Due to the shortcomings of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Human Rights Commission

decided to draft a legally binding human rights convention. The content of the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights includes civil and political rights as well as economic, social and cultural rights, but there
are differences between the two. The former means that the state has to limit its own power, and the
latter means that the state must actively assume state obligations, create job opportunities, and provide
social security. However, developed countries are more concerned with civil and political rights, while
developing countries prefer economic, social and cultural rights, making it difficult for all countries to
reach a consensus on all of these human rights in a convention. To address this issue, the Human Rights
Commission has drafted two conventions: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and
the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

After the horrors of World War II, a broad consensus emerged at the worldwide level demanding that
the individual human being be placed under the protection of the international community. In order to
make human rights an instrument effectively shaping the lives of individuals and nations, more than just
a political proclamation was needed.

It is difficult to imagine that World War II, a global conflict which caused “the deaths of perhaps sixty
million human beings could ever possibly create, at the same time, new and unanticipated opportunities
for the advancement of human rights. But it did

Franklin D. Roosevelt, in his 1941 State of the Union Address, claimed four fundamental freedoms
existed “everywhere in the world”: the freedom of speech, the freedom of worship, the freedom from
want, and the freedom from fear. The statement that freedoms existed “everywhere in the world” is
hallmark of the universality of these freedoms.

In 1946, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights was established as a subsidiary body of the
UN Economic and Social Council, “to weave the international legal fabric that protects our fundamental
rights and freedoms,” in other words, to protect and promote our fundamental rights and freedoms.

The United Nations Commission on Human Rights was the first true international body empowered to
promote all the human rights of all the world’s people.

The drafts were presented to the UN General Assembly in 1954.

ICCPR comprise the bedrock of international human rights law. 

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is not legally binding on states parties.[16] To codify the
rights embodied in the UDHR, two treaties would be created: the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights (“ICCPR”) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
(“ICESCR”). These two documents would form the basis of the International Bill of Human Rights.

The Human Rights Commission completed preparation of the draft of the ICCPR at its ninth and tenth
sessions, in 1953 and 1954.

There are two optional protocols to the ICCPR which gives additional human rights protections. The first
Optional Protocol to the Covenant also entered into force on 23 March 1976 following the
ratification/accession of the tenth state party. The second Optional Protocol was adopted by the
General Assembly with a vote of 59 to 26 with 28 abstentions and opened for signature on 15 December
1989. It entered into force on 11 July 1991 following the ratification/accession of the tenth state party.
First Optional Protocol:

This protocol allows victims claiming to be victims of human rights violations to be heard. The Human
Rights Committee (Committee), which is established by the Covenant, has the jurisdiction to receive,
consider and hear communications from victims. The first Optional Protocol came into force with the
Covenant. There are currently 35 signatories and 115 parties to this protocol.

Second Optional Protocol:

This protocol aims to abolish the death penalty. It was entered into force on July 11, 1991 and it
currently has 37 signatories and 81 parties.

WARTAWAN UDIN

Dan sampai 24 tahun atau 8.760 hari kematian wartawan yang diduga kuat dilakukan oleh pembunuh
bayaran akibat berita-berita yang ditulisnya di Harian Bernas, terutama terkait kasus korupsi dan
kebijakan Bupati Bantul saat itu,

Menyikapi hal itu, Koalisi Masyarakat untuk Udin (K@MU) dan AJI Yogyakarta menyatakan sikap
menolak penghentian atau impunitas kasus pembunuhan jurnalis Udin oleh pemerintah. Sebab, kasus
Udin yang tidak tuntas diusut menjadi preseden buruk bagi kebebasan pers Indonesia.

Kasus Udin bukan sekadar kasus kriminal biasa karena menyangkut pelanggaran hak azasi manusia
(HAM), seperti yang pernah disampaikan Komisi Nasional HAM.

Iwik terpaksa mengaku di bawah ancaman dan pengaruh alkohol yang disuplai Serma Pol Edy Wuryanto
alias Franki, Kanitserse Polres Bantul. Iwik dijadikan tumbal untuk melindungi kepentingan bisnis, politik,
serta nama baik Sri Roso. November 1997, pengadilan memvonis bebas Iwik. Majelis hakim berpendapat
tidak ada bukti yang menguatkan bahwa Iwik adalah pelaku pembunuhan Udin.

Penangkapan Iwik adalah satu dari sekian keganjilan pengusutan kasus Udin. Sebelumnya, muncul
pengakuan Tri Sumaryani yang menyatakan diiming-imingi sejumlah uang oleh “oknum tertentu” jika
bersedia berkata pada publik dan persidangan bahwa ia berselingkuh dengan Udin. Perselingkuhan
tersebut, menurut Tri Sumaryani, membikin suaminya murka dan akhirnya membunuh Udin.

Belum lagi masalah barang bukti yang dihilangkan. Lagi-lagi yang bertanggungjawab ialah Edy Wuryanto.
Edy diketahui telah melarung sampel darah serta mengambil buku catatan milik Udin. Alasannya, kata
Edy, demi “kepentingan penyelidikan dan penyidikan.” Tindakan Edy digugat oleh Marsiyem, istri Udin.
Pada April 1997, Majelis hakim menyatakan Edy bersalah dan dianggap melakukan tindakan melanggar
hukum. Namun, Edy hanya dimutasi ke Mabes Polri, alih-alih dijerat hukuman.