Sum up of thes in ginger

Ginger plant (Zingiber officinale Rosco) is belonging to the family Zingiberaceae. It is

one of the world’s most important spices and produces a pungent, aromatic rhizome.
Rhizomes of ginger are valuable all over the world not only as a spice but also as herbal
medicine. As documented in several reports, (1) ginger normally propagates by rhizome with a low
proliferation rate, (2) easily infected by soil-borne pathogens such as bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas
solanacearum), soft rot (Pythium aphanidermatum) and nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), which cause
heavy losses in yield, (3) normal breeding of ginger is a real problem due to poor flowering and seeds
set.
Indeed, most crop improvement programs for these species were confined to evaluation
and selection of naturally occurring clonal variants. Clonal multiplication of ginger
through multiple shoots induction has been reported by several workers. The present
study was carried out to highlight an effective, reliable and reproducible protocol for in
vitro propagation of ginger.

Red ginger (Zingiber officinale) belonging to the family Zingiberaceae is one of the most
important components of herbal medicine. Red ginger is also one of the most important
export commodities. High fluctuation price of red ginger is caused by the lack of the market stock
and serious damage due to pests and diseases [1]. The use of healthy planting material is necessary to
be considered to increase red ginger productivity [2]. Plant tissue culture technique has been
used for the purpose of in vitro propagation on various species. In vitro propagation aims
to achieve healthy plants that will be used as seeds
Therefore, we need the suitable sterilization process to eliminate microorganism
contaminant in explants so as not to interfere plant growth. The explants sterilization is
the process of making explants contamination free before establishment of cultures. It is
important that the explants be free of any contaminants including endophytic prior to
tissue culture without losing their biological activity [4]. These factors such as source of
explants, plant species, age and other climatic changes affect the success of sterilization
methods [5]. The problem at the beginning of culture is contamination of microorganisms and
browning in explants. Therefore, suitable sterilization techniques are needed to eliminate all
microorganisms on the surface and inside explants so that they do not interfere and reduce the growth
of explant cells.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale ), a member of the family Zingeberaceae, is an important

tropical herbaceous perennial plant, with the rhizome valued for its culinary and
medicinal properties. Ginger production for the extraction of oleoresins and essential oils,
as well as the direct use of rhizomes for culinary purposes is increasing worldwide (FAO,
2008). In 2007, it was the second widely cultivated spices (Girma et al., 2008; MoARD,
2008). Although, there are more than 45 ginger cultivars in the country (MoARD, 2008),
their production and productivity is low. Among the major production problems of ginger
, crucial shortage of planting material is one of the major bottlenecks (MoARD, 2008).
Therefore, the use of in vitro propagation techniques becomes imperative to alleviate the
shortages of planting material. Earlier, Hosoki and Sagawa (1977) were the first to report their
success in the production of an average of 6 shoots per bud from in vitro culture, though the field
survival rates recorded were low. From that time onwards, several workers had succeeded in their in
vitro culture of ginger.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a monocot plant belongs to the family Zingiberaceae.

Ginger is planted in the tropics for its edible rhizomes serving culinary and medicinal
purposes (Portnoi et al., 2003). Rhizome part of the ginger plant is commonly used as
condiments in food preparation to contribute to the taste and flavour (Larsen et al., 1999).
Two varieties of ginger: Zingiber officinale var. roscoe (white ginger) and Zingiber
officinale var. rubrum (red ginger) have been indentified in South-east Asian countries
(Weiss, 2002). The local names defined as red ginger referring to the reddish-purple
surface of the rhizome (Ravindran & Babu, 2005) partly due to the anthocyanin
accumulation. The reddish rhizome however comes in a yellow to pinkish cross-section
which is smaller in size and very pungent (Weiss, 2002 ; Ibrahim et al., 2008). As
mentioned previously, Z. officinale var. rubrum is a pharmaceutically important herb to
treat rheumatism, osteoporosis, asthma, cough, stomach discomfort, tumours, and as a
postpartum medicine (Ibrahim et al., 2008 ; Wan Ibrahim et al., 2010). Furthermore, it is an
annual crop with less care with high economic return. Generally underground rhizomes are used as the
conventional planting materials. However, the conventional method is accompanied by low
multiplication rate. Furthermore, ginger plants are prone to fungal, bacterial, viral and mycoplasma
diseases. For example, Pythium aphanidematum causing soft rot, Fusarium oxysporum causing
yellowing of leaf, Pseudomonas solanancearum causing bacterial wilt, Phyllosticra zingiberi causing
leaf spot in addition to shoot borer Conogethes punctiferalis and and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne
incognita leading to crop losses (Kavyashree, 2009). Besides, maintenance of germplasm by annual
plantation is expensive and labouris (Balachandran et al., 1990). Tissue culture is the only
methodology that can produce a large quantity of clonal plants in a short time with high
phytosanitary quality (Silva et al., 2014), therefore, it is important to generate disease free
clones in large numbers in short time and space via In vitro plant tissue culture technique
to ensure a continuous supply of ginger to the farmers and consumers. Thus, development
of reproducible In vitro protocols to allow rapid micropropagation of ginger via direct
organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis became necessary. Various explants such as
vegetative buds (Sharma & Singh, 1997 ; Kavyashree, 2009) and shoot tips (Malamug et
al., 1991) have been used as explants to establish In vitro cultures of ginger. The present
study describes an efficient protocol for the micropropagation of ZOR.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a monocot plant belongs to the family Zingiberaceae.

