AUTO-ADAPTIVE VOLTAGE CONTROL OF THE PV DISTRIBUTED

GENERATION INTEGRATED IN THE MV GRID

Mohamed DHARIF
Labo.of Optimization of Communication Systems Advanced, Systems and Security
University CADI AYYAD, (ENSA) Marrakech, Morocco
dharif.m@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The integration of PV-Distributed Generation in the MV network has created a challenge for
the distribution network operators to keep the voltage in the system within its acceptable
limits.In this work, auto-adaptive controller based on fuzzy logic has been developed to study
the advantage of integrating intelligence to provide more control without communication with
other distributed generations. The results discuss the ability of this control to keep the voltage
within its allowable limits.

Keywords : PV-Distributed Generation, Fuzzy logic, Reactive energy, Voltage control.

1. INTRODUCTION :

In a classic electrical distribution system, the generated power is assumed to feed into the
system at the highest voltage level and the power is consumed at the lowest voltage level. The
power direction through the system is therefore expected to be from the higher to the lower
voltage levels. But with the growth in PV-DG into the Medium Voltage (MV), the power flow
has become more complicated. Undesirable overvoltage situations in a MV distribution
system might occur under particular circumstances of relative size of the load and power
generation (for example, low load demand coincident with considerable DG generation) [1].

In fact, a simulation of voltage control is needed to learn about the contribution of PV-DGs on
the stability of the voltage on the MV grid. In this work, a fuzzy logic controllerfor voltage
regulation has been proposed [2]. This control is based on the regulation of the reactive power
flow (injection or absorption) to maintain the voltage level within allowable limits.

The simulation results are displayed as a graph and a critical analysis was conducted to
describe the contribution of the fuzzy logic controller.

2. Voltage rise effect due to the connection of PV-DG

Voltage level is particularly influenced by various factors such as; line resistance R, the line
reactance X, the DG power output (PDG, QDG), the reactive power compensator (QC), the local
load (PL, QL), and the voltage at bus bar (VGrid). Figure 1 shows the simplified circuit for
modeling the relationship between DG penetration and voltage control.
 Fig.1.A simple system connected with DG to model voltage rise

The voltage drop (ΔVpu) between the substation and the connection point of PV-DG (Figure
1) can be approximately calculated using the equation [1], [2]&[3]:

∆ = . . cos + . . . sin (1)

( − )+ (± − ± )
∆ = . + . . = (2)

. + .
∆ = (3)

Where:

• R, L is the total resistance and inductance of the line

• VN voltage at node N and It the current flowing in the line
• P, Q the active and reactive power at node N
• PGQG are the active and reactive power supplied by PV-DG
• PL, QL are the active and reactive power consumption
• Qc is the reactive power compensation device

Equation (3) illustrates one of the main problems with connecting the PV-DG to grid. Indeed,
injection of active and reactive power will induce an increase in the voltage at connection
node. Impacts on voltage of such productions will be different depending on the type of grid
to which they are connected. According to the grid structure, the characteristics of the
substation, the connection point and the power injected by the PV-DG, the voltage can be
raised to the point of connection, and can even exceed the permissible limit.

In the MVgrid of distribution, the reactance is greater than the resistance, and if X >> R, the
formula (3) can be simplified as follows:

.
∆ = (4)

The injection ofreactive powerwill havemore impact onthe voltage level ofthe injection
ofactive power.
The voltage level ofdistribution griddepends strongly on thelevel of consumption andpower
factorof theload. Achange in loadcauses a change involtageon the grid.The extreme casefora
rise involtage corresponds to azeroloadconsumptionassociated with a maximumproduction.

3. Modeling PV generation

A three-phase PV system is modeled by a current injector with its power control. The control
system regulates the power injected by the PV-DG, at the connection node.

The active power is determined by the MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) PV module
and the reactive power is required by an adaptive control, taking into account the stresses at
the connection point of the production.

On this basis, the model of adaptive will be developed, incorporating the loop voltage
controller P/Von the voltage control P/Q [2], [4].

Fig.2.Hybridization of P/V model and P/Q for developing the adaptive control

Thus, the model of the PV generation is constructed as a whole represented by a power

injector, the figure 3 shows in detail the model with the different control loops [4]&[5].

Fig.3.Current injector of PV generation with adaptive voltage control

4. Loopsofadaptive control

The adaptive controllerconsistsof twoindependent regulatoryloops, loopreactive

powertocontrolthe high voltage (Figure 4.a), and loop reactive power control for the low
voltage (Figure 4.b)[6].

a) Control loop of the high voltage b) Control loop of the low voltage
Fig.4.Adaptive control loops based on the measured voltage

5. Dynamic system and limitations

Dynamics chosen for the control loop of the active power is that of the MPPT that is a few
seconds, while the dynamic control of reactive power is selected that of the inverter, with
tenth of a second.

