Read Reflect Respond D

READ
REFLECT
RESPOND
Comprehension
Skill-Boosters
D by JANICE GREENE
READ
REFLECT
RESPOND
Comprehension Skill-Boosters
A B C D
Development and Production: Laurel Associates, Inc.

Cover Design: Image Quest, Inc.
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Website: www.sdlback.com
Copyright © 2006 by Saddleback Educational Publishing. All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic
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and retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher.
ISBN 1-59905-006-4
Printed in the United States of America

12 11 10 09 08 07 06 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
A Note to the Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
LESSON 1: Emergency Jumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
LESSON 2: Plants That Detect Land Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
LESSON 3: Ty Cobb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
LESSON 4: Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
LESSON 5: Sakena Yacoobi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
LESSON 6: A Day in Ancient Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
LESSON 7: Political Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
LESSON 8: The Loyalists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
LESSON 9: The Sport of Kings—and Queens! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
LESSON 10: Sound Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
LESSON 11: Ever Twig Your Teeth? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
LESSON 12: Flight 93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
LESSON 13: Photoshop Fakery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
LESSON 14: The Tin Lizzy and the Bug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
LESSON 15: The San Francisco Earthquake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
LESSON 16: All About Hair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
LESSON 17: Word Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
LESSON 18: Dealing with Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
LESSON 19: Benjamin Banneker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
LESSON 20: The Sounds of Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
LESSON 21: How to Argue—Without Losing a Friend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
LESSON 22: Language in the 1700s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
LESSON 23: The First Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
LESSON 24: Necessity Is the Mother of Invention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
LESSON 25: Peanuts: A Much-Loved Comic Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
LESSON 26: Escalating Heels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
LESSON 27: The Special Olympics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
SUPER LESSON : Stephen Hawking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
A NOTE TO THE STUDENT
How well do you understand and remember what you read?
Can you count on your comprehension skills to meet the
challenges of today’s fast-paced world? The skill-sharpening
exercises in the READ•REFLECT•RESPOND books can help
you build confidence as you build competence.
The purpose of reading is to connect the ideas on the page to

what you already know. That’s why the short reading selections
in these books work to your advantage. Each reading provides
a clear mental framework for ideas and information. This
makes it easier for you to grasp the main idea and sort out
significant details. After you complete two or three lessons,
you’ll become familiar with the various kinds of responses
required. This familiarity will alert you to important cues in
the reading material. You’ll learn to focus on key vocabulary,
important facts, and the core message of the content. In short,
you will become a more efficient reader.
We suggest that you thumb through each book before you

begin the first lesson. Notice that the readings are engaging
and informative—some are lighthearted and humorous, while
others are more serious and thought-provoking. Glance at the
question pages to see how they’re organized. “Surveying” this
book (or any book) in this informal way is called “prereading.”
It will help you “get a fix on” the task ahead.
Happy reading!
READ•REFLECT•RESPOND 5
LESSON 1
Leaps that could save your life.
EMERGENCY JUMPS
Emergency jumps are dangerous. JUMPING FROM A BRIDGE OR A CLIFF INTO A RIVER
There’s only one good time to attempt What’s the most dangerous thing
such a jump: when you’ll probably die if about this kind of jump? You don’t know
you don’t. Who knows? Someday you how deep the water is. If you’re jumping
might need to make a literal leap. So be into a river, try to jump as far away from
prepared! Here’s some good advice for the riverbank as you can. Stay away from
making two kinds of emergency jumps. bridge towers. Why? Debris
collects there. You could be
JUMPING FROM A BUILDING INTO A DUMPSTER injured if you land on it.
Landing in a dumpster is usually a Jump feet first. Keep
safer bet than landing on the sidewalk. your body completely
Imagine jumping straight down. If you vertical. If your body isn’t
leap too far away from the building, you straight, you could break
could miss the dumpster. So be careful. your back. Squeeze your
As you fall, pull your chin toward your feet together. Squeeze
chest and bring your legs around. What your buttocks together,
you’re trying to do is land on your back. too. If you don’t, the force
This is the safest way to make contact. of the rushing water may
When it hits, your body folds into a V cause severe damage.
shape, so landing on your stomach could Hold your hands over
break your back. your crotch.
What if the dumpster is filled with The moment you hit
bricks? In that case, falling into the the water, spread your
dumpster would be as dangerous as arms and legs. Move
jumping into the street. So look before you them back and forth.
leap. If the dumpster is filled with clothes, This will slow down your
cardboard boxes, or other such material, plunge toward the bottom.
you’re in luck. It’s possible to survive a Jumping this way could
jump into a dumpster from five stories. break your legs—but it
All you need is the right kind of trash. could also keep you alive.
Think about emergency situations.
1. Describe a situation when jumping 2. Describe a situation when jumping

from a building into a dumpster into a river from a bridge or cliff
might save your life. might save your life.
__________________________________ __________________________________
__________________________________ __________________________________
6 READ•REFLECT•RESPOND
LESSON 1: EMERGENCY JUMPS
Circle a letter or word, fill in the blanks, or write out the answer.
Recall details. (More than one answer Similarities and differences. (More than
may be correct.) one answer may be correct.)
1. In a jump from a bridge, why 9. How might you be injured in

should you spread your arms either jump described?
and legs as you hit the water? a. landing on hard or sharp debris
a. to slow your plunge through b. getting crushed by air
the water pressure as you fall
b. to keep from hitting the c. holding your body in the
river bottom wrong position
c. to avoid hitting debris
on the bottom 10. What is a significant difference
between the two jumps?
2. If you dive headfirst from a. In a cliff jump, you try to guess
a bridge into the water, the length of your fall.
you risk b. You position your body
a. breaking your legs. differently in each jump.
b. breaking your skull. c. In both jumps you try to avoid
c. swallowing water. hitting obstacles.
Identify antonyms. (Complete the

3. If you jump into a dumpster,
words from the reading.)
try to land ( feet / back ) first.
11. reckless / c__ __ __ __ __ __
4. If you jump from a bridge, 12. die / s__ __ __ __ __ __
try to land in the water with
13. shallow / d__ __ __
your ( feet / back ) first.
14. safe / d__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
Match words and meanings.
Look it up in a reference source.
5. ____ debris a. serious,
dangerous 15. The building is filling with smoke!
Drop to your hands and knees and
6. ____ vertical b. to dive or crawl to the nearest exit!
fall suddenly Why should you crawl rather than
walk or run?
7. ____ severe c. pieces of broken or
destroyed things _________________________________
_________________________________
8. ____ plunge d. straight up and
down; upright _________________________________
LESSON 2
Can a common weed come to the rescue?
PLANTS THAT DETECT LAND MINES
Land mines are explosives buried just

below the surface of the ground. They’re
weapons of war. Some types are designed
to blow up vehicles, such as tanks. Others
are designed to blow up soldiers. Just a
footstep on the ground can set them off.
Land mines are easy to make and put in
place. After wars, the land mines are left
buried in the ground. Today, tens of
millions of explosives still lie just
underground—in 80 countries! In these
places, land mines maim or kill more than
8,000 people every year. And land mines
also make the soil around them unfit explosive material inside the land mines.
for farming. Thale-cress grows a few weeks after its
Recently a Danish company discovered seeds are scattered over a test area. If it
a possible solution to the land-mine turns red, the ground is dangerous. So the
problem. It’s a common weed called unexploded land mines are removed. If
thale-cress. Scientists at the not, it’s safe to walk there—or
company actually altered the grow crops or build houses.
genes of the thale-cress. This The plant is still being
caused the plant to develop a studied. After all, it must work
new characteristic. When it’s consistently in all soil types.
planted near land mines, it Someday, however, the lethal
turns red. The color is the danger buried beneath the
THE GREEN CRESS
plant’s reaction to nitrogen- TURNS RED WHEN IT soil may be wiped out by a
dioxide, a gas given off by the DETECTS EXPLOSIVES.
common little weed.
Think about weapons and safety.
1. Name three weapons of war besides 2. Think of a life-saving invention you

land mines and tanks. wish someone would create.
• _________________________________ _________________________________
• _________________________________ _________________________________
• _________________________________ _________________________________
LESSON 2: PLANTS THAT DETECT LAND MINES
Recall details. Build your vocabulary.

