11-3-2021

SUPPORT
MATERIAL

NAME:
LADY DANIELA MORA ROBLES

TEACHER:
DANIELA FERNANDA GUANO
 LISTA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
INFINITIVO PASADO SIMPLE PARTICIPIO ESPAÑOL
PASADO
Arise Arose Arisen Surgir, Levantarse
Awake Awoke Awoken Despertarse
Be/ am, are, is Was / Were Been Ser / Estar
Bear Bore Borne / Born Soportar, dar a luz
Beat Beat Beaten Golpear
Become Became Become Llegar a Ser
Begin Began Begun Empezar
Bend Bent Bent Doblar
Bet Bet Bet Apostar
Bind Bound Bound Atar, encuadernar
Bid Bid Bid Pujar
Bite Bit Bitten Morder
Bleed Bled Bled Sangrar
Blow Blew Blown Soplar
Break Broke Broken Romper
Breed Bred Bred Criar
Bring Brought Brought Traer Llevar
Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Radiar
Build Built Built Edificar
Burn Burnt / Burned Burnt / Burned Quemar
Burst Burst Burst Reventar
Buy Bought Bought Comprar
Cast Cast Cast Arrojar
Catch Caught Caught Coger
Come Came Come Venir
Cost Cost Cost Costar
Cut Cut Cut Cortar
Choose Chose Chosen Elegir
Cling Clung Clung Agarrarse
Creep Crept Crept Arrastrarse
Deal Dealt Dealt Tratar
Dig Dug Dug Cavar
Do (Does) Did Done Hacer
Draw Drew Drawn Dibujar
Dream Dreamt /Dreamed Dreamt /Dreamed Soñar
Drink Drank Drunk Beber
Drive Drove Driven Conducir
Eat Ate Eaten Comer
Fall Fell Fallen Caer
Feed Fed Fed Alimentar
Feel Felt Felt Sentir
Fight Fought Fought Luchar
Find Found Found Encontrar
Flee Fled Fled Huir
Fly Flew Flown Volar
Forbid Forbade Forbidden Prohibir
Forget Forgot Forgotten Olvidar
Forgive Forgave Forgiven Perdonar
Freeze Froze Frozen Helar
Get Got Got / Gotten Obtener
Give Gave Given Dar
Go (Goes) Went Gone Ir
Grow Grew Grown Crecer
Grind Ground Ground Moler
Hang Hung Hung Colgar
Have Had Had Haber o Tener
Hear Heard Heard Oir
Hide Hid Hidden Ocultar
Hit Hit Hit Golpear
Hold Held Held Agarrar Celebrar
Hurt Hurt Hurt Herir
Keep Kept Kept Conservar
Know Knew Known Saber Conocer
Kneel Knelt Knelt Arrodillarse
Knit Knit Knit Hacer punto
Lay Laid Laid Poner
Lead Led Led Conducir
Lean Leant Leant Apoyarse
Leap Leapt Leapt Brincar
Learn Learnt / Learned Learnt / Learned Aprender
Leave Left Left Dejar
Lend Lent Lent Prestar
Let Let Let Permitir
Lie Lay Lain Echarse
Light Lit Lit Encender
Lose Lost Lost Perder
Make Made Made Hacer
Mean Meant Meant Significar
Meet Met Met Encontrar
Mistake Mistook Mistaken Equivocar
Overcome Overcame Overcome Vencer
Pay Paid Paid Pagar
Put Put Put Poner
Read Read Read Leer
Ride Rode Ridden Montar
Ring Rang Rung Llamar
Rise Rose Risen Levantarse
Run Ran Run Correr
Say Said Said Decir
See Saw Seen Ver
Seek Sought Sought Buscar
Sell Sold Sold Vender
Send Sent Sent Enviar
Set Set Set Poner(se)
Sew Sewed Sewed / Sewn Coser
Shake Shook Shaken Sacudir
Shear Shore Shorn Esquilar
Shine Shone Shone Brillar
Shoot Shot Shot Disparar
Show Showed Shown Mostrar
Shrink Shrank Shrunk Encogerse
Shut Shut Shut Cerrar
Sing Sang Sung Cantar
Sink Sank Sunk Hundir
Sit Sat Sat Sentarse
Sleep Slept Slept Dormir
Slide Slid Slid Resbalar
Smell Smelt Smelt Oler
Sow Sowed Sowed / Sown Sembrar
Speak Spoke Spoken Hablar
Speed Sped Sped Acelerar
Spell Spelt Spelt Deletrear
Spend Spent Spent Gastar
Spill Spilt / Spilled Spilt / Spilled Derramar
Spin Spun Spun Hilar
Spit Spat Spat Escupir
Split Split Split Hender / partir / rajar
Spoil Spoilt / Spoiled Spoilt / Spoiled Estropear
Spread Spread Spread Extender
Spring Sprang Sprung Saltar
Stand Stood Stood Estar en pie
Steal Stole Stolen Robar
Stick Stuck Stuck Pegar Engomar
Sting Stung Stung Picar
Stink Stank/Stunk Stunk Apestar
Stride Strode Stridden Dar zancadas
Strike Struck Struck Golpear
Swear Swore Sworn Jurar
Sweat Sweat Sweat Sudar
Sweep Swept Swept Barrer
Swell Swelled Swollen Hinchar
Swim Swam Swum Nadar
Swing Swung Swung Columpiarse
Take Took Taken Coger
Teach Taught Taught Enseñar
Tear Tore Torn Rasgar
Tell Told Told Decir
Think Thought Thought Pensar
Throw Threw Thrown Arrojar Tirar
Thrust Thrust Thrust Introducir
Tread Trod Trodden Pisar, hollar
Understand Understood Understood Entender
Undergo Underwent Undergone Sufrir
Undertake Undertook Undertaken Emprender
Wake Woke Woken Despertarse
Wear Wore Worn Llevar puesto
Weave Wove Woven Tejer
Weep Wept Wept Llorar
Wet Wet Wet Mojar
Win Won Won Ganar
Wind Wound Wound Enrollar
Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn Retirarse
Wring Wrung Wrung Torcer
Write Wrote Written Escribir
 REGULAR VERBS