Zingiber Officinale Rosc. (Ginger) is an important tropical horticultural plant, values all
over the world as an important spices for its medicinal properties. Ginger is planted in the
tropics for its edible rhizomes serving culinary and medicinal purposes (Portnoi et al.,
2003) [5]. Rhizome part of the ginger plant is commonly used as condiments in food
preparation to contribute to the taste and flavor (Larsen et al., 1999) [7]. Breeding of ginger
is seriously handicapped by poor flowering and seed set. It is propagated vegetatively through
rhizome. The germplasm collections in clonal repositories are also seriously affected by fungal
diseases. Moreover since pathogenic fungi, bacteria or viruses are readily transmitted through
traditional practices, it was deemed important to develop a micro propagation technique and to make
available for commercial use to the pathogen free ginger germplasm. However in these methods, the
propagation rate was not shown high enough to obtain disease free quality micro plantlets for
commercial use, and the acclimatization of the plantlet was very slow and unsatisfactory. Slow
multiplication rate limited availability of high yielding genotypes extensive field maintenance of
planting material, high susceptibility to rot diseases that necessitates application of tissue culture
techniques as a solution to these problems (Nayak and Naik, 2006) [16] . In vitro
propagation has long been recognized as an efficient means for rapid clonal
multiplication and conservation of important taxa. However in vitro culture is the best
method as a continuous source of supply of disease free planting material for commercial
utilization. The utility, the various method of propagation includes efficient cost, effective
method of in vitro multiplication is essential for improvement of ginger.
-- The most important role of in vitro propagation is to conserve the genetic variation and
evolutionary process in viable populations of ecologically and commercially viable
varieties/ genotypes in order to prevent their potential extinction. The rhizomes were
planted in the nursery bed for sprouting. The young fresh buds of sprouting rhizomes
were used for in vitro propagation. In present study reports a rapid micropropagation of
the two elite cultivar (cv-Suprava and Suruchi) of Zingiber Officinale using fresh
rhizome sprouting bud as an explant which is not included in the earlier studies. As these
two cultivar has high potential demand with good market value.
The main purpose of the study was to develop a technique for more rapid and more
convenient clonal propagation of ginger in a cost effective manner for obtaining large
scale diseases free planting material for off season and year round cultivation for the
benefit of the farmers.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc), a herbaceous perennial belonging to the family

Zingiberaceae is grown commercially in many tropical regions and is native to tropical
South East Asia (Pieris 1982). It is a common condiment for various foods and beverages.
It has a long history of medicinal use dating back 2500 years (Shukla and Singh 2007).
Breeding of ginger is handicapped by poor flowering and seed set therefore it is
propagated vegetatively through rhizome (Kambaska and Santilata 2009). Conventional
propagation through seed rhizomes produces 10-15 lateral buds in a season of 8-10
months (Bhagyalakshmi and Singh 1988). This crop also heavily attacked by bacterial wilt
(Pseudomonas solanacearum), fusarium yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.zingiberi) and root knot
nematode (Meloidoryne incognita) (Dohroo 1989).