B-0

B-1

What is a Bearing Used for?

Designed to:

Reduce friction

Carry loads

Guide moving parts
B-2

Rolling and Sliding Friction

Plain bearings:
sliding friction

µ
Rolling bearings:
rolling friction

µ
B-4

Roller and Ball Raceway Contact

B-5

Roller and Ball Bearings in Road Transport

B-6

Axial, Radial and Combined Loads

Radial load Combined load
Fr

Axial load

Fa
B-7

Roller Types
Spherical roller Spherical roller
Ball (symmetrical) (asymmetrical)

Cylindrical roller Taper roller

Needle roller
B-8

The Principle SKF Rolling Bearing Range

Ball bearings

Roller bearings
B-9

Ball and Roller Bearing Ranges

Ball bearings + Roller bearings
Deep groove Angular Self-aligning Cylindrical Taper Needle Spherical
contact
B-10

Load Capabilities

Load carrying capacity

is expressed as the basic
dynamic load rating
B-11

Relative Speed Limitations

r/min

Oil lubrication
speed rating

Grease lubrication Bearing

speed rating speed limit
B-12

Ball Bearing Capabilities

Deep groove Angular contact Self-aligning

Radial load Axial load Speed Accommodates

carrying capacity carrying capacity capability misalignment
B-13

Cylindrical Roller Bearing Variants

NU NJ NUP

More and larger

rollers

Logarithmic contact
profile plus optimised
N NU+HJ NJ+HJ surface finish

Improved roller
end/flange contact
geometry

3 cage variants:
steel, polyamide, brass
B-14

Taper Roller Bearing Capabilities

Optimised
SKF design
Logarithmic contact
profile plus optimised
surface finish increases
service life

Improved roller
end/flange contact
greatly reduces friction

Optimum utilisation of
cross section
B-15

Spherical Roller Bearing Capabilities

Symmetrical rollers
provide maximum life
under any conditions

Floating guide ring

gives minimum friction
and helps ensure
reliable operation

Window-type steel cages

strong and tolerant to
high temperatures
B-16

Y-Bearing Unit Capabilities

Accommodate initial alignment errors

Provide economic bearing arrangements

Simple to mount

Incorporates seals
B-17

CARB® Toroidal Roller Bearing Capabilities

Accommodates shaft
misalignment to maximise
service life

Axial displacement
capability minimises
friction

High radial carrying

capacity increases
reliability
B-18

Thrust Bearing Capabilities

Thrust ball bearing: Thrust ball bearing: Thrust ball bearing:
single direction single direction with double direction
sphered housing washer

Thrust ball bearing: Cylindrical roller Spherical roller

double direction with thrust bearing: thrust bearing
sphered housing washers single direction
 Rolling Bearings are Precision Products

How much is a µ?

A
human
hair
Normal Precision High precision
bearing bearing 1µ

Standard P6 P6 P4A PA9A Tolerance 0,06 mm

SP UP PA9B classes

0/-2,5 µm
0/-9 µm 0/-7 µm
0/-12 µm
0/-15 µm

SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute

B-20

Down-Sizing SKF Bearings

Mass (kg)
B-21

Function of the Cage

Prevent immediate contact between

rolling elements to minimize friction
and heat generation

Guide the rolling elements

Provide space for lubricant

Retain the rolling elements when

bearings of separable design
are mounted or dismounted
B-22

Cage Variants

Polyamide Window-type Window-type

cage sheet steel cage solid brass cage
B-23

Polyamide Cages

+ Lightweight

+ High elasticity

+ Good sliding properties

Good marginal
+ lubrication properties

Operating temperature
– < +120 °C
B-24

Window Type Sheet Steel Cages

+ Lightweight

+ High strength

No operating
+ temperature limit

High vibration and

+ acceleration resistance

Sensitive to
– poor lubrication
B-25

Window Type Solid Brass Cages

+ Very high strength

Very high vibration and

+ acceleration resistance

Suitable for very high

+ speed in connection
with circulating oil

Relatively (very)
– expensive
B-26

Internal Clearances

Radial
clearance

Axial
clearance
B-27

Internal Radial Clearance

COLD

Reduced
radial Compression
clearance

Clearance range Expansion

C1 Clearance less than C2
C2 Clearance less than Normal
C3 Clearance grater than Normal
C4 Clearance grater than C3
WARM
C5 Clearance grater than C4
B-28

Effect of Internal Preload and Clearance on

Bearing Life
Relative basic rating life L10, %

Preloading Clearance
B-29

Load Distribution due to Clearance Changes

B-30

Correct Fits

Tolerance range for bearings

manufactured to ISO
B-31

Types of Rotation
B-32

Effect of Loose Fit

n = 3 000 r/min
10 hours/day
30 days

Relative 0,013 × 3,142 × 3000 × 10 × 30 × 60

position = 1 000 × 1 000
= 2,2 km (1,4 miles)
B-33

Axial Location of Rolling Bearings

B-34

Axial Freedom in a Fan

B-35

Minimum Load

Minimum
load

Rotation
B-36

Bearing Life
B-37

Bearing Fatigue Failure

B-38
Load Capacity
Basic dynamic load rating C
The ISO life equation
L10 = basic rating life, millions of
revolutions
C = basic dynamic load rating, N
P = equivalent dynamic bearing load, N
p = exponent of the life equation
With the load P = C
the L10 life will be 1 million revolutions
Basic static load rating C0
The static safety factor
s0 = static safety factor
P0 = equivalent static bearing load, N
C0 = basic static load rating, N
With the load P0 = C0
the static safety factor s0 will be 1
B-39