PAST
BASE FORM SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE SPANISH
/id/ sound
Accept Accepted /Id/ Accepted /Id/ Aceptar
Count Counted /Id/ Counted /Id/ Contar
Date Dated /Id/ Dated /Id/ Citar
End Ended /Id/ Ended /Id/ Terminar
Expect Expected /Id/ Expected /Id/ Esperar
Intend Intended /Id/ Intended /Id/ Intentar
Need Needed /Id/ Needed /Id/ Necesitar
Plant Planted /Id/ Planted /Id/ Plantar
Point Pointed /Id/ Pointed /Id/ Señalar
Rent Rented /Id/ Rented /Id/ Rentar
Repeat Repeated /Id/ Repeated /Id/ Repetir
Resist Resisted /Id/ Resisted /Id/ Resistir
Start Started /Id/ Started /Id/ Empezar
Visit Visited /Id/ Visited /Id/ Visitar
Wait Waited /Id/ Waited /Id/ Esperar
Want Wanted /Id/ Wanted /Id/ Querer

/t/ sound

Ask Asked /t/ Asked /t/ Preguntar

Cook Cooked /t/ Cooked /t/ Cocinar
Dance Danced /t/ Danced /t/ Bailar
Dress Dressed /t/ Dressed /t/ Vestir
Erase Erased /t/ Erased /t/ Borrar
Finish Finished /t/ Finished /t/ Terminar
Help Helped /t/ Helped /t/ Ayudar
Jump Jumped /t/ Jumped /t/ Brincar / Saltar
Like Liked /t/ Liked /t/ Gustar
Look Looked /t/ Looked /t/ Mirar
Miss Missed /t/ Missed /t/ Extrañar
Practice Practiced /t/ Practiced /t/ Practicar
Push Pushed /t/ Pushed /t/ Empujar
Shop Shopped /t/ Shopped /t/ Comprar
Smoke Smoked /t/ Smoked /t/ Fumar
Stop Stopped /t/ Stopped /t/ Detener
Talk Talked /t/ Talked /t/ Hablar
Use Used /t/ Used /t/ Usar
Walk Walked /t/ Walked /t/ Caminar
Wash Washed /t/ Washed /t/ Lavar
Wish Wished /t/ Wished /t/ Desear
Work Worked /t/ Worked /t/ Trabajar
 PAST
BASE FORM SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE SPANISH

