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Trig and Hyp Form
Trig and Hyp Form
43.1 Trigonometry
Angle • Relations of the Functions • Fundamental Identities
43.2 Hyperbolic Trigonometry
Hyperbolic Functions
43.1 Trigonometry
43.1.1 Angle
43.1.1.1 Radian
π 180
180o = π radians; 1o = radians; 1 radian = degrees
180 π
sin α = y / r csc α = r / y
cos α = x / r sec α = r / x
1
versα = 1 − cosα havα = versα
2
r
y
α
x x
FIGURE 43.1
1 1
sin x = csc x =
csc x sin x
1 1
cos x = sec x =
sec x cos x
1 sin x
tan x = = sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1
cot x cos x
1 cos x
cot x = = 1 + tan 2 x = sec 2 x
tan x sin x
1 1 1
sinα = , cos α = , tan α =
csc α sec α cot α
1 1 1
cscα = , sec α = , cot α =
sin α cos α tan α
Product Relations
Quotient Relations
tan α + tan β
tan(α + β) =
1 − tan α tan β
tan α − tan β
tan(α − β) =
1 + tan α tan β
cot β cot α − 1
cot(α + β) =
cot β + cot α
cot β cot α + 1
cot(α − β) =
cot β − cot α
2 tan α
sin 2α = 2sin α cos α =
1 + tan 2 α
1 − tan 2 α
cos 2α = cos 2 α − sin 2 α = 2 cos 2 α − 1 = 1 − 2 sin 2 α =
1 + tan 2 α
2 tan α cot 2 α − 1
tan 2α = , cot 2α =
1 − tan 2 α 2 cot α
3 tan α − tan 3 α
tan 3 α =
1 − 3 tan 2 α
4 tan α − 4 tan 3 α
tan 4 α =
1 − 6 tan 2 α + tan 4 α
tan(n − 1) α + tan α
tan nα =
1 − tan(n − 1) α tan α
1 1
sin α sin β = cos(α − β) − cos(α + β)
2 2
1 1
cos α cos β = cos(α − β) + cos(α + β)
2 2
1 1
sin α + sin β = 2sin (α + β)cos (α − β)
2 2
1 1
sin α − sin β = 2 cos (α + β)sin (α − β)
2 2
1 1
cos α + cos β = 2 cos (α + β)cos (α − β)
2 2
1 1
cos α − cos β = −2 sin (α + β)sin (α − β)
2 2
sin(α + β) sin(α − β)
tan α + tan β = , tan α − tan β =
cos α cos β cos α cos β
sin(α + β) sin(β − α )
cot α + cot β = , cot α − cot β =
sin α sin β sin α sin β
1
tan (α + β)
sin α + sin β 2 sin α + sin β 1
= = cot (β − α )
sin α − sin β tan 1 (α − β) cos α − cos β 2
2
sin α + sin β 1 sin α − sin β 1
= tan (α + β). = tan (α − β)
cos α + cos β 2 cos α + cos β 2
α 1 − cos α α 1 + cos α
sin =± , cos =±
2 2 2 2
1 1
sin 2 α = (1 − cos 2α ), sin 3 α = (3 sin α − sin 3α )
2 4
1
sin 4 α = (3 − 4 cos 2α + cos 4α )
8
1
cos 4 α = (3 + 4 cos 2α + cos 4α )
8
1 − cos 2α 1 + cos 2α
tan 2 α = , cot 2 α =
1 + cos 2α 1 − cos 2α
43.1.3.10 Exponential Relations (a in radians)
e ia = cos α + i sin α , i = −1
eia − e − ia eia + e − ia
sin a = , cos a =
2i 2
eia − e − ia e2ia − 1
tan a = −i ia − ia
= −i 2ia
e +e e + 1
tan α 1 ± sec 2 a − 1 1
sinα sinα ± 1 − cos 2 α
± 1 + tan 2 α ± 1 + cot 2 α sec α cscα
1 cot α
cosα cos α
1 ± csc 2 α − 1
± 1 − sin 2 α
± 1 + tan 2 α ± 1 + cot 2 α sec α csc α
sin α ± 1 − cos 2 α 1 1
tanα tan α ± sec 2 α − 1
± 1 − sin α 2
cos α cot α ± csc 2 α − 1
cos α 1 1
cotα ± 1 − sin 2 α cot α
tan α ± csc 2 α − 1
sin α ± 1 − cos α 2
± sec 2 α − 1
1 1 csc α
secα ± 1 + cot 2 α sec α
cos α ± 1 + tan 2 α
± 1 − sin α 2
cot α ± csc 2 α − 1
1 1 ± 1 + tan 2 α sec α
cscα ± 1 + cot 2 α csc α
sin α ± 1 − cos α 2
tan α ± sec 2 α − 1
Note: The choice of sign depends upon the quadrant in which the angle terminates.