1. What two purposes do land characteristic altered lethal
mines have? scattered defeat maim
a. They lure people into
certain areas. 6. Something that is __________________
b. They destroy vehicles such has been changed.
as tanks.
7. To ___________________ something is
c. They kill soldiers who
step on them. to injure or cripple it.
2. What happens when thale-cress 8. ___________________ seeds are

grows near a land mine? thrown about in various places.
a. It dies.
9. A ___________________ is a feature
b. It keeps the mine from
blowing up. that helps identify a person or thing.
c. It turns red.
10. If you ___________________ enemies,
3. What gas that affects thale-cress you win a victory over them.
is given off by land mines?
a. carbon dioxide 11. A ___________________ attack would
b. nitrogen dioxide result in the victim’s death.
c. oxygen Draw a conclusion. (More than one

answer is correct.)
4. How did scientists enable
12. Why do land mines often do greater
thale-cress to react to land mines?
damage to children than adults?
a. They altered its genes.
a. Children’s bodies are smaller.
b. They turned it red.
b. Curious children pick up
c. They planted it near mines. land mines.
c. Children are less aware
Identify the main idea. of the dangers.
5. The reading is about
a. a weed that could be used
13. In 1997, many countries signed
to detect land mines.
a treaty banning land mines.
b. an old-fashioned method Many nations agreed to stop
used to detect land mines. making and using them. In all,
c. how land mines can be how many nations
found all over the world. signed the treaty? _______________
LESSON 3
Meet an awful man with an awesome talent.
TY COBB
Ty Cobb, born in 1886, is famous for nastiness. He was famous for ramming
his marvelous baseball records. His second basemen with his spikes. He even
record of 2,245 runs scored stood until sharpened them to make the impact more
2001. His record of 892 stolen bases painful. Easily angered, he got into
wasn’t broken until 1979. His lifetime fistfights with his teammates, umpires,
batting average was a remarkable .366. and opposing players.
Cobb, also known as the Georgia Off the field, Cobb beat his
Peach, was one of the greatest wives and children. He was
baseball players of all time. He was a violent racist. Once he
also a cruel and violent man. beat an African-American
No one knows when man—and his wife—for
Cobb’s troubles started. merely touching him.
But they got worse Talk about mean! He
when he was 18. That even stomped and
year, his father was shot kicked a paraplegic fan.
to death by Cobb’s mother, Cobb could also be
under suspicious circumstances. generous, however. He was
The week of his father’s death, young Ty a smart businessman who made a fortune
joined the major leagues, playing for the from baseball. He gave away millions to
Detroit Tigers. charity. And he enjoyed teaching young
It was common for baseball teams to players.
haze rookies, but Cobb was hazed without But Cobb’s meanness finally drove
mercy. His fellow players shoved him aside everyone away. He married several times,
in the batting cage. If he tried to talk to but one after another his wives left him.
them, they ignored him. They broke his Even his children kept their distance.
bats and wound his clothes in knots. One Eventually, all of his friends walked away.
player even broke Cobb’s nose. Tyrus Cobb died in 1961. Only three
As Cobb got better and better at his people who knew him well took the time
game, he also earned a reputation for to come to his funeral.
Think about troubled people.
1. If you owned a baseball team, would you want someone like Ty Cobb to be on it?
Why or why not?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 3: TY COBB
2. Suppose a man had a terrible time in his teen years. Should he be forgiven for
being mean as an adult?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Build your vocabulary. 8. Why did so few people attend Cobb’s

paraplegic suspicious hazing funeral?
circumstances rookie impact _________________________________
_________________________________
1. __________________ means giving a
newcomer a rough time. Recall details.
2. An athlete who’s just begun to play a 9. Describe a low point in Cobb’s life.
professional sport is a _________________________________
__________________. _________________________________
3. The effect of one object striking 10. Describe a high point in Cobb’s life.
another is called an _________________. _________________________________
4. If your legs are paralyzed, you’re _________________________________
a __________________.
11. Name two good things Ty Cobb did.
5. __________________ are the conditions •________________________________
at a certain time or place.
•________________________________
6. To be __________________ is to think
12. Name two awful things Ty Cobb did.
there is guilt but have no proof.
•________________________________
Draw conclusions. •________________________________
7. If Ty Cobb were a baseball player
today, he Look it up in a reference source.
(More than one answer may be correct.) 13. Who broke Cobb’s record for
a. probably wouldn’t be hazed stealing bases?
so cruelly.
_________________________________
b. would be likely to receive
counseling. 14. Who broke Cobb’s record for
runs scored?
c. couldn’t get away with
spiking players. _________________________________
LESSON 4
Bigger doesn’t always mean better.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
What is nanotechnology? The prefix “nano” COMPARISON CHART: METER TO NANOMETER
comes from the Greek word nanos, meaning TIMES SMALLER

THAN A METER
“dwarf.” Technology is the use of science 1 meter —
BASEBALL BAT
for practical purposes. Nanotechnology is
100 millimeters 10
the science of developing extremely small
HUMMINGBIRD
devices and materials. 10 millimeters 100
HEAD OF A NAIL
How small? In nanotechnology, things are
1 millimeter 1,000
measured in nanometers. A nanometer is
one billionth of a meter. To give you a 100 micrometers 10,000
RED BLOOD CELLS
better idea of just how tiny that is, a
10 micrometers 100,000
strand of hair is 80,000 nanometers thick.
Why are people interested in working 1 micrometer 1 million
with things this tiny? This field of study WAVELENGTH
VISIBLE LIGHT
100 nanometers 10 million
has great potential. When manipulated
VIRUS
atom by atom, materials change. Carbon, 10 nanometers 100 million
DNA MOLECULE
for example, becomes surprisingly strong.
1 nanometer 1 billion
Experts believe that nanotechnology can
make almost anything smaller, stronger,
and more powerful. Today, those are only ideas. In the future
Nano-materials are in use today. Nano- they could become reality.
sized clay particles are already used to Meanwhile, nano-materials must be
strengthen car bodies. Other nano-materials studied very carefully. There have been
are used in tennis balls, wrinkle-resistant serious concerns about their safety. Some
clothing, and sunscreen. nano-materials have a toxic effect on
Possible applications of nanotechnology living things. Many people are concerned
are endless. Here are just two ideas: nano- about the effect of these nano-materials
robots might patrol your bloodstream and on the environment.
attack viruses. And nano-robots could be Nanotechnology can make our future
used to clean up oil slicks and toxic spills. world better—or worse. It’s up to us.
Think about large and small objects.

1. Think of an object that’s about 10 times as
thick as a human hair. What is it? ___________________________________
2. A nanometer is 80,000 times thinner than

a strand of human hair. Can you name an
object that’s about 80,000 times thicker
than a strand of hair? Take a guess. ___________________________________
LESSON 4: NANOTECHNOLOGY
Build your vocabulary. 9. Nano-materials ( are in use today /

device concerns carbon may be used in the future ).
toxic resistant virus
10. The Greek term nanos means
1. A poisonous material is described ( dwarf / small ).
as __________________.
11. A strand of hair is much
2. If you have __________________ ( thinner / thicker ) than
about something, you’re worried a nanometer.
about it.
Making inferences. (Write T for true
or F for false.)
3. A __________________ is a tool
invented for a special purpose. 12. ____ Certain nano-materials could
poison an animal.
4. A microscopic agent that 13. ____ Nano-materials could be used
in body armor.
causes infectious disease is
a __________________. 14. ____ There’s no money to be made
in nanotechnology.
5. __________________ is a 15. ____ Nano-materials cannot be
seen with the naked eye.
nonmetallic element that
exists in many inorganic Use the chart.
and all organic compounds. 16. A baseball bat is approximately ____
times larger than a DNA molecule.
6. A spill of grape jelly could be a. 1 million
easily removed from a stain-
b. 1 billion
__________________ material.
c. 1 trillion
Recall details.
7. Materials ( change / disappear ) 17. Name three examples of
when they’re made to be nanoplankton.
extremely small. •________________________________
•________________________________
8. A nanometer is one ( millionth /
•________________________________
billionth ) of a meter.
LESSON 5
She risked her life to help girls learn.
SAKENA YACOOBI
As a child in Afghanistan, Sakena discovered. After a British woman had

Yacoobi dreamed of becoming a doctor. visited one of the schools, word leaked
She wanted to help women in her country out. The Taliban authorities prepared to
lead better lives. But she probably never raid the school.
imagined she’d risk her own Luckily, someone told the
life to help them learn to read. teachers that the Taliban were
In the late 1990s, the coming. “They scattered the
Taliban took over Afghanistan. children,” Yacoobi remembers.
Their laws were harsh. They “They put away the books and
outlawed music and television. covered up the blackboards.
Men could be jailed for When the authorities arrived,
shaving their beards. Women the teachers said, ‘What? We
were not allowed to work, and have no school here.’ We came
girls could not go to school. this close to being caught,”
When the Taliban rose to Yacoobi says, bringing her
power, Yacoobi was living in thumb and forefinger very
the United States. She had close together.
graduated from college and After September 11, 2001,
was working here. Yacoobi could have the United States and its allies drove the
remained in the United States and lived a Taliban from power. Now Afghanistan’s
comfortable life. But instead, she returned new government is running schools
to Afghanistan. There, along with two for all children. Yacoobi continues to
other women, she set up and managed 80 help women and children in her country
secret schools for girls. and in Pakistan. She is also one of the
The schools were in basements or leaders of the Global Fund for Women
rooms with blacked-out windows. Girls located in San Francisco, California. This
were told not to come to school in groups, organization provides money for women
but to arrive one by one. to set up businesses, health clinics, and
Once, the secret schools were nearly schools.
Think about education.
1. Imagine that education for girls was suddenly forbidden in the United States.
Write two sentences describing what you think would happen.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 5: SAKENA YACOOBI
2. What do you think are the most important things that schools teach?
___________________________________________________________________________
Match synonyms. Draw conclusions. (More than one answer

may be correct.)
1. ____ harsh a. forbid
9. Girls were told not to arrive at school
2. ____ allies b. operated at the same time. Why?
3. ____ managed c. partners ____________________________________
4. ____ authorities d. strict ____________________________________
5. ____ outlaw e. officials
10. The reading suggests that Sakena
Recognize gestures. Yacoobi
You make a gesture when you hold your a. knows the problems women
thumb and forefinger close together. face in many countries.
A gesture is a meaningful body signal b. has traveled to many different
that takes the place of speech. countries.
6. Which of the following are gestures? c. is an expert on sports around
a. a circle with a line through it the world.
b. holding your thumb up
Put events in order.
c. putting a finger to your lips
11. Number the events to show the order
in which they happened.
Interpret figurative language.
Some expressions have different meanings ____ Yacoobi sets up secret schools.
than the literal meaning of the words.
____ Yacoobi returns to Afghanistan.
What do the following figurative ____ The Taliban is driven from power.
phrase and sentence mean?
____ One of Yacoobi’s schools is
7. “Word leaked out” means nearly raided.
a. the news spread. ____ Yacoobi is educated in the
b. the words dripped out. United States.
8. “They scattered the children” Look it up in a reference source.

means they 12. Why did the United States and its
a. told them never to allies attack the Taliban?
come back. ____________________________________
b. sent them off in different ____________________________________
directions.
____________________________________
LESSON 6
A look at daily life some 2,000 years ago.
A DAY IN ANCIENT ROME
Days began early in ancient Rome.