/d/ sound

Answer Answered /d/ Answered /d/ Responder

Arrive Arrived /d/ Arrived /d/ Llegar / Arribar
Belong Belonged /d/ Belonged /d/ Pertenecer
Change Changed /d/ Changed /d/ Cambiar
Clean Cleaned /d/ Cleaned /d/ Limpiar
Climb Climbed /d/ Climbed /d/ Escalar
Close Closed /d/ Closed /d/ Cerrar
Consider Considered /d/ Considered /d/ Considerar
Dare Dared /d/ Dared /d/ Retar / Retar
Deliver Delivered/d/ Delivered/d/ Entregar
Enjoy Enjoyed /d/ Enjoyed /d/ Disfrutar
Fill Filled /d/ Filled /d/ Llenar
Follow Followed/d/ Followed/d/ Seguir
Hurry Hurried /d/ Hurried /d/ Apurar / Darse prisa
Learn Learned /d/ Learned /d/ Aprender
Listen Listened /d/ Listened /d/ Escuchar
Live Lived /d/ Lived /d/ Vivir
Love Loved /d/ Loved /d/ Amar
Name Named /d/ Named /d/ Nombrar
Open Opened /d/ Opened /d/ Abrir
Order Ordered /d/ Ordered /d/ Ordenar
Plan Planed /d/ Planed /d/ Planear
Play Played /d/ Played /d/ Jugar
Rain Rained /d/ Rained /d/ Llover
Remember Remembered /d/ Remembered /d/ Recordar
Show Showed /d/ Showed /d/ Mostrar
Stay Stayed /d/ Stayed /d/ Permanecer
Study Studied /d/ Studied /d/ Estudiar
Travel Traveled /d/ Traveled /d/ Viajar
Try Tried /d/ Tried /d/ Intentar /Tratar
Turn Turned /d/ Turned /d/ Voltear / Dar vuelta
 Infinitive and Gerund

Infinitive
After an adjective Example: The new computer is really easy to use.

After certain verbs (with to) Example: He refused to pay the bill.

• afford • expect • manage • refuse

• agree • fail • mean • want
• appear • help (also • offer • wish
• arrange without to) • plan • would like
• beg • hesitate • prepare • would love
• choose • hope • pretend • would prefer
• decide • learn • promise

Gerund

As the subject of a clause Example: Cycling is good for your health.

After a preposition Example: I did my homework before going out.

Verbs followed by Gerund Example: I enjoy cooking.

• admit • can't stand • finish • practise

• advise • deny • keep • suggest
• allow • dislike • mind • waste time
• avoid • enjoy • miss / money
• can't help • fancy • permit

Verbs with Prepositions followed by Gerund

Example: I'm looking forward to seeing you again soon.
• accuse of • blame for • dream about/of • look forward to
• agree with • care for • feel like • object to
• apologize for • carry on • forgive for • think of
• ask about • complain about • give up • succeed in
• believe in • concentrate on • insist on • use for
• be used to • depend on • keep on

Words followed either by Infinitive or Ing-Form

Words with the same meaning Example: I started to read. / I started reading.

• attempt • cannot bear • hate • prefer

• begin • cease • intend • start
• bother • continue • love
 Words with the same meaning but different use

Word Infinitive - with an object Gerund – without an object

advise I advise you to go by bus. I advise going by bus.
allow / permit He allowed her to take the car. He allowed taking the car.
forbid She forbids us to smoke. She forbids smoking.

Words with a different meaning

Word Infinitive meaning Gerund meaning

with regard to the future with regard to the past
forget / remember Remember to switch off the lights. Do you remember switching off the lights?
Spanish: Recuerda apagar las luces Spanish: ¿Recuerdas haber apagado las luces?
start something new
continue with the same action
go on Go on to read.
Go on reading.
Spanish:
with regard to the future with regard to the past
regret I regret to say that’s wrong. I regret saying that.
Spanish: Lamento decir que está mal. Spanish: Lamento haber dicho que está mal.
interrupt another action terminate
stop I stopped to smoke. I stopped smoking.
Spanish: Paré para fumar. Spanish: Paré de fumar.
do something complicated do it and see what happens
try Try to solve this riddle. Try talking to him.
Spanish: Intenta resolver este acertijo. Spanish: Prueba a hablar con él.

Gerund or Infinitive - Exercise 1

1) A lot of people are worried about _______their
jobs. (lose)
2) He agreed _______ a new car. (buy)
3) The question is easy _______ (answer)
4) Not everybody can afford _______ to
university. (go)
5) I look forward to _______ you at the weekend.
(see)
6) Are you thinking of _______ London? (visit)
7) He apologized for _______ so late. (arrive)
8) Stop _______ noise, please; I’m studying.
(make)
9) She doesn't mind _______ the night shift.
(work)
10) I learned ______ the bike at the age of 5.(ride)

Gerund or Infinitive - Exercise 2

1) We decided _______ a new car. (buy)
2) I regret _______ you we won’t lend you the
money. (tell)
3) Peter gave up _______.(smoke)
4) He'd like _______ an aeroplane.(fly)
5) I enjoy _______ picture postcards. (write)
6) He offered _______ help with the cleaning.
(help)
7) Avoid _______ silly mistakes.(make)
8) My parents wanted me _______ home at 11
o'clock. (be)
9) I dream about _______ a big house. (build)
10) He advised me _______ so much money.
(not spend)
Gerund or Infinitive Exercise 1