The current can be directly limited on the amplitude values Id and Iq into the domain of Park,
located at the output of the control loop, and corresponding to the current components to be
injected into the grid. These components are shown in Figure 3. The limitation for the Id
component is selected equal to the limitation of the DC power source. And the limitation for
Iq component is chosen as not to exceed the limitation reactive power chosen based on a
tangent phi generally limited to 0.4 [6], [7].

6. Test of adaptive voltage control

To determine the performance of the control voltage as a function of local grid constraints,
adaptive control has been simulated on a grid MV, taking into account extreme operating
electric grid configurations, namely, high production and low load as well as a low production
and high load.In order to simulate the impact of a strong integration of PV production, a
penetration rate of 72% was adopted (penetration rate = total power production / power
substation).

Fig.5.MV Grid simulated

This grid was implemented on MATLAB/SIMULINK by using the SimPowerSystems
library, the simulation scenario is as follows:

• Change of load 1

o At t =2s, ΔSload=-20% 0.9

Transit of active power in substation

o At t =5s, ΔSload= +20% 0.8

o At t =19s, ΔSload=+8% 0.7

o At t =22s, ΔSload=-16%

Active power [pu]

0.6

0.5

• Set point change of the production 0.4

for all PV, t =4s to t=16s. 0.3

Production increase of 4.5MW to 0.2

14.4MW. 0.1

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Time [s]

Fig.6. Transit in the substationfor the

definedscenario

The characteristics of thesimulated gridare summarized in thefollowing table:

Component Parameter Value retained

Psc 277MVA
Nominal 63kV
voltage
HV Source
Nominal 50Hz
frequency
R/X 0,05
Power 20MVA
Primary 63kV
voltage
Secondary 22kV
Transformer
voltage
data
Usc 16%
Wiring YNyn
Neutral 42,5Ωm
resistance
Rd 0,2236 Ωm/km
Ro 0,368 Ωm/km
Xd 0,35 Ωm/km
Line data
Xo 1,588 Ωm/km
Cd 11,13nF/km
Co 5nF/km
Table.1.Characteristics of the simulated grid

7. Simulation of adaptive voltage control

To enable the PV generations to participate in voltage regulation, adaptive control was

activated at PV generations, the permitted voltage range that is tolerated at the MV grid is
±10% of the contract voltage, Vmax = 1.1pu and Vmin = 0.9pu , the simulation results are as
follows:
 N1 N2 N3 N4 N7 Vmax Vmin N8 Vmax Vmin
1.15 1.15

1.1 1.1

1.05 1.05
Voltage [pu]

Voltage [pu]
1 1

0.95 0.95

0.9 0.9

0.85 0.85

0.8 0.8
0 5 10 15 20 24 0 5 10 15 20 24
Time [s] Time [s]

a) Branch n°1 b) Branch n°2

N1 N11 N14 N17 N18 Vmax Vmin

1.15

1.1

1.05
Voltage [pu]

1
Fig.7. Evolution of the voltageat the
0.95
connection pointof thePVgenerations
0.9

0.85

0.8
0 5 10 15 20 24
Time [s]

c) Branch n°3

The results show that this type of regulation is effective for PV-DG connected at the node N2,
N3, N11 and N14. However this is not sufficient for PV-DG connected at the node N4, N7,
N8, N17 and N18. Figure 8 show that the PV-DG in end of grid cannot effectively control the
voltage.

By analyzing the evolution of reactive power at each PV-DGs, we see that only the
productions under constraints participate in control the voltage at the connection point.

0.4
PN°1 PN°6
0.3 PN°2 PN°7
PN°3 0.4 PN°8
0.2 PN°4 PN°9
PN°5
0.1 0.3
Reactive power [pu]

Reactive power [pu]

0
0.2
-0.1

-0.2 0.1

-0.3
0
-0.4

-0.5 -0.1
0 5 10 15 20 24 0 5 10 15 20 24
Time [s] Time [s]

Fig.8. Evolution of reactive power at PV generations

So, it is necessary to take the help of other PV-DG, Indeed, if the downstream productions
participating in the control, the effort provided by them would be less important. It is in this
perspective that will be added a desired voltage window narrower than the permissible limits.
It is with this objective, that the auto-adaptive controller will evolve. The principle is simple,
in order to participate all PV-DG in the control, a "desired" voltage window will be added to
the adaptive controller (Figure 9). Beyond this window of voltage, the voltage regulation
activates and it will therefore be possible to react all PV generations before reaching the
critical voltages.

Fig.9.Plan of operation of the adaptive control

To ensure maximum participation of the different productions[3], it is necessary to provide a

different desired window for each PV-DG.

We started with the adaptive controller which it will be added a "smart" supervision [8], [9]
able to calculate desired voltage autonomously through local measurements of voltage and
reactive power. This intelligent supervision is achieved through fuzzy logic.

Fig.10.Basic principleof the fuzzysupervisor

Figure 10 illustrates the operating principle of fuzzy supervisor, it takes place upstream from
the adaptive control, and be, depending on local measurements of voltage and reactive power,
capable of providing voltages orders in the manner consistently as possible.