Before dawn, the streets were busy as
laborers and small shop owners hurried
to work. Many of them carried oil lamps
to light their way.
In houses and apartments, slaves went
around to bedrooms to wake up their
masters. People got up and washed their long rolls of paper called scrolls. An
faces and hands in bowls of water. Then abacus was used for teaching arithmetic.
they dressed in tunics and leather sandals. Older boys studied public speaking, Latin
Men wore togas over their tunics. grammar, math, and Greek.
Before leaving home, Girls were taught reading, writing, and
people prayed in front music at home. There they also learned
of their family shrine. how to run a house.
The shrine was a special In the afternoon, men and boys often
place of honor for images went to the public baths. (Women went in
of the gods who looked the morning.) Hardly anyone had a bath
after the family. at home. Besides keeping clean, the
If the family was ancient Romans enjoyed going to the
wealthy enough, the baths to visit friends. Men could also
boys went to school. exercise in the sports area.
Their teachers were The evening meal was served about six
paid by their parents. o’clock. Soon after dinner, it was bedtime.
Students learned reading, Few Romans could afford to keep their oil
writing, and arithmetic. lamps burning into the night. So, as soon
Lessons were written on as darkness fell, the day was over.
Think about ancient Rome.
1. Circle the words or phrases 2. Would you have enjoyed living in

associated with ancient Rome. ancient Rome? Why or why not?
mud huts gladiators _________________________________
the Coliseum knights in armor _________________________________
_________________________________
chariots ice skating
_________________________________
LESSON 6: A DAY IN ANCIENT ROME
Build your vocabulary. Compare and contrast.

tunic grammar toga abacus 10. Name one similarity between
a day in ancient Rome and a
1. __________________ is the system day in your own life.
of rules for speaking and writing. ________________________________
2. A __________________ is a loose ________________________________
outer garment usually worn over a
11. Name three differences between
__________________.
a day in your life and a day in
3. A __________________ is a loose- ancient Rome.
fitting garment extending to the •_______________________________
knees. It is often worn under a _______________________________
__________________.
•_______________________________
4. An __________________ is a manual _______________________________
computing device that uses parallel
•_______________________________
rods strung with movable counters.
_______________________________
Recognize parts of speech.
Make inferences. (Write T for true
5. In the sentence, “Girls were or F for false.)
taught how to run a house,” 12. ____ Ancient Romans kept
run is a ( noun / verb ). themselves very clean.
6. In the sentence, “As soon as 13. ____ The climate in Rome must
be fairly warm.
darkness fell, the day was over,”
fell is a ( noun / verb ). 14. ____ Many men in Rome gave
speeches.
Draw a conclusion. 15. ____ Schools were free to the public.
7. What language was spoken in 16. ____ Girls were trained to be
ancient Rome? leaders.
________________________________ 17. ____ Children always did their
homework after dinner.
Provide antonyms.
8. The word public is the opposite of
p__ __ __ __ __ __ . 18. What are the approximate dates
of the beginning and end of the
9. The word ancient is the opposite of Roman Empire?
m__ __ __ __ __ . _________________________________
LESSON 7
Are you aware that symbols represent ideas?
POLITICAL SYMBOLS
The symbol for the Democratic Party, a zoo in New York City. It turned out
the donkey, was first used in the 1828 that the rumors about the zoo animals
presidential campaign. Democrat Andrew weren’t true. But that had given Thomas
Jackson’s opponents called the candidate Nast an idea. Because he didn’t
“a stubborn jackass.” But Jackson was like Grant, Nast drew the Republican
proud of his reputation for Party as an elephant running
stubbornness. So he began wild. From that day on,
to use the image of a the elephant remained
donkey on his campaign the symbol of the
posters. Ever since Republican Party.
then, the donkey has When we see the
been associated with swastika, we think of
the Democrats. Nazis. But originally,
The symbol for the this ancient design
Republican Party is the meant something completely
elephant. This symbol was different. It was a Hindu symbol
invented by Thomas Nast, a famous that represented the sun’s daily path
political cartoonist. across the sky. In fact, the swastika
In 1874, some people thought that appears on religious objects all over the
Ulysses S. Grant might run again for world. Objects decorated with swastikas
president. President Grant, a Republican, have been found in the Middle East, Asia,
had already served two terms. The North America, and South America.
rumors said he might try for a third When Adolph Hitler rose to power in
term. At the same time, there were Germany, he chose the swastika as the
rumors that animals had escaped from symbol of the Nazi Party.
Think about familiar symbols. The symbol for “no smoking,” for example,
is a cigarette in a circle with a slash running through it. What other
symbols do you know?
1. Name a symbol you see every day. 2. Name an idea or object that
What does it stand for? is represented by a symbol.
(For example, a commonly used
_________________________________
symbol for love is a heart.)
_________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
LESSON 7: POLITICAL SYMBOLS
Build your vocabulary. 7. ____ If Ulysses S. Grant had been

elected for a third term, he
1. Associated things are would have served 12 years
a. items you’ve seen before. as president.
b. connected in some way. 8. ____ Political cartoons are usually
c. different from one another. flattering; they show people
in the best light possible.
2. You represent something
9. ____ Many people were probably
when you
upset that Adolph Hitler used
a. talk about it. a Hindu symbol for the Nazis.
b. stand for it.
Identify the main idea.
c. fight against it.
10. This reading is about
3. In a political race, your a. how political cartoons
opponent is influence voters.
a. one of your supporters.
b. the history of symbols
b. your running mate. used to represent three
c. running against you. political parties.
c. the wide variety of symbols
4. An image of a person or used in politics.
a thing is
a. an original, artistically Match synonyms.
drawn symbol.
created stubborn religious rumors
b. a picture or likeness of it.
c. ghostly visitation.
11. obstinate / _______________________
Draw conclusions. (Write T for true 12. gossip / __________________________
or F for false.)
13. sacred / __________________________
5. ____ Jackson’s opponents were
probably frustrated when 14. invented / ________________________
he used the donkey image
in his campaign.
15. What symbol of the South in
6. ____ Today, when people think
America’s Civil War still causes
of the Republican Party,
controversy when it’s displayed?
they think of elephants
running wild. _________________________________
LESSON 8
These people were outcasts at the birth of our nation.
THE LOYALISTS
Before the United States of America The colonists who were for the war called
came into being, we were 13 colonies, themselves patriots. They despised the
under the rule of Great Britain. Then Loyalists and considered them traitors. Many
in 1775, the colonists rose Loyalists were forced to sign
up against their “mother pledges of allegiance to the
LOYALIST OATH
country,” Great Britain. Their “I voluntarily take this oath to bear patriots. Sometimes they
rebellion started America’s faith and true allegiance to His signed only after being coated
Majesty King George the Third;
Revolutionary War. Many of with hot tar and feathers!
and defend to the utmost of my
today’s Americans assume power, His sacred Person, Crown When the war began
that the colonists were and Government, against all in 1775, many states
persons whatsoever.”
united in their fight against passed laws against
the British rule. But that the Loyalists. Some
assumption is wrong. PATRIOT OATH of these laws forbade
As many as one-third of “I do acknowledge the United Loyalists to vote or hold
States of America to be Free,
the colonists were against Independent and Sovereign States, office. Many Loyalists
the war. Loyal to England’s and declare that the people thereof had their property
owe no allegiance or obedience to
King George III, they were George the Third, King of Great confiscated.
called Loyalists, or Tories. The Britain; and I renounce, refuse and During the war,
abjure any allegiance or obedience
Loyalists were happy to be part thousands of Loyalists
to him; and I do swear that I will, to
of Great Britain. After all, it was the utmost of my power, support, fought for the British.
a powerful country. Loyalists maintain and defend the said Many others fled the
United States, against the said
were afraid that without British King George the Third, his heirs country and settled in
protection, the colonies might and successors.” Canada. But many
be claimed by France or Spain. stayed. After the war,
None of them believed that the colonists hatred of the Loyalists gradually died
would stand a chance in a war against down. By 1812, most of the laws against
the mighty British army. them had been repealed.
Think about colonial times.
1. Circle the events that took place 2. Name one fact you know about the
before the colonies became the Revolutionary War.
United States of America.
_________________________________
Boston Tea Party the Patriot Act _________________________________
Paul Revere’s ride War of 1812 _________________________________
LESSON 8: THE LOYALISTS
Recall details. (More than one answer Build your vocabulary.