1 Fill the gaps with the verb in brackets in the appropriate form.

1 I can't stand ________________ in queues. ( to wait )

2 I wouldn't like ________________ in his shoes. ( to be )

3 Jim loves ________________ in Thailand. ( to work )

4 I hate ________________ the shopping on Saturday. ( to do )

5 Blast! I forgot ________________ milk. ( to buy )

6 In the end we decided ________________ in. ( to stay )

7 I need ________________ some information about Portugal. ( to find )

8 My parents like ________________ for long walks at the weekend. ( to go )

9 Tony gave up ________________ years ago. ( to smoke )

10 I wanted ________________ and see Troy but no one else was interested. ( to go )

11 Mrs Leith offered ________________ us to the airport. ( to take )

12 Clare refused ________________ clean up after the party. ( to help )

13 I tried ________________ him to come but it was no use. ( to persuade )

14 Do you mind not ________________ ? ( to smoke )

15 Everybody really enjoyed ________________ the cha-cha-cha. ( to dance )

16 Lionel admitted ________________ my chocolate mousse. ( to eat )

2 Check your answers and put the verbs in bold into the right columns. Translate the verbs.

VERB + GERUND VERB + TO + INFINITIVE

Translation Translation
admit .......................... decide ..........................
___________ .......................... forget ..........................
enjoy .......................... ___________ ..........................
give up .......................... offer ..........................
___________ .......................... refuse ..........................
___________ .......................... try ..........................
love .......................... want ..........................
___________ .......................... would like ..........................
Gerund or Infinitive Exercise 2

1 Use the verbs in brackets to fill the gaps.

1 We arranged _____________ under the station clock at half nine. ( to meet )

2 I always try to avoid _____________ him whenever I can. ( to see )

3 I long _____________ in Scotland again. ( to be )

4 My Mum demanded _____________ the manager. ( to see )

5 My brother denied _____________ my chocolate mousse. Maybe his hamster ate it. ( to eat )

6 I tried _____________ but I just couldn't. ( to understand )

7 In the end I gave up _____________ to persuade her. ( to try )

8 Charlie was pretending _____________ a chicken. ( to be )

9 They chose _____________ in a cheap hotel but spend more money on meals. ( to stay)

10 We like Galicia so much that we keep _____________ back there. ( to go )

11 He deserves _____________ severely punished. ( to be )

12 When we visit my aunt, they expect me _____________ on my best behaviour. ( to be )

13 I didn't mean _____________ her feelings. I'm really sorry. ( to hurt )

14 I always put off _____________ my homework until the last possible moment. ( to do )

15 He goes on _____________ me the same thing over and over again. ( to tell )

16 I can't stand _____________ in the queue at the baker's. ( to wait )

17 The firemen managed _____________ the fire pretty quickly. ( to put out )

18 I never risk _____________ through that part of town. ( to go )

19 Clare offered _____________ me to the airport, which was very kind of her. ( to take )

20 Dad threatened _____________ my pocket money if I didn't do my homework. ( to stop )

2 Check your answers and put the verbs in bold into the right columns. Translate the verbs.

VERB + GERUND VERB + TO + INFINITIVE

Translation Translation
1 _____________ .......................... 1 _____________ ..........................
2 _____________ .......................... 2 _____________ ..........................
3 _____________ .......................... 3 _____________ ..........................
4 _____________ .......................... 4 _____________ ..........................
5 _____________ .......................... 5 _____________ ..........................
Gerund or Infinitive Exercise 1 answers

1 I can't stand waiting in queues. ( to wait )

2 I wouldn't like to be in his shoes. ( to be )

3 Jim loves working in Thailand. ( to work )

4 I hate doing the shopping on Saturday. ( to do )

5 Blast! I forgot to buy milk. ( to buy )

6 In the end we decided to stay in. ( to stay )

7 I need to find some information about Portugal. ( to find )

8 My parents like going for long walks at the weekend. ( to go )

9 Tony gave up smoking years ago. ( to smoke )

10 I wanted to go and see Troy but no one else was interested. ( to go )

11 Mrs Leith offered to take us to the airport. ( to take )

12 Clare refused to help clean up after the party. ( to help )

13 I tried to persuade him to come but it was no use. ( to persuade )

14 Do you mind not smoking ? ( to smoke )

15 Everybody really enjoyed dancing the cha-cha-cha. ( to dance )

16 Lionel admitted eating my chocolate mousse. ( to eat )

VERB + GERUND VERB + TO + INFINITIVE

Translation Translation
admit .......................... decide ..........................
can't stand .......................... forget ..........................
enjoy .......................... need ..........................
give up .......................... offer ..........................
hate .......................... refuse ..........................
like .......................... try ..........................
love .......................... want ..........................
mind .......................... would like ..........................
Gerund or Infinitive Exercise 2 answers