Bearing Load

Load P Load P

Finite life Infinite life

PU

Life Life

Service life:
The actual life achieved by the bearing before it fails.
B-40

Bearing Selection Factors

Available space Misalignment

Speed Life

Load/Direction Operating conditions

B-41

Example: Catalogue Selection

Principal Dynamic load ratings Fatigue Speed ratings Mass Designations
dimensions dynamic static load Lubrication Bearings with
limit grease oil one shield two shields
d D B C C0 Pu

mm N N r/min kg –
With one Z shield
bearings with 25 47 12 11 200 6 550 275 15 000 18 000 0,080 6005-Z 6005-2Z
D ≤ 110 mm
52 15 14 000 7 800 335 12 000 15 000 0,13 6205-Z 6205-2Z
62 17 22 500 11 600 490 11 000 14 000 0,23 6305-Z 6305-2Z

30 55 13 13 300 8 300 355 12 000 15 000 0,12 6006-Z 6006-2Z

62 16 19 500 11 200 475 10 000 13 000 0,20 6206-Z 6206-2Z
72 19 28 100 16 000 670 9 000 11 000 0,35 6306-Z 6306-2Z

35 62 14 15 900 10 200 440 10 000 13 000 0,16 6007-Z 6007-2Z

72 17 25 500 15 300 655 9 000 11 000 0,29 6207-Z 6207-2Z
bearings with 80 21 33 200 19 000 815 8 500 10 000 0.46 6307-Z 6307-2Z
D > 110 mm
40 68 15 16 800 11 600 490 9 500 12 000 0,19 6008-Z 6008-2Z
80 18 30 700 19 000 800 8 500 10 000 0,37 6208-Z 6208-2Z
With two Z shield 90 23 41 000 14 000 1 020 7 500 9 000 0,63 6308-Z 6308-2Z
bearings with
D ≤ 110 mm 45 75 16 20 800 14 600 640 9 000 11 000 0,25 6009-Z 6009-2Z
85 19 33 200 21 600 915 7 500 9 000 0,41 6209-Z 6209-2Z
100 25 52 700 31 500 1 340 6 700 8 000 0,83 6309-Z 6309-2Z
bearings with
D > 110 mm
B-42

Lubrication Requirements

Paper Oil films

Oil film
0,1–1 µm
B-43

Oil or Grease Selection Factors

B-44

Materials Used for SKF Rolling Bearings

Bearing rings and rolling elements

Through-hardening steels Case-hardening steels

Carbon chromium steel Chromium-nickel alloyed steel
containing approximately and manganese-chromium
1 % carbon and alloyed steel containing
1,5 % chromium approximately 0,15 % carbon
B-45
Heat Treatments
Martensite hardening
Less costly
Fixture can be used to
reduce distortion
Martensite hardening
Highest risk of propagation
of surface cracks
Advantages
Bainitic hardening Case hardening
Tough structure Hard surface and soft core
resists through cracking
Automatic dimensional
stability Highest compressive
residual surface stresses
Compressive residual
surface stresses
Disadvantages
Bainitic hardening Case hardening
Somewhat more costly Time consuming and
than martensite costly process
Lower hardness
B-46

Dimensional Stability
Change in diameter (µm/100 mm)

Martensite

Bainite

Hours

Holding time at 200 °C (392 °F)

B-47

Classification of Dimensional Stability

Stabilisation Operating Hardness
class temperature HRC

SN up to 120 °C (248 °F) 59 to 63

S0 up to 150 °C (302 °F) 58 to 62

S1 up to 200 °C (392 °F) 57 to 61

S2 up to 250 °C (482 °F) 56 to 60

S3 up to 300 °C (572 °F) 54 to 58

S4 up to 350 °C (662 °F) 50 to 54

B-48

Hardening Processes: Effects

Martensite Standard applications

hardening Standard bearings

Bainite Heavily loaded bearings

hardening Spherical roller bearings

Case Extreme heavily loaded bearings (+ shock loads)

hardening Large size bearings

Specific applications
Bearings fitted with loose fit (rolling mills)

Surface Specific applications

hardening Hub units, slewing rings
B-49

Effects of Different
Heat Treatments
Martensite-hardened material Bainite-hardened material
(through hardening (through hardening

Tensile stresses 50 – 100 MPa Compressive stresses 50 – 100 MPa

60 HRC 59 HRC

59 HRC 58 HRC

Case-hardened material
: Tensile
Compressive stresses 200 – 400 MPa stresses
60 HRC

35 HRC
: Compressive
stresses