may be correct.) 7. ____ united a. to officially
1. The Loyalists were colonists who take away
a. fought for independence. b. a serious
8. ____ pledge
promise
b. disliked King George.
c. joined
c. were loyal to Great Britain. 9. ____ confiscate together
d. loyalty to
2. How many colonists were Loyalists? a cause or
10. ____ allegiance
a. about one-third of them country
b. most of New York e. cancel or
11. ____ repeal revoke
c. a few hundred
Match antonyms. (Complete the words
3. When the Revolutionary War began,
from the reading or the oaths.)
many Loyalists fought
a. on the side of the British. 12. weak / p__ __ __ __ __ __ __
b. against the British Army. 13. adored / d__ __ __ __ __ __ __
c. against the colonists.
14. suddenly / g__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
4. Some states passed laws against 15. least / u__ __ __ __ __
Loyalists. These laws
16. allowed / f__ __ __ __ __ __
a. prevented them from holding office.
b. banned them from voting. 17. accept / r__ __ __ __ __ __ __
c. confiscated their houses and land. 18. dependent / s__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
5. Many colonists felt that those who Look it up in a reference source.

fought on the side of the British were 19. About how many black slaves
a. patriots. b. valuable. c. traitors. fought on the British side in
America’s Revolutionary War?
6. How did many Loyalists react to their _______________________________
harsh treatment by the patriots?
a. They became patriots, and joined What were they called?
the fight against the British. _______________________________
b. They left the colonies, many of
Why did they fight for the British?
them settling in Canada.
_______________________________
c. They asked France to join the
_______________________________
British against the patriots.
LESSON 9
A tough sport for tough athletes.
THE SPORT OF KINGS—AND QUEENS!
Horse racing is a very dangerous sport. And while there are several successful
Unlike other riders, jockeys don’t sit on women jockeys, there is still discrimination.
their horses. They balance on their toes They are often preferred as morning
in the stirrups and lean over the horse’s exercise riders while being snubbed for
neck. One good jolt can send them afternoon race mounts. Even the top
flying. If these petite individuals fall female jockeys seldom get the
off, they risk being trampled by a best horses.
1,200-pound horse! So why would anyone—
Injuries are common. male or female—struggle
The horses can also to be a part of this
be difficult. They’re grueling sport? Perhaps
high-strung and for the thrill of the ride.
easily spooked. Thoroughbred race
Sometimes horses buck, horses love to race. Even
crash into gates, or just take without riders, they will race
off. California jockey Russell Baze each other. The jockeys hold
has had his collarbone broken twice and them back for most of the race. Why?
his back fractured four times. His wrist The horses must save their strength.
and pelvis have also been broken, and Then, in the last quarter of the race, the
he’s suffered several concussions. jockeys let them go. The surge forward
Serious injuries affect not only the can be beautiful. Jockey and horse are
body, but the pocketbook. There is no in perfect rhythm. The rest of the
paycheck for an injured rider. Very few world seems to stand still as the finish
jockeys are wealthy. line looms ahead. Now horse and
Jockeys are mostly male. However, jockey push ahead with all the heart and
females entered the sport in the late strength they’ve got. And if they’re
1960s, and their numbers are growing. lucky, they win.
Think about women and men in the workplace.
1. Name three jobs that in past years 2. Now name three jobs that in past
were mostly “men only.” years were mostly “women only.”
•_________________________________ •_________________________________
•_________________________________ •_________________________________
•_________________________________ •_________________________________
LESSON 9: THE SPORT OF KINGS—AND QUEENS!
Build your vocabulary. 10. ____ Jockeys hold their horses back
until the last part of the race.
1. A concussion is an injury to the
11. ____ Most jockeys make a fortune
( collarbone / brain ).
racing horses.
2. If you often get spooked, you’re 12. ____ Jockeys sit down in the saddle
easily ( surprised / frightened ). and lean over the horse’s neck.
13. ____ Racehorses are often tense

3. A grueling activity is ( easy / hard ).
and easily scared.
4. If you’re naturally a high-strung 14. ____ Racehorses aren’t naturally
person, you’re ( smart / tense ). competitive.
15. ____ Owners prefer to have male

5. A crack or break in a bone is
jockeys exercise their horses.
called a ( suture / fracture ).
16. ____ Female jockeys no longer
6. A thoroughbred is a pure breed face discrimination in the
world of racing.
of racehorse that ( descended /
ascended ) from English mares Match words and meanings.
and Arabian stallions. 17. ____ petite 19. ____ mount
7. If you’re jolted out of your 18. ____ snub 20. ____ discriminate
seat, your bus probably stopped a. an animal on which to ride

( slowly / suddenly ). b. to ignore or behave coldly toward
Draw conclusions. c. to act on the basis of prejudice

d. small, slender, and trim
8. Circle the words that describe a
skillful jockey.
cautious strong horse-lover
21. How many miles per hour
chubby fearful small does a thoroughbred racehorse
usually run?
Recall details. (Write T for true _______________________________
or F for false.)
9. ____ Female jockeys often get 22. What’s the average annual
to ride the best horses. income for a jockey?
_______________________________
LESSON 10
Are the sounds you hear in a movie “real”?
SOUND EFFECTS
When a crew films a scene in a movie, movements of the actors in the scene.
they also record the sounds being made, Sound experts have huge libraries of
right? Wrong. There’s too much recorded sounds. They might have 50,000
background noise. Unwanted CDs of sounds—and even
noise comes from everywhere. more stored on a computer.
It might be the sound of And sound experts are
nearby cars, airplanes flying always creating new sounds.
overhead, people moving Probably the most famous
around off-screen—you sound designer is Ben Burtt.
name it. Even in He invented the sounds for
a soundproof studio, Star Wars. Here are a few of
cameras can be noisy. the sounds he created:
And there’s another reason: • Wookie language: a blend of
real sounds don’t sound real on walrus calls and other animal
film. Why? Because recording sounds
devices aren’t perfect. For example, the • Darth Vader’s breathing: Burtt himself,
“crack” of a baseball bat may need to breathing with scuba equipment
have an echo sound added. The echo
• Luke’s landspeeder: sounds of a freeway,
would make the “crack” sound as if it’s
recorded through a vacuum-cleaner hose
happening in a big space—like a ballpark.
• Light saber: blended noise from a TV set
Every single background sound you
and a 35mm projector
hear has been added. For example,
imagine a family having dinner. Sounds • Ewok language: a combination of
might be added to simulate the clink of Nepali, Mongolian, and Tibetan
silverware and dishes. The hum of a language (spoken by the peoples of
refrigerator might be heard, too, or the Nepal, Mongolia, and Tibet) plus some
noise of distant traffic. The sounds of made-up words.
chairs moving and the brush of clothes For more on Star Wars sound effects,
against those chairs must also be added. you can visit www.filmsound.org/starwars
Many of these sounds have to match the or www.skysound.com on the Internet.
Think about sound—and movies.
Think about sound effects used in movies, including musical scores. Do you think
these sounds add to or detract from the movie? Explain your answer.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 10: SOUND EFFECTS
Identify examples. Make inferences. (Choose appropriate

sounds for three robots.)
1. Sound contributes a lot to the mood
of a movie. Think of one sound that 10. The first robot is old and slow-moving.
could make a horror movie scarier. The best sounds for it might be
__________________________________ a. high-pitched chirping sounds.
b. creaky, rusty sounds.
2. Circle actions that could be done
silently. c. light-footed, quiet sounds.
thinking rubbing scraping wondering 11. The second robot is speedy and
comical. The best sounds for it
writing breathing twisting forgetting
might be
3. “Whack” is both a sound and an a. whirring, chirping sounds.
action. Circle the words below that b. heavy-footed, clanking sounds.
are both sounds and actions.
c. harsh, grating sounds.
fight hum blend crack pop mix
12. The third robot is swift-moving
Recall details. (Write T for true and dangerous. The best sounds
or F for false.) for it might be
4. ____ Background noise includes a. swishing, hissing sounds.
the sounds of the main b. delicate, tinkling sounds.
characters’ voices.
c. light, watery sounds.
5. ____ Sound effects are often
a blend of electronic and Identify synonyms. (Complete each word
everyday sounds. pair with a synonym from the box.)
6. ____ Sound experts are always
imitate combine machine
adding to their sound
collections.
13. device / __________________________
7. ____ In a movie, sound effects
are made while scenes are 14. simulate / ________________________
being filmed. 15. blend / __________________________
8. ____ In every scene, sounds
must be added at just the Look it up in a reference source.
right moment. 16. What is a Foley artist?
9. ____ Ewok language is a combination _________________________________
of Nepali, Mongolian, and _________________________________
Taiwanese. _________________________________
LESSON 11
Dental hygiene has an interesting history.
EVER TWIG YOUR TEETH?
The first nylon toothbrush came out in