1 We arranged to meet under the station clock at half nine. ( to meet )

2 I always try to avoid seeing him whenever I can. ( to see )

3 I long to be in Scotland again. ( to be )

4 My Mum demanded to see the manager. ( to see )

5 My brother denied eating my chocolate mousse. Maybe his hamster ate it. ( to eat
)

6 I tried to understand but I just couldn't. ( to understand )

7 In the end I gave up trying to persuade her. ( to try )

8 Charlie was pretending to be a chicken. ( to be )

9 They chose to stay in a cheap hotel but spend more money on meals. ( to stay )

10 We like Galicia so much that we keep going back there. ( to go )

11 He deserves to be severely punished. ( to be )

12 When we visit my aunt, they expect me to be on my best behaviour. ( to be )

13 I didn't mean to hurt her feelings. I'm really sorry. ( to hurt )

14 I always put off doing my homework until the last possible moment. ( to do )

15 He goes on telling me the same thing over and over again. ( to tell )

16 I can't stand waiting in the queue at the baker's. ( to wait )

17 The firemen managed to put out the fire pretty quickly. ( to put out )

18 I never risk going through that part of town. ( to go )

19 Clare offered to take me to the airport, which was very kind of her. ( to take )

20 Dad threatened to stop my pocket money if I didn't do my homework. ( to stop )

VERB + GERUND VERB + TO + INFINITIVE

Translation Translation
avoid .......................... arrange ..........................
deny .......................... choose ..........................
give up .......................... deserve ..........................
put off .......................... manage ..........................
risk .......................... threaten ..........................
CONDITIONAL
SENTENCES
Structure of Conditional Sentences
 MIXED
CONDITIONAL
Mixed Conditional

When we talk about a situation that • If I have passed my driving test last year, I
happened in the past and has a would be driving a car now.
consequence in the present we mix the third
• If I had studied in school, I would have a
and the second conditional.
diploma now.
Also, it is used to talk about an unreal
• If I had studied medicine, I would work
condition in the past and its possible current
as a doctor, not as a teacher.
outcome.

• If you hadn’t been at the party yesterday,

IF+PAST PERFECT, WOULD+INFINITIVE
you would be running to the soccer
game.
Mixed Conditional
When we talk about present situation that
could have a consequence in the past we
mix the second and the third conditional.
Also, it is used to talk about an unreal
condition in the present and its possible
unreal result in the past.
IF+PAST SIMPLE, WOULD+HAVE+PAST
PARTICIPLE
• If I didn’t have so much work to do, I
would have gone with you to the party.
• If I were the president of the company, I
would have built a new building some
years ago.
• If the students had more time, they
would have finished their work yesterday.
• If the teacher were here, she would have
turned on the heater this morning.
Additional Sentences in Mixed Conditional
To talk about:
• Present + Future → S + Past simple, Would +
Infinitive
If I were you, I would call Tom and apologize.
• Future + Past → S + Past simple progressive, Would
+ Have + Past Participle
If they weren’t traveling to France, they would have
planned to attend your birthday party.
To talk about:
• Future + Present → S + Past Simple
Progressive, Would + be + ing
If I were getting married tomorrow, I would
be relaxing right now.
• Past + Future → S + Past Perfect, Would +
infinitive
If Rose had not called him, they wouldn’t be
going to the party together tomorrow.
 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

Quick List: Transitive Verbs

Here is a short list of transitive verbs. These are common verbs that ESL students must
know.

answer drink help see

break eat like sell
bring find love sing
buy forget meet stop
carry get pay take
catch give play understand
clean hear read write

Short List: Intransitive Verbs

Here is a short list of intransitive verbs.

belong fall kneel stand

come flow lie travel
cough fly remain wait
dance go sit walk
die jump sleep weep

Long List: Transitive Verbs

Here is a longer list of transitive verbs. There are 364 verbs but the list is not complete.

accept beat bump chase

acknowledge bend burn chastise
admit bite call check
aggravate bless cancel chill
answer blow capture clean
arrest bother carry close
ask break catch clutch
avoid brush change collect
bash build charge comfort

Copyright © Rob Whyte 2010 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

Long List: Transitive Verbs

confuse eject grasp kill

consume embarrass grease kiss
contradict embrace grip knock
convert empower handle lag
copy enable hang lay
correct enclose have lead
cover encourage head lean
crack enjoy help leave
cross enlighten hide let
cut enlist highlight lick
dampen entertain hit lift
dash escort hoist light
daze examine hold lighten
dazzle excite honour limit
deceive excuse hug link
define execute hump list
delay fascinate hurry load
deny feed hurt lock
derail feel imitate lose
describe fight impress love
destroy file include lower
devastate fill indulge maintain
dig find inform make
discover finish insert mark
discuss fire inspect marry
dismiss fix inspire massage
distinguish flick insure melt
disturb flip interest mix
drag follow interrupt mock
draw force interview move
dress forget intimidate munch
drink forgive involve murder
drive freeze irritate name
drop frighten join notice
drown fry jolt number
dry furnish judge nurse
dunk gather keep offend
eat get key open
edify grab kick order