8. Stages ofdevelopmentof a fuzzysupervisor[9], [10] and [11]:

8.1. Fuzzification:

The following figure showsthe fuzzydefinition of eachinput variable(V, Q)

 Fig.11.Definition offuzzyinput variables

Each variable must be expressed in an interval [-1,1]. Thus the measurements of voltage and
reactive power are expressed relative to their maxima and minima. These correspond to the
values of allowable stresses and the limits of reactive power of production.

− &'( &'(−
∆ = !"# $% ,;% ,0 (5)
)*+ − &'( )./ − &'(

=2 3 (6)
)*+

8.2. Inference:

In this step, the supervisor reaction will be determined according to the input data. So, it will
be decided "case by case", how to evolve the desired voltage window in function of the input
state. Thus, fuzzy logic makes simplify this reflection, since the entries are qualified by
quantitative terms.

Table shows the result of reflection on the overall behavior that will be adopted by the
supervisor [1].

Both areas are prohibited in this table, they are hatched.

Table.2.Inference table

The inference step will allow the definition of a coefficient to supervision Csupervisor, direct
image of the size of the desired voltage window. This coefficient will be defined by four
membership functions. These functions appear in the figure above.
 Fig.12.Fuzzy setdefining the outletsupervisor

The SOM-PROD inference method was used, it enables development of more linear response,
and in addition, this method can reduce simulation time in MATLAB.

8.3. Defuzzification:

In order tocalculate the sizeof the windowof the desired voltage, fuzzy value Csupervisor must be
translated into numerical value. The method of the center of gravity is used. Figure 13 thus
shows the value of dimensional change of the coefficient of variation based on input
measurements.

0.8
Csupervisor

0.6

0.4

0.2
1
0.5 1
0 0.5
0
-0.5
-0.5
-1 -1
Voltage Reactive power

Fig.13. Three-dimensional representation of the evolution of the adjustment coefficient.

Vdesired voltage values are defined by this factor as well as voltages Veligible.

678 _:;<.=;: = >( )*+ − 1)#?<@A;=B.<&= C + 1

5 (7)
6DE _:;<.=;: = >( )./ − 1)#?<@A;=B.<&= C + 1

The desired voltage window is an image of the coefficient Csupervisor provided. This voltage
window is based on measurements of the stress of voltage and reactive power injected.

9. Simulation ofthe control auto-adaptive:

The auto-adaptive control will now be compared to the control already tested at the beginning,
namely. To do this, we'll use the same scenario shown in Figure 6, with replacing the adaptive
control by the auto-adaptive control system. That integrates the function of selection of
desired voltage.
The results obtained areas follows:

N1 N2 N3 N4 N7 Vmax Vmin N8 Vmax Vmin

1.15 1.15

1.1 1.1

1.05 1.05
Voltage [pu]

Voltage [pu]
1 1

0.95 0.95

0.9 0.9

0.85 0.85

0.8 0.8
0 5 10 15 20 24 0 5 10 15 20 24
Time [s] Time [s]

a) Branch n°1 b) Branch n°2

N1 N11 N14 N17 N18 Vmax Vmin

1.15

1.1

1.05

Fig.14.Evolution of the voltageat the

Voltage [pu]

0.95
connection pointof thePVgenerations
0.9

0.85

0.8
0 5 10 15 20 24
Time [s]

c) Branch n°3

The results presented in Figure 14 show the voltage levels at the connection points of the
productions, the PV-DGs identified as critical in previous simulation, are maintained near in
the eligibility voltage limits.

The performance of auto-adaptive control is seed through changes of reactive power supplied
or absorbed by PV-DGs (Figure 15). The fact to adapt intelligently the desired voltagelevels,
forces all productions to participate in control. And the constraints are better dividedfor the
PVdistributedgenerations.

0.4 0.4
PN°1 PN°6
0.3 PN°2 PN°7
0.3
PN°3 PN°8
0.2 PN°4 PN°9
PN°5 0.2

0.1
Reactive power [pu]

Reactive power [pu]

0.1
0
0
-0.1
-0.1
-0.2

-0.2
-0.3

-0.4 -0.3

-0.5 -0.4
0 5 10 15 20 24 0 5 10 15 20 24
Time [s] Time [s]

Fig.15. Evolution of reactive power at PVgenerations

10. Conclusion:

In this paper, we demonstrated the advantage of the integration of auto-adaptive control to

regulate the voltage level, in fact, this voltage controller is used to make participate all PV
productions to adjusting the voltage and to keep it in the allowable limits.

Integrating intelligence into the control using fuzzy logic helps to maintain voltage levels
without having communication systems between the different PV-DGs.

This study provides an opportunity for further discussion of the MV network in the presence
of compensation systems (SVC,capacitor batteries... etc.), View the constructive limitation of
the reactive compensation of PVdistributed generations.

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