1938. Unfortunately, the bristles were so
hard, they damaged people’s gums.
Eventually, after a few changes were
made, nylon toothbrushes became safer
to use. They are what most people in the
United States use today.
Before nylon toothbrushes, people
cleaned their teeth in several different
ways. Some used animal bristles, usually
taken from pigs. Others used sand,
leaves, or even their fingers. In Egypt,
about 3000 B.C., people cleaned their
teeth with a tooth “stick.” This was a twig
that had one end frayed into bristles. The dentists whitened people’s teeth by filing
other end was the handle. away the tooth enamel. Then they coated
You’ll find this hard to believe, but most the teeth with nitric acid. For a while, the
early toothpastes had urine in them. Yes, teeth would look pearly white. Then they
really! Urine contains ammonia, and would decay. Even today, we don’t have a
ammonia is an excellent cleanser. Many magic secret for turning teeth white.
formulas for toothpaste today still use Brushing and flossing can reduce stains.
ammonia—but not in the form of urine. But be wary of products that promise
As people get older, their teeth perfectly white teeth. Many products
gradually turn from white to yellow. contain harsh abrasives that can damage
That’s a shame, because white teeth have the tooth enamel. So always talk to a
always been prized. In the Middle Ages, dentist before trying to whiten your teeth.
Think about how you groom yourself in front of the mirror.
1. Besides brushing your teeth, what do you do in front of the mirror in the
morning?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Name two grooming products that weren’t around in ancient Egypt.

•___________________________________ •___________________________________
LESSON 11: EVER TWIG YOUR TEETH?
Build your vocabulary. Recall details.
frayed enamel wary abrasive harsh 8. What can help to get rid of stains
on teeth?
1. An __________________ substance _______________________________
scrapes or grinds.
9. What substance in urine is a
Sandpaper is __________________. cleaning agent?
2. __________________ is the hard outer _______________________________
layer of the teeth.
10. What process makes teeth look
Decay can eat through ________________. yellow?
3. __________________ means separated _______________________________
into loose ends.
11. Does modern toothpaste
The ends of her old shoelaces eventually contain urine?
got __________________. _______________________________
4. __________________ means rough
12. What can harsh abrasives do to
or irritating. tooth enamel?
Gravel feels __________________ _______________________________
against bare feet.
13. What harm can stiff toothbrush
5. If you’re __________________, you’re bristles do?
careful or cautious. _______________________________
Be __________________ of unlit
parking lots at night. Match synonyms.
14. ____ decay a. valued

15. ____ reduce b. rot
6. What is the main idea of this reading?
a. People can damage their teeth 16. ____ stains c. lessen
if they’re not careful. 17. ____ prized d. discolorations
b. In the past, people used various
methods to clean their teeth. Look it up in a reference source.
c. Today’s dental care is better and 18. What do modern dentists do to
safer than it was in years past. help people who want to hide
7. Write one detail from the reading that their unsightly teeth?
supports the main idea you selected. ________________________________
_________________________________ ________________________________
_________________________________
LESSON 12
What happened to the “fourth” plane on 9/11?
FLIGHT 93
On September 11, 2001, United Airlines wailing in the background. Beamer told
Flight 93 was scheduled to depart at 8:00 her that he and some of the passengers
A.M. Instead, it left New Jersey 42 minutes planned to rush the hijackers.
late. It was headed toward San Francisco. The plane was getting closer to
About an hour into the flight, air traffic Washington, D.C. The White House
controllers heard something strange. had been evacuated. Fighter jets
Sounds of a struggle were were in the air, ready to shoot
coming from the cockpit! A few down any suspicious planes.
minutes passed. Then a man’s It was almost 10:00 A.M.
voice announced in heavily when flight attendant Sandra
accented English, “This is Bradshaw called her husband.
your captain. We’ve been She said she was boiling water
advised that there is a bomb on to throw on the hijackers.
board. Everyone should remain Passenger Jeremy Glick told his
calm as we return to the airport.” wife about the passengers’ plan to
But the plane wasn’t headed back to take back the plane.
New Jersey. It was now flying toward Todd Beamer ended his call to the
Washington, D.C. supervisor. As he did, she heard him say
Passengers on the plane began calling to someone, “Are you ready? OK, let’s roll.”
people on their cell phones. Passenger Jeremy Glick’s wife couldn’t stand to listen
Mark Bingham told relatives that the anymore. She handed the phone to her
plane had been hijacked. father. He heard some noise, then screams.
The people who were called told the He said the sounds reminded him of a
passengers the terrible news. The United roller coaster. Then the phone went dead.
States was being attacked by terrorists! The plane crashed to the ground in
Three planes had crashed into the World rural Pennsylvania. Everyone aboard was
Trade Center and the Pentagon. killed. What if the hijackers hadn’t been
As Todd Beamer talked to a telephone stopped? The plane’s ultimate target
supervisor, she could hear passengers could well have been the White House!
Think about 9/11/01.
1. Write a few sentences about September 11, 2001. What do you remember about
it? How did you feel when you heard the news?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 12: FLIGHT 93
2. Do you think the United States will be attacked again? Explain your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Match words and meanings. Draw a conclusion.

1. ____ supervisor 3. ____ wailing 9. The passengers on Flight 93 had
2. ____ evacuated 4. ____ rural heard about the attacks on the
Pentagon and the World Trade
a. making long, sad cries Center. But suppose they did
not know about the other attacks.
b. someone who watches over other
Do you think they would still
people’s work
have fought the hijackers?
c. having to do with the country Explain your answer.
d. withdrawn from a dangerous area ________________________________
________________________________
Put events in order. ________________________________
5. Number the events to show the order ________________________________
in which they happened. ________________________________
____ Sandra Bradshaw boiled water ________________________________
to throw at the hijackers.
Activate prior knowledge.
____ Flight 93 took off from New
Jersey 42 minutes late. 10. The World Trade Center consisted
____ Flight 93 crashed in rural of ( two / three ) tall buildings.
Pennsylvania, killing everyone.
11. The Pentagon is the headquarters
____ Air traffic controllers heard of the U.S. Department of ( State /
sounds of a struggle on the
Defense ).
plane.
____ The passengers learned of the Look it up in a reference source.
attacks in New York and the
12. With what were the hijackers
Pentagon.
armed?
________________________________
Recall details. (Write T for true
or F for false.) ________________________________
________________________________
6. ____ An attendant planned to throw
hot coffee on the hijackers. 13. How did their weapons get past
7. ____ Flight 93 changed its destination. security?
________________________________
8. ____ Six planes had crashed into the
________________________________
Pentagon.
LESSON 13
How can you tell if a photo has been faked?
PHOTOSHOP FAKERY
Pictures don’t lie, right? Wrong.
Sometimes they do. Images taken with a
digital camera can be altered. With
computer programs like Photoshop, you
can combine two or more images. It’s
easy to do, and the photo looks real.
Sometimes the result can be funny. For
example, you can put your brother’s head
on the body of the family dog. Sometimes,
though, the result can hurt people. For
example, imagine a photo of your city’s
mayor taking cash from a crook. If the
photo is real, that’s one thing. But if it’s a
fake, the mayor’s reputation is ruined—
unfairly.
But now there’s a way to tell if a photo
has been altered. Hany Farid, a college Many distressed people call Farid,
professor, recently invented software that looking for help. They say they’re victims
detects fake photos. of Photoshop fraud. For example, a
Here’s how it works: Every digital photo Brazilian model once asked for Farid’s
is made up of pixels. Each pixel represents assistance. She claimed that a beer
a small piece of coded information. company put a photo of her head on the
Farid’s program looks for the patterns of body of another woman in an ad. Farid
pixels in the photo. A photograph that provided the proof she needed to force
hasn’t been changed shows normal the brewery to stop running the ad. “You
patterns. A photograph that has been gotta love this job,” Farid said, “if you’ve
changed shows abnormal patterns. got supermodels calling you!”
Think about pictures.
1. What do you think affects people more—words or pictures? Why?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Have you ever seen a photo of yourself and thought, “That doesn’t look like me.”?
Describe the photo.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 13: PHOTOSHOP FAKERY
Match words and meanings. 9. ____ With Photoshop, you can

combine images.
fraud code image abnormal
10. ____ “You gotta love this job.”
1. A set of words or symbols used
Recall details.
to send messages is a kind of
__________________. 11. Digital photographs are made
up of ( pixels / images ).
2. An __________________ is a picture or
other likeness of a person or thing. 12. Farid’s program looks at
( patterns / software ) in photos.
3. A __________________ is something
13. Farid’s program can be used to
that tricks or cheats—a fake.
detect ( who last used a camera /
4. Something that is changes made to a photograph ).
__________________ is not
Give an example.
normal, average, or usual.
14. Farid’s program is an example
5. Normal and abnormal are of computer software. Name one
a. synonyms. example of computer hardware.
b. nouns. ________________________________
c. antonyms.
Identify synonyms. (Complete the
6. What’s the main idea of the reading?