Copyright © Rob Whyte 2010 2 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

Long List: Transitive Verbs

own remind snap thank

pack remove soak threaten
page repel soften throw
paralyze replace solve tickle
park research sound tie
pass retard specify tighten
pay retire speed tip
persuade reveal spell tire
petrify ride spend toast
pick ring spill toss
pierce rip spit touch
pin rob split tow
place rub spoon transform
play run spread try
please satisfy squash turn
poison save stab tweak
poke scan stain twist
possess scare stake underestimate
post scold start understand
pour scoop startle unload
prepare scrub stay unlock
press seat steer untie
print see stir upgrade
promise select stop use
protect sell store vacate
pull send strike videotape
punch set study vilify
punish sew stuff violate
purchase shake suck wake
push shame surprise want
puzzle shift survey warm
question shoot swallow warn
quit shove switch wash
raid shut tape watch
raise sink taste wear
read slam teach widen
reassure slap tease win
recognize slice tell wipe
reenter slow tend wrack
refill smell terrify wrap
relax smoke test wreck
Copyright © Rob Whyte 2010 3 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
 DEFINING CLAUSES give essential
information about their antecedent and
without them the meaning will be incomplete.
 These never go between commas.
 WHO, WHOM and WHICH can be substituted
by THAT in a more colloquial context.
 WHO, WHOM, WHICH AND THAT can be
omitted if they are the object of the relative
clause, that is, if they are followed by a
sibject.

If the relative pronoun is followed by a verb,

then it can’t be omitted. If the relative is followed
by a subject + verb, then it’s almost sure you can
drop it
Mary is the girl who arrived late at the party.

Mary is the girl who I told you about yesterday.

The book which was on the table was new.

The book which I bought is about music.

 NON-DEFINING CLAUSES give extra
information, that is, we could remove it without
changing the meaning of the sentence.
 They are always separated by commas.
 THAT is never used.
 Pronouns can be NEVER omitted.
 The antencedent is usually a proper name of a
person or thing and it contains a possessive like
‘my’, ‘his’, ‘her’, the definite article ‘the’ or
demonstratives like ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘these’ or
‘those’
Mary,who arrived late at the party,is my cousin

Paris, which is the capital of France, is a

beutiful city.

Paul, who I saw at the party, is so handsome.

That car, which she bought last month, is a

Ferrari.
 WHO
 WHOM
 WHICH
 WHOSE
 WHERE
 WHEN
 THAT
 It is used to talk about people
 It can be the subject or the object of the
relative clause
 In defining relative clauses it can be always
replaced by THAT. More colloquial.
 In defining relative clauses it can be omitted if it
is the object of the relative clause, that is, if it
is followed by the subject of the relative clause
and, if it does not have a preposition before.

Eg: Mary,who arrived late at the party,is my cousin

 It is used to talk about people. More formal
than WHO
 It is always the object of the relative clause,
that is, it always has a suject afterwards.
 In defining relative clauses it can be replaced
by THAT.
 In defining relative clauses it can be omitted
if it does not have a preposition before.

Eg: Mary is the girl whom I told you about

yesterday.
 It is used to talk about anything but people.
 It can be the subject or the object of the
relative clause
 In defining relative clauses it can be always
replaced by THAT. More colloquial.
 In defining relative clauses it can be omitted if it
is the object of the relative clause, that is, if it
is followed by the subject of the relative clause
and, if it does not have a preposition before.

 That car, which she bought last month, is a

Ferrari.
 It is used to talk about possession.
 It cannot be substituted by any pronouns.
 It cannot be omitted in any case.
 It is always followed by whatever is
possessed.

 Eg: That is the boy whose mother is a doctor

 Itis used to talk about places when they are
not the subject nor the object of the relative
clause, that is when they are followed by a
subject and they are not an object in the
relative clause.

That is the museum where I went last month

 Itis used to talk about times when they are
not the subject nor the object of the relative
clause, that is when they are followed by a
subject and they are not an object in the
relative clause.

Eg: May is the month when flowers bloom.

 It only appears in Defing Relative Clauses.
 It may substitute WHO, WHOM and WHICH.
 It can be omitted if it is the object of the
relative clause, that is, if it is followed by
the subject.

Eg: Paul is the man that I like so much.

 RELATIVE CLAUSES

DEFINING NON-DEFINING

PRONOUNS PRONOUNS

WHO/WHOM/WHICH WHO/
THAT WHOM/
WHICH/
WHOSE/ WHOSE/
WHERE/ WHERE/
WHEN WHEN
1.- Find the common element

The man is very tall. I saw him yesterday.