x
sinα = x , cosα = 1 – x 2 , tan α =
1 − x2
1 1 1 − x2
csc α = , sec α = , cot α =
x 1 − x2 x
1 − x2
sinα = 1 − x 2 , cos α = x , tan α =
x
1 1 x
csc α = , sec α = , cot α =
1− x 2 x 1 − x2
If α = Arctanx, then
x 1
sinα = , cos α = tan α = x
1+ x 2
1 + x2 ,
1 + x2 1
csc α = sec α = 1 + x 2 , cot α =
x x
(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
r=
s
a b c
R= = =
2 sin Α 2 sin B 2 sin C
Law of sines:
a b c
= =
sin A sin B sin C
Law of cosines:
b2 + c2 − a2
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2 bc cos A, cos A =
2bc
c2 + a2 − b2
b 2 = c 2 + a 2 − 2 ca cos B, cos B =
2ca
a2 + b2 − c2
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2 ab cos C , cos C =
2 ab
1 1
tan ( B − C ) tan (C − A)
b−c 2 c−a 2
= , =
b + c tan 1 ( B + C ) c + a tan 1 (C + A)
2 2
1
tan ( A − B)
a−b 2
=
a + b tan 1 ( A + B)
2
Half-angle formulae:
1 r 1 r 1 r
tan A = , tan B = , tan C =
2 s−a 2 s−b 2 s−c
1 (s − b)(s − c) 1 s( s − a )
sin A = , cos A =
2 bc 2 bc
1 (s − c)(s − a) 1 s( s − b )
sin B = , cos B =
2 ca 2 ca
1 (s − a)(s − b) 1 s( s − c )
sin C = , cos C =
2 ab 2 ab
Area:
1 1 1
K= bc sin A = ca sin B = ab sin C
2 2 2
abc
K = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) = rs =
4R
Mollweide’s formulae:
1 1
sin ( B − C ) sin (C − A)
b−c 2 c−a 2
= , =
a 1 b 1
cos A cos B
2 2
1
sin ( A − B)
a−b 2
=
c 1
cos C
2
1 1
cos ( B − C ) cos (C − A)
b+c 2 c+a 2
= , =
a 1 b 1
sin A sin B
2 2
1
cos ( A − B)
a+b 2
=
c 1
sin C
2
B = 90 o − A, a = c sin A, b = c cos A
c = a2 + b2 , tan A = a / b, B = 90 o − A
cos C = (a 2 + b 2 − c 2 ) / 2 ab
Logarithmic solution
1 1 1 b−c 1
( B + C ) = 90 o − A, tan ( B − C ) = tan ( B − C ).
2 2 2 b+c 2
1 1 1 1
B= ( B + C) + ( B − C ), C = ( B + C ) − ( B − C ).
2 2 2 2
a 2 sin B sin C
c = (a sin C ) / sin A, K=
2 sin A
1
b = (a sin B)/sin A, K= acsin B
2
cos C = (a 2 + b 2 − c 2 ) / 2 ab
Logarithmic solution
1 (s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
s= (a + b + c), r= ,
2 s
1 r 1 r 1 r
tan A = , tan B = , tan C = ,
2 s−a 2 s−b 2 s−c
Check. A + B + C = 180°.
area O PAP ′
u= .
a2
1 u
hyperbolic sine of u = sinh u = (e − e − u )
2
1 u
hyperbolic cosine of u = cosh u = (e + e − u )
2
sinh u e u − e − u
hyperbolic tangent of u = tanh u = =
cosh u e u + e − u
1 1 1
csc hu = , sec hu = , coth u =
sinh u cosh u tanh u
tanh u + tanh v
tanh(u + v) =
1 + tanh u tanh v
tanh u − tanh v
tanh(u − v) =
1 − tanh u tanh v
1 1
sinh u + sinh v = 2 sinh (u + v)cosh (u − v)
2 2
1 1
sinh u − sinh v = 2 cosh (u + v)sinh (u − v)
2 2
1 1
cosh hu + cosh v = 2 cosh (u + v)cosh (u − v)
2 2
1 1
cosh hu − cosh v = 2 sinh (u + v)sinh (u − v)
2 2
1
2 tanh u
2 tanh u
sinh u = =
2 1 1 − tanh 2 u
1 − tanh u
2
1
1 + tanh 2 u
2 = 1
cosh u =
2 1 1 − tanh 2 u
1 − tanh u
2
sinh(u + v)
tanh u + tanh v =
cosh u cosh v
sinh(u − v)
tanh u − tanh v =
cosh u cosh v
sinh(u + v)
coth u + coth v =
sinh u sinh v
sinh(v − u)
coth u − coth v =
sinh u sinh v
3 tanh u + tanh 3 u
tanh 3u =
1 + 3 tanh 2 u
1 1
sinh u = ± (cosh u − 1)
2 2
1 1
cosh u = (cosh u + 1)
2 2
1 cosh u − 1 sinh u
tan u = =
2 sinh u cosh u + 1
sinh −1 x = log e ( x + x 2 + 1)
cosh −1 x = log e( x ± x 2 − 1 ), x ≥ 1. The plus sign is used for the principal value.
1 ± 1 + x2
csc h −1 x = log e . The plus sign is used if x > 0, the minus sign if x < 0.
x
1 ± 1 − x2
sec h −1 x = log e , 0 < x ≤ 1. The plus sign is used for the principal values.
x
x + 1
log e
1
coth −1 x = , x2 > 1
2 x − 1
* sinh–1, cosh–1. etc., are sometimes replaced by arg sinh, arg cosh, etc., i.e., sinh–1x = arg sinhx.
43.2.1.5 Relations with Circular Functions
sinh 2u + i sin 2v
tanh(u + iv) =
cosh 2u + cos 2v
sinh 2u − i sin 2v
tanh(u − iv) =
cosh 2u + cos 2v
sinh 2u − i sin 2v
coth(u + iv) =
cosh 2u − cos 2v
sinh 2u + i sin 2v
coth(u − iv) =
cosh 2u − cos 2v
π 3π
x 0 i πi i ∞
2 2
sinh x 0 i 0 −i ∞
cosh x 1 0 −1 0 ∞
tanh x 0 ∞i 0 −∞i 1
csc h x ∞ −i ∞ i 0
sec h x 1 ∞ −1 ∞ 0
coth x ∞ 0 ∞ 0 1