15. upset / d__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
a. Fake photos can ruin people’s 16. envision / i__ __ __ __ __ __
reputations.
17. outcome / r__ __ __ __ __
b. A new software program can
detect fake photos. 18. created / i__ __ __ __ __ __ __
c. A model says she’s the victim Look it up in a reference source.

of fraud.
19. Write the dictionary definition
Fact or opinion? (Write F for fact of the word pixel.
or O for opinion.) ________________________________
7. ____ Faked digital photographs ________________________________
can be amusing. ________________________________
8. ____ Many people say they’re the ________________________________
victims of fraud. ________________________________
LESSON 14
What were the best-selling cars of all time?
THE TIN LIZZY AND THE BUG
Henry Ford had big plans when he specified certain criteria the car must
started the Ford Motor Company. He meet. It must have a top speed of 62 mph
wanted to make a car that almost and achieve 42 miles per gallon of gas. It
everyone could afford. In 1908, when the must have an air-cooled engine and be
Model T first came out, it cost $850. able to transport two adults and
At the time, this was still too three children.
expensive for most people. To Hitler also had plans for the
cut costs, Ford’s company styling of the car. He is
invented the assembly line. reputed to have said, “It
This innovation increased the should look like a beetle. You
speed of production and cut have to look to nature to find
costs. In 1925, a Model T cost only out what streamlining is.”
$290. By 1927, some 68 percent of the The first Volkswagen (German for “the
world’s cars were Model T’s—also called people’s car”) made its debut in 1939.
“Tin Lizzies.” People loved them! Production soon ended, however, with
Ford kept his car simple. The Tin the onset of WW II.
Lizzie had the same design every But the Volkswagen Beetle—
year. It had no extras at all— also known as the “Bug”—did
not even a speedometer! It not fade away. It made a
was dependable, easy to fix, comeback in 1945. Like the
and came in one color: black. Model T, the Beetle wasn’t
The idea for the Volkswagen fancy, but it was cheap. It was
Beetle—the bestselling car of all also dependable and easy to fix.
time—came from Adolph Hitler. The And Volkswagen didn’t come out with
German dictator wanted to mass-produce a new design for the Beetle every year.
a car that the average man in the street With only minor changes, the Germans
could afford. continued to build Beetles from 1945 to
Hitler assigned the task of designing 1979. Today, however, the “original-
this special car to Ferdinand Porsche. He design” Beetle is made only in Mexico.
Think about cars.
1. What features are most important to you in a car? Looks? Dependability? Price?
Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 14: THE TIN LIZZY AND THE BUG
2. Name two or three of your favorite makes or models of cars.

Explain why you like them.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Match words and meanings. 8. Name one difference between the

two cars.
1. ____ innovation 3. ____ reputed
_________________________________
2. ____ criteria 4. ____ onset
_________________________________
a. guidelines or rules of performance
Recall details. (Write T for true or
b. supposed to be a fact F for false.)
c. something new or unusual 9. ____ In 1927, more than half the
d. the start or beginning of something world’s cars were Model T’s.
10. ____ Model T’s were made in the

Draw conclusions. (More than one answer 1960s and 70s.
may be correct.)
11. ____ Unfortunately, the Beetle broke
5. Making cars in less time cuts down easily.
costs because
a. workers are paid for 12. ____ Hitler wanted the masses to
fewer hours. produce cars for the rich.
b. machinery stays running 13. ____ The design of the Beetle

a shorter time. changed every year.
c. quickly made cars were 14. ____ Ford’s assembly line increased
less dependable. the cost of the Model T.
6. In 1927, what percent of the cars 15. ____ Volkswagen is German for
in the world were not Model T’s? “the people’s car.”
a. 32% b. 22% c. 38% 16. ____ The Germans did not build any
Volkswagens after WW II.
Make comparisons.
7. Name two similarities between the Look it up in a reference source.

“Tin Lizzie” and the “Bug.” 17. What did Henry Ford say about
•________________________________ the color of his Model T’s?
________________________________ ________________________________
•________________________________ ________________________________
________________________________ ________________________________
LESSON 15
The whole city shook—and then it burned.
THE SAN FRANCISCO EARTHQUAKE
The city of San Francisco began to Mayor Eugene Schmitz formed a

shake just before dawn on April 18, 1906. Committee of Safety to take charge of the
The ground rolled, then stopped. Then it disaster. The Army stationed troops in the
lifted and rolled again. The quake lasted city. The soldiers were instructed to keep
65 seconds. In that time, buildings were order and to shoot looters.
ripped apart. Bridges were twisted as if Even before the fires were out, help
they were made of clay. More than 500 began to arrive. New Yorkers sent money,
people were killed. Thousands were and the city of Los Angeles sent trainloads
suddenly without a home. of goods. Children around the country
About 13 minutes after the quake, there were let out of school to collect money. In
were aftershocks. Finally, the earth stopped all, 14 countries, including China, France,
moving. Had the devastation ended? No. Japan, and Canada, sent money.
Now San Francisco began to burn. Homeless San Franciscans camped out,
The quake had torn apart gas lines. mostly in parks. They kept warm under
The shaking had toppled hundreds of blankets and rugs. Then the army set up
gas lamps and stoves. Firefighters hitched tent camps to house people. Cleaning up
up their horse-drawn wagons and hurried was a huge job. But workers began to load
to put out at least 50 fires. But when up rubble in wagons and haul it away.
they attached their hoses to the fire The rebuilding began. One month later,
hydrants, not a drop of water came out. most of the city had running water. After
The quake had broken the water pipes! two months, electricity had been restored.
The northern California city burned By 1909, about 20,000 buildings had
for three days. San Francisco was a been replaced. The city of San Francisco
wasteland of rubble and ash. had indeed risen from the ashes.
Think about disasters.
1. If all of your belongings were destroyed in

a disaster, what would you miss the most? ____________________________________
2. Name one of your possessions Name one of your possessions

that can be replaced. that can’t be replaced.
____________________________________ ____________________________________
LESSON 15: THE SAN FRANCISCO EARTHQUAKE
Match words and meanings. 9. What did the 1906 quake have in
common with other kinds of disasters?
wasteland rubble disaster topple
a. Many people were killed.
1. __________________: rough, broken b. There was no electricity.

pieces of stone, rock, and wood c. There were aftershocks.
2. __________________: land where
10. What modern inventions might have
nearly everthing has been destroyed saved lives during the 1906 fires?
3. __________________: to knock over a. extension ladder trucks
or cause to fall down
b. flashlights
4. __________________: an event that c. flame-extinguishing chemicals
causes much suffering or loss
Identify examples.
Recall details. 11. Circle other kinds of natural disasters.
5. Why did fires start all over terrorist attack broken arm tornado
the city?
factory explosion car accident hurricane
_______________________________
train wreck flood drought
_______________________________
Recognize synonyms. (Complete words
6. Why weren’t firefighters able to from the reading.)
put out the fires immediately?
12. Groups of soldiers are often called
_______________________________
t__ __ __ __ __ .
_______________________________
13. One kind of calamity is a natural
7. Who helped set up tent camps d__ __ __ __ __ __ __ .
and keep order?
14. A store’s g__ __ __ __ are the
_______________________________
merchandise it has to sell.
_______________________________
15. Thieves who steal things during a
Draw conclusions. (More than one answer disaster are called l__ __ __ __ __ __ .
may be correct.)
8. What had to be done after the
quake? 16. What did writer Jack London say about
a. The wreckage had to be San Franciscans during the disaster?
cleared away. ____________________________________
b. A new mayor had to ____________________________________
be elected. ____________________________________
c. Rebuilding had to begin. ____________________________________
LESSON 16
Did you know that your hair has a life of its own?
ALL ABOUT HAIR
About 90 percent of the hair on your many more men. Most men slowly
head is still growing. A scalp hair grows become bald over a period of many years.
about half an inch a month for two to four One out of five men, though, begins
years. Then it falls out and a new hair balding in his 20s. Another one of five
replaces it. Hair grows more in the men will not go bald at all. This trait is
morning than at other times. largely determined by genetics.
Most people lose about 70 strands of Hair color comes from melanin. This is
hair a day. But stress can cause even a pigment deposited in the hair cells as
more hair loss. If you are very sick, or not they form in the root. Melanin produces
eating enough nourishing food, your hair hair colors ranging from blond to black.
loss can double. As people grow older, pigment is no
It takes eyebrows only ten weeks to longer deposited in the newly forming
grow and fall out. (That’s why they stay hair cells. That’s why hair gradually loses
so short.) In comparison, eyelash hairs color. Without melanin, the hair becomes
last about three months before they’re transparent. You can see inside the hair
replaced with new ones. shaft, which is hollow and filled with tiny
Some hair never does grow back. A air bubbles. As light hits the air bubbles,
few women go bald—but baldness affects the hair appears to be gray or white.
Think about hair.
1. Do you think men mind going bald? Explain your answer. ______________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Describe a hairstyle you’ve worn in the past. How do you wear your hair today?
How is it different? _________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 16: ALL ABOUT HAIR
Match words and meanings. 13. ____ Bald men are less attractive
than men with thick hair.
1. ____ nourishing 3. ____ pigment
2. ____ transparent 4. ____ scalp 14. ____ Baldness is more common in
men than in women.
a. coloring matter
15. ____ Old men usually have thinner
b. skin on top and back of the head hair than young men.
c. provides what is needed for life 16. ____ Hair color is an inherited
and growth genetic trait.
d. something you can see through
17. ____ Very shiny hair looks fake.
Identify parts of speech.
Draw conclusions.
5. The color of his hair is black.
18. ( Three / Two / Four ) of five men
“Color” is a ( noun / verb ).
will become bald over the years.
6. I’m going to color my hair black.
“Color” is a ( noun / verb ). 19. Losing a ( good job / few pounds )
might speed hair loss.
Recall details. (Complete words
from the reading.) 20. A person grows a new set of
7. P__ __ __ __ __ __ is deposited in eyelashes about ( 4 / 12 / 2 )
newly forming hair cells. times a year.
8. E__ __ __ __ __ __ hairs last about 21. In a month’s time, you lose