2.- Cross out the second element.

That man is very tall. I saw him yesterday.

3.- Start copying the first sentence until the

first common element.

4.- Write the relative pronoun:

who
which
whose
That man
5.- Copy the second sentence, except the
element we had crossed out.

I saw yesterday

The man who

6.- If there is anything left from the first

sentence, copy it afterwards.
is very tall.

The man who I saw yesterday

7.- Check if you can write THAT instead of
WHO, WHOM, WHICH

The man who I saw yesterday is very tall.

that
8.- Check if you can omit the pronouns.

The man who I saw yesterday is very tall.

that

9.- The sentence is ready!!!

The man I saw yesterday is very tall.

Defining relative clauses

Who / which / that

 who
I usually speak to the woman. She owns the hotel.

I usually speak to the woman who owns the hotel.

Use: people

2
 which
I have got a lovely dog. It has got white fur.

I have got a lovely dog which has got white fur.

Use: things/animals

3
 That
She’s the teacher who came to our school last week.

She’s the teacher that came to our school last week.

This is the house which belongs to my friend.

This is the house that belongs to my friend.

Use: That can replace who or which in defining
relative clauses and in an informal style.

4
 BACKSHIFT OF TENSES REPORTED QUESTIONS
Verb tenses DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH Verb tenses PRONOUNS Direct speech Reported speech
Simple Present I am a carpenter. He said that he was a carpenter. Simple past
Direct Reported speech Do you like …? He asked me if I liked…
Present continuous I’m working at the moment. He said that he was working at that Past continuous speech Will you come…? He asked me if I would come…
moment. I he, she Are you feeling…? He asked me if I was feeling…
Simple Past I was there last year. He said that he had been there the Past perfect
me him, her Did you do…? He asked me if I had done…
year before. simple
my his, her, the Have you He asked me if I had finished…
Past continuous I was working when you came He said that he had been working Past perfect
mine his, hers finished…?
in. when I had come in. continuous
we they Were you there He asked me if I had been
Past perfect simple I had finished my homework He said that he had finished his Past perfect last…? there last…
simple us them
when he came in. homework when he had come in. What are you He asked me what I was doing.
our their, the
Past perfect I had been working for two He said that he had been working Past perfect doing?
continuous continuous ours theirs
hours when John showed up. for two hours when John had Where are you He asked me where I was
showed up. you they, them
going? going.
Present perfect I have already done it. He said that he had already done it. Past perfect you their, the
Who are you here He asked me who I was there
simple yours theirs
with? with.
Present perfect I have been working here for He said that he had been working Past perfect This that, the
continuous continuous When are you He asked me when I was
two years. there for two years. these those, the leaving? leaving.
Future simple I will finish tomorrow. He said that he would finish the next Would this book that book, How are you going He asked me how I was going
day.
to do it? to do it.
Future perfect By next month, I will have He said that by the following month Would have
finished my book. he would have finished his book.
Present passive The book is written in English. He said that that book was written in Past passive
English. REPORTED COMMANDS Place
Present passive Many shops are being opened He said that many shop were being Past passive
Direct speech Reported speech Direct Reported
continuous in the city centre. opened in the city centre. continuous speech speech
Do your Dad told me to do my homework
homework Here there
MODALS Don’t talk in class My teacher told me not to talk in There there
class in this in that
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH TIME room room
Can (ability, present) Could Direct speech Reported speech Be quiet He told us to be quiet
Can (ability, future) Would be able to Today That day
May (possibility) Might Tomorrow The next day /
May (permission, Could the following day REPORTED SUGGESTIONS
present) now At that moment / then Direct speech Reported speech
May (permission, Would be allowed At the present At the time Let’s watch a film. He suggested watching a film.
future) to Present , current Existing , current He suggested that we watch a film
Must (obligation, Must / Had to In one hour One hour later Why don't you go to the He suggested that I go to the doctor.
present) Last week, last night The week ,the night before doctor?
Must (obligation, Must / would have Next year , next The following year, the I don't think you should He suggested that I not do it that
future) to month, etc. following month,etc. do it today. day.
Needn't (necessity, Didn’t have to / Yesterday The day before
present) didn’t need to
This evening That evening
Needn't (necessity, Wouldn’t have to
future)
Shall (future time) Would
…days ago
Tonight
In two week’s time
…days before
That night
Two weeks later
DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH
Shall (offers, Should
Ago before
suggestions)
Will Would www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com
 1. 'What do you think of my new girlfriend?' he asked me.
ASKED
He ..............................................................his new girlfriend.

2. 'I'll call you tomorrow morning,' John promised.

ME
John promised that ................................................… day in the morning.

