executory. Comelec, either expressly or impliedly, when in its judgment such
revocation or withdrawal is necessary to protect the integrity of
(b) If the preliminary investigation of the complaint for an election the process to promote the common good, or where it believes that
offence is conducted by the Comelec, the investigation officer successful prosecution of the case can be done by the Comelec.
prepares its recommendation to the Law Department which
department in turn makes its recommendation to the Comelec en When the Comelec en banc directed the City Prosecutor of
banc on whether there is probable cause to prosecute. It is the Paranaque to transmit the entire records of the election offense
Comelec en banc which determines the existence of probable case, it had the effect of SUSPENDING THE AUTHORITY of
cause. The proper remedy of the aggrieved party is to file a the City Prosecutor. Hence, the filing of the amended information
Motion for Reconsideration of such resolution. This effectively and the amended information themselves, is declared void and of
allows for a review of the original resolution, in the same manner no effect.
that the Comelec on appeal, or motu propio, may review the
resolution of the State prosecutor, or Provincial or city fiscal. Kilosbayan vs. Comelec 280 SCRA 892, Kilosbayan filed a
(Take note that since this is an election offense a Motion for letter-complaint with the Comelec against incumbent officials
Reconsideration of an En Banc resolution is allowed.) running for public elective office for violation of Sec. 261 of the
OEC alleging illegal disbursement of public funds and submitting
Herman Tiu Laurel vs. RTC Judge of Manila Br. 10 and as evidence to support the complaint, published writings in
Comelec, the SC upheld the power of Comelec to prosecute cases newspapers without any additional evidence to support the
of violations of election laws and further explained that there are newspaper articles on the argument that it was the Comelec’s
two (2) ways through which a complaint for election offenses constitutional duty to prosecute election offenses upon any
may be initiated. information of alleged commission of election offenses. The
Comelec dismissed the complaint there being on probable cause
(1) it may be filed by the Comelec motu propio or found. The SC rued that it is not the duty of the Comelec to
(2) it may be filed via written complaint by any citizen search for evidence to prove an election complaint filed before
of the Philippines, candidate, registered political party, coalition of it. The task of Comelec as investigator and prosecutor is not
political parties or organizations under the party-list system or any the physical searching and gathering of proof in support of the
accredited citizen arms of the commission. alleged commission of an election offense. The complainant
still has the burden to prove his complaint.
Motu propio complaints may be signed by the Chairman
of the Comelec and need not be verified. But those complaints
filed by parties other than the Comelec must be verified and
supported by affidavits and other evidence.