ten weeks. about ( 710 / 210 / 2,100 ) hairs
9. People lose more hair when they’re from your head.
s__ __ __ __ __ __ __ .
22. The average scalp hair grows
10. Eyebrow hairs have shorter lives about ( 2 / 4 / 6 ) inches a year.
than s__ __ __ __ hairs.
Fact or opinion? (Write F for fact
or O for opinion.) 23. What is a hair follicle?
_________________________________
11. ____ Hair grows faster if you have it
thinned regularly. _________________________________
_________________________________
12. ____ Hair cells form in the root.
LESSON 17
Like every person, every word has a history.
WORD ORIGINS
Where did the word Monday come

from? A form of the word was first used in
ancient Rome. Its purpose was to
dedicate the second day of the week to
the moon. Early English people later
translated the Roman word into Old
English. The English word meant “moon’s
day.” Over the years, “moon’s day”
became Monday.
Escape is another word that was first
used by the ancient Romans. In Latin, the
language of ancient Rome, escape means
“out of cape.” In those days, when a man a tribesman what they were called. The
was being chased, he would throw off his tribesman said, “Kangaroo.” In his
cape as he ran away. language, that meant, “I don’t know.”
What reward did ancient Romans get The word “coconut” comes from
when they proved themselves in battle? Portuguese explorers. To them, the three
They were given a gift of slaves. The holes in a coconut resembled a human
slaves were called addicts. In time, the face. They named it “coco,” which, to
word took on a different meaning. Even them, meant “smiling face.”
today, a person who is a slave to anything Traditional map makers once had a
is known as an addict. picture of Atlas in their books. Why? Atlas
While British explorer Captain Cook was the Greek god who carried the Earth
was visiting Australia, he saw strange, on his shoulders. Over the years, a book
large animals hopping around. He asked of maps became known as an atlas.
Think about how words change.
1. Some old words are no longer in use. 2. Think of one new word you and
Ask an older person about a word he your friends use and explain what
or she once used that isn’t used today. it means. (Choose a word that
Explain what that word means. older people don’t understand.)
__________________________________ __________________________________
__________________________________ __________________________________
__________________________________ __________________________________
__________________________________ __________________________________
LESSON 17: WORD ORIGINS
Match words and meanings. 8. Find one similarity between

kangaroo and coconut.
1. To dedicate something is to
a. Both words came from
a. spend too much time on it. Australia.
b. set it apart for a special purpose. b. Both words came from
c. write what people say about it. explorers.
c. Both words are verbs.
2. The word resemble means to
a. be like or similar to.
Recall details.
b. put something together.
9. ( Two / Three ) words in the
c. completely take apart.
reading have roots in ancient
3. If you prove yourself, you Rome.
a. solve a math problem.
b. show you can do a job well. 10. The word coconut came from
c. feel really bad about your job. the ( Japanese / Portuguese )

language.
Identify parts of speech.
11. Captain ( Cook / Hook ) visited
4. Monday comes from the word “moon’s
Australia.
day.”
Monday is a ( noun / verb ). 12. Atlas was a ( British / Greek ) god.
5. Romans could escape by throwing 13. The word ( coco / kangaroo )

off their capes.
meant “I don’t know.”
Escape is a ( noun / verb ).
14. Today, an atlas is a book of
6. The Roman threw off his cape
( facts / maps ).
as he made his escape.
Escape is a ( noun / verb ). Look it up in a reference source.
Make comparisons. 15. From what foreign language did
we get the English word planet ?
7. Find two similarities between
addict and Monday. ________________________________
a. Both words came from Latin. What was the word’s original
b. Both have similar meanings. meaning?
c. Both meanings changed over time. ________________________________
LESSON 18
What to do when you’re feeling blue.
DEALING WITH STRESS
What’s wrong? You can’t sleep—or

perhaps you sleep all the time. You
withdraw from family and friends. You
feel that you’re worthless, not good
enough. What’s going on? You may be
under too much stress.
Everyone should watch out for
symptoms of stress. Here are a few more
telltale signs: You might lose interest in
things you usually enjoy. Perhaps you As hard as it may be, the best solution
can’t concentrate. Maybe you have mood is to tell them “no.” You may need to find
swings. (A mood swing is a sudden, big friends who don’t push you in the wrong
change in the way you feel. In the direction.
morning you feel great, for example. But You can’t, of course, avoid all stress.
by evening, your emotions have crashed, But you can take a break from it. Playing
and you feel that life isn’t worth living.) video games, watching a movie, or
There are many causes of stress. A few listening to music can ease your tension.
of them are a divorce or death in the Physical activities such as dancing or
family, a move to a new home, or peer sports can help, too. Sometimes, taking a
pressure. Other causes might be the birth break can clear your mind. If you think
of a sibling, doing poorly in school, or about your problems later, maybe you
doing something you know is wrong. can come up with answers.
The best way to deal with stress Talking to a trusted friend can help.
is to get to the heart of the problem. Even if he or she doesn’t have the
Figure out what’s really bothering you, answers, it helps to express what’s
and then take steps to solve the problem. bothering you. Avoid drugs and alcohol,
For example, suppose you feel pressure though. They may seem to offer an easy
from your friends. Maybe they want you escape from problems. But sooner or
to do something you don’t want to do. later, they become problems, too.
Think about stress.
1. What’s one thing that makes you feel stressed? _______________________________

____________________________________________________________________________
2. Is there anything you can do about it? Why or why not? ______________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 18: DEALING WITH STRESS
Build your vocabulary. Identify examples. (Is it a symptom of

stress? Write Y for yes or N for no.)
1. Circle two words that are antonyms
(words with opposite meanings). 6. ____ You’re exhausted. You’ve
spent all night writing a
symptoms solution worthless great song.
withdraw worthy worried 7. ____ For about three weeks,
2. Draw lines to connect the words you’ve been unable to sleep
that are synonyms (words with until early morning.
the same or similar meanings). 8. ____ Your team wins an important
solution sign tournament.
worthless stress 9. ____ You get a stomachache

every time your mom and
symptom answer
brother fight.
tension useless
Recognize solutions.
Draw conclusions.
10. Circle the activities below that
3. Your friends urge you to do might provide relief from stress.
something dangerous. This is
a. worth a try. driving in rush-hour traffic
b. peer pressure. asking someone to be nicer to you
c. reasonable advice. shooting hoops

making someone look like a fool
4. Your mom’s new baby keeps you
a long, hot bath
awake all night. You might be
a. stressed because of peer cuddling with your dog or cat
pressure. shoplifting
b. worried that the baby watching a funny movie
might get sick.
c. stressed because of Look it up in a reference source.
resentment. 11. What is the “fight or flight”
response?
5. Every little thing seems to make you
_________________________________
angry. Maybe you’re
_________________________________
a. stressed about something.
_________________________________
b. not eating well.
_________________________________
c. just like everyone else. _________________________________
LESSON 19
Learn about a man with a superior mind.
BENJAMIN BANNEKER
In 1731, Benjamin Banneker, an African- was chosen to help

American, was born in Maryland. His survey the District
father and grandfather were former of Columbia. The
slaves. Banneker was a farmer—but his surveying project
interests went far beyond farming. would decide the
When Banneker was a young man, he boundaries of the
borrowed a pocket watch from a wealthy district. Then the BENJAMIN BANNEKER
ASTRONOMER—CITY PLANNER
neighbor. He took it apart, made a chairman of the
drawing of each part, and put it back project suddenly quit—and took the
together perfectly! Then he used his plans with him! Amazingly, Banneker
drawings to design a wooden clock. This reproduced the plans from memory.
clock kept time for more than 50 years. Banneker sent one of his almanacs
At age 58, Banneker taught himself to Thomas Jefferson in 1791. With it
astronomy. Soon he was predicting he enclosed a letter that challenged
eclipses of the sun and moon. In 1789, Jefferson. He wanted to know how
he caused a stir when he correctly Jefferson could really be a “friend of
predicted an eclipse of the sun. Better- liberty” when he owned slaves. Banneker
known mathematicians and astronomers urged Jefferson to reject the idea that one
had predicted the eclipse incorrectly. race is superior to another.
Banneker also became well-known for Jefferson wrote back to him. His letter
his popular almanacs. His almanacs praised Banneker’s talents—but he kept
contained all sorts of information, his slaves.
including medical treatments and Banneker died in 1806. His work,
weather predictions. He published his however, lived on after him. For years, his
almanacs annually from 1791 to 1802. almanacs were used as evidence of the
Using borrowed books, Banneker abilities of African-Americans. Banneker’s
taught himself advanced mathematics. He talents were indeed living proof of the
also learned surveying. In 1791, Banneker intellectual equality of black people.
Think about how people learn.
1. Banneker taught himself things he wanted to know.