3. 'I have finished reading this book.' said the boy.

SAID
The boy ............................................. finished reading that book.

4. 'Why don't you come tonight?'

SUGGESTED
She ........................................................... that night.

5. 'You can finish the report tomorrow,' he told her.

TOLD
He ………………………………....... finish the report the following day.

6. ‘What time do you finish work today?’ he asked John.

ASKED
He ……………………………………………….work that day.

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 www.perfect-english-grammar.com
Stative Verbs List

Some verbs are only (or mostly) used in simple tenses, and are not used in continuous
tenses. An example of a simple tense is the present simple, or the past simple. An
example of a continuous tense is the present continuous or past continuous. These
verbs are called stative, or state verbs. A verb which isn’t stative is called a dynamic
verb, and is usually an action. Often stative verbs are about liking or disliking
something, or about a mental state, not about an action.

Verb Correct ot Correct

agree She didn’t agree with us. She wasn’t agreeing with us.
appear It appears to be raining. It is appearing to be raining.
believe I don’t believe the news. I am not believing the news.
belong This book belonged to my This book was belonging to my
grandfather. grandfather.
concern This concerns you. This is concerning you.
consist Bread consists of flour, water Bread is consisting of flour, water
and yeast. and yeast.
contain This box contains a cake. This box is containing a cake.
depend It depends on the weather. It’s depending on the weather.
deserve He deserves to pass the exam. He is deserving to pass the exam.
disagree I disagree with you. I am disagreeing with you.
dislike I have disliked mushrooms for I have been disliking mushrooms
years. for years.
doubt I doubt what you are saying. I am doubting what you are
saying.
feel (=have I don’t feel that this is a good I am not feeling that this is a good
an opinion) idea. idea.
fit This shirt fits me well. This shirt is fitting me well.
hate Julie’s always hated dogs. Julie’s always been hating dogs.
hear Do you hear music? Are you hearing music?

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May be freely copied for personal or classroom use.
imagine I imagine you must be tired. I am imagining you must be tired.
impress He impressed me with his story. He was impressing me with his
story.
include This cookbook includes a recipe This cookbook is including a
for bread. recipe for bread.
involve The job involves a lot of The job is involving a lot of
travelling. travelling.
know I’ve known Julie for ten years. I’ve been knowing Julie for ten
years.
like I like reading detective stories. I am liking reading detective
stories.
love I love chocolate. I’m loving chocolate.*
matter It doesn’t matter. It isn’t mattering.
mean ‘Enormous’ means ‘very big’. ‘Enormous’ is meaning ‘very big’.
measure (=be This window measures 150cm. This window is measuring
long) 150cm.
mind She doesn’t mind the noise. She isn’t minding the noise.
need At three o’clock yesterday I At three o’clock yesterday I was
needed a taxi. needing a taxi.
owe I owe you £20. I am owing you £20.
own She owns two cars. She is owning two cars.
prefer I prefer chocolate ice cream. I am preferring chocolate ice
cream.
promise I promise to help you tomorrow. I am promising to help you
tomorrow.
realise I didn’t realise the problem. I wasn’t realising the problem.
recognise I didn’t recognise my old friend. I wasn’t recognising my old
friend.
remember He didn’t remember my name. He wasn’t remembering my name.
seem The weather seems to be The weather is seeming to be
improving. improving.
sound Your idea sounds great. Your idea is sounding great.
suppose I suppose John will be late. I’m supposing John will be late.

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May be freely copied for personal or classroom use.
surprise The noise surprised me. The noise was surprising me.
understand I don’t understand this question. I’m not understanding this
question.
want I want to go to the cinema I am wanting to go to the cinema
tonight. tonight.
weigh (=have This cake weighs 450g. This cake is weighing 450g.
weight)
wish I wish I had studied more. I am wishing I had studied more.

Some verbs can be both stative and dynamic:

be be is usually a stative verb, but when it is used in the continuous it
means ‘behaving’ or ‘acting’
you are stupid = it’s part of your personality
you are being stupid = only now, not usually
have have (stative) = own
I have a car
have (dynamic) = part of an expression
I’m having a party / a picnic / a bath / a good time / a break
see see (stative) = see with your eyes / understand
I see what you mean
I see her now, she’s just coming along the road
see (dynamic) = meet / have a relationship with
I’ve been seeing my boyfriend for three years
I’m seeing Robert tomorrow
taste (also: taste (stative) = has a certain taste
smell, feel, This soup tastes great
look) taste (dynamic) = the action of tasting
The chef is tasting the soup
think think (stative) = have an opinion
I think that coffee is great
think (dynamic) = consider, have in my head
what are you thinking about? I’m thinking about my next holiday

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May be freely copied for personal or classroom use.