Write about something you taught yourself to do. _____________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. What did Benjamin Banneker have in common with Thomas Jefferson? _______
____________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 19: BENJAMIN BANNEKER
Recall details. (Write T for true or Make inferences. (Find the answer
F for false.) by reasoning.)
1. ____ Banneker was very smart, but 11. The antonym of superior is
he had a poor memory. a. stupid.
2. ____ Banneker helped decide the b. intelligent.
boundaries of the District of
c. inferior.
Columbia.
3. ____ People would use Banneker as 12. If you “cause a stir,” you
an example of blacks’ superiority. a. get people’s attention.
4. ____ Banneker once took apart a b. stir up a lot of trouble.
neighbor’s wooden clock. c. make people jealous of you.
Match words and meanings. Draw conclusions. (More than one

astronomy boundary predict answer may be correct.)
annually reproduce survey 13. Imagine that Banneker had

been a young man today.
What profession might
5. To __________________ something is to
he have chosen?
declare it in advance.
a. business person
6. __________________ is the science b. janitor
of the heavenly bodies. c. scientist

d. college professor
7. To __________________ something
e. veterinarian
is to create it again.
f. physician
8. A __________________ is a line that g. professional athlete

marks the edge of an area.
9. The words __________________ and 14. What is located in the
yearly are synonyms. District of Columbia?
_________________________________
10. To __________________ a piece of _________________________________
land is to measure its size, shape, _________________________________
and boundaries. _________________________________
LESSON 20
Someday, doctors might be able to listen for cancer.
THE SOUNDS OF CELLS
Four years ago, nanotechnology expert

James Gimzewski had an interesting idea.
He already knew that cells are made of
tiny moving parts. Now he wondered if
those moving parts produced vibrations.
He knew that all vibrations produce
noise. So would it be possible to listen to
sounds made by the vibrating cells?
Gimzewski created an extremely small CELL VIBRATION CREATES SOUND.
device to measure those vibrations. Then
he made yet another device. This one Even small changes in temperature made
amplified sounds—made them loud the cells sound different. But Gimzewski
enough for human ears to hear. has his sights set on something bigger
Gimzewski began his research using yeast than movies. He’s determined to use his
cells. As he worked, he discovered that a discovery to detect cancer.
yeast cell made about 1,000 vibrations a Gimzewski has learned that something
second. When he turned up the volume, a as minor as small changes in temperature
hum like music filled the room. “It wasn’t will make cells sound different. He also
at all what I expected,” Gimzewski knows that cancer creates changes in
remembers. “It sounded beautiful.” cells. Cell walls might change shape,
Gimzewski is still experimenting. He or the cells will divide more rapidly.
has determined that when a yeast cell is These changes could produce different
dead, it gives off a dead-sounding hiss. vibrations. If the “sound” of cancer could
And when he dipped yeast cells in be identified, doctors might be able to
alcohol, they gave off a creepy sound— detect cancer simply by listening.
like a scream—and then died. This sound Gimzewski’s research continues. These
is so eerie that it piqued the interest of a days he’s trying to create a device that
director of horror movies. The director can listen to human cells. Needless to say,
asked permission to use the “screaming” cancer experts are seriously interested in
cells’ sounds in a movie. his work.
Think about diseases.
1. Name one machine or procedure

that’s already used to detect cancer. _________________________________________
2. Which disease would you most like to see a cure for? Why? ____________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 20: THE SOUNDS OF CELLS
Match words and meanings. Fact or opinion? (Write F for fact

or O for opinion.)
vibrations device yeast
10. ____ A movie director was interested
determined amplify cancerous in Gimzewski’s work.
1. __________________ is a substance 11. ____ Cells made different sounds at
used in baking. It makes bread rise. slightly different temperatures.
2. __________________ are rapid, back- 12. ____ The vibrations of normal yeast
and-forth motions. cells sounded beautiful.
3. To be __________________ is to be 13. ____ When cells become cancerous,

they change.
unyielding—unwilling to give up.
14. ____ Nanotechnology will someday
4. A __________________ is a tool
cure cancer.
made for a particular purpose.
5. When you __________________ Identify synonyms. (Complete the

something, you make it louder or
stronger. 15. alterations / c__ __ __ __ __ __
6. __________________ cells grow more 16. microscopic / t__ __ __
rapidly than normal cells. 17. fascinating /
i__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
Recall details.
18. motion picture / m__ __ __ __
7. Gimzewski found that yeast cells
a. behave just as human cells do. Look it up in a reference source.
b. vibrated very rapidly. 19. Write dictionary definitions.
c. were dipped in alcohol. cell: _____________________________
8. Gimzewski hopes doctors will ________________________________
someday be able to ________________________________
a. direct horror movies. ________________________________
b. listen to dying yeast cells. ________________________________
c. listen to cancerous cells. cancer: __________________________

9. Gimzewski hopes to make ________________________________
a. cell sounds loud enough to hear. ________________________________
b. a device that listens to human cells. ________________________________
________________________________
c. music from humming cells.
LESSON 21
There really is a right and wrong way to argue.
HOW TO ARGUE—WITHOUT LOSING A FRIEND
An argument is an exchange of views

between people who do not agree. Some
arguments turn into angry quarrels.
Suppose, for example, that a friend
borrowed your car and left it full of fast-
food trash. What if you dealt with the
situation this way:
YOU: Why did you leave all that trash in my car?
get carried away by your anger. Try
It’s an absolute mess, and I’m tired of you something like this:
always being so inconsiderate. YOU: I don’t like it when you leave trash in my
FRIEND: Look who’s talking. You’re such a slob, car. It makes me feel like you don’t respect me.
I didn’t think you’d notice. FRIEND: You’re right. It was very inconsiderate.
How did a minor incident turn into I won’t do it again.

such a nasty exchange? You were angry Before speaking, you obviously took a
and feeling as though your kindness was deep breath and got control of your
being abused. So instead of talking with anger. You were clear and honest. The
your friend, you yelled at him. “Why did words you used let your friend know
you” was a challenge. That’s why your specifically what was bothering you. And
friend immediately went on the defensive most importantly, you didn’t put him
and yelled back. down. You treated him with respect—so
Now the argument is over. You don’t he responded in the same way.
feel satisfied that you’ve told him off. Also notice that this time you began
In fact, you don’t feel good at all! During the argument using the pronoun “I.” An
the heat of the moment, he said some argument beginning with “You did . . .” is
things that hurt your feelings. And generally a challenge. What usually
perhaps you didn’t really mean some of follows is criticism or an insult. And it
the things you said. goes downhill fast from there.
How can you avoid such situations? Using “I” in arguments won’t eliminate
Learn to argue in a better way. Be clear all disagreements. But it can certainly cut
about what’s bothering you, but don’t down on the yelling.
Think about arguments.
1. What is one thing that can really make you angry?_____________________________

2. Has someone ever hurt your pride during an argument? Explain your answer.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 21: HOW TO ARGUE—WITHOUT LOSING A FRIEND
Identify synonyms. (Complete the 10. Which sentences might be used

words from the reading.) in an “I” argument?
a. This really bothers me.
1. truthful / h__ __ __ __ __
b. You’re such a loser.
2. garbage / t__ __ __ __
c. What’s the matter with you?
3. disagreement / a__ __ __ __ __ __ __ d. How many times have I told
you not to do that?
4. scream / y__ __ __
e. I’m not sure what you mean.
Interpret figurative language.
f. It makes me feel bad when you
5. You may say hurtful things in do that.
the heat of the moment. g. You’re making me feel bad.
a. when the argument gets
emotional 11. Which behaviors are likely to be
b. if it’s hot outside used in a “you” argument?
a. threats c. name-calling
6. This conversation is going
b. praise d. sarcasm
downhill fast.
a. swiftly moving underground
b. quickly going out of control
12. The reading is about
7. Using the “I” method can a. winning arguments with
cut down on yelling. other people.
a. shatter; destroy b. using the “I” method to
b. reduce the amount of communicate better.
c. making sure that people
8. These words don’t put him down.
do what you want.
a. hit him b. insult him
Make comparisons. (More than one
answer may be correct.) 13. Write dictionary definitions.
9. Name one difference between “I” criticism: ________________________

arguments and “you” arguments. ________________________________
_________________________________ ________________________________
_________________________________ insult: ___________________________
_________________________________ ________________________________
_________________________________ ________________________________
LESSON 22
Some common phrases from the 1700s are still in use today.
TITLE: ________________________________________________________
There were no cameras in the 1700s. down from the wall and used for a table.
How could you capture a loved one’s The “head of the household” always
image? You’d have to hire a sculptor or a sat in the chair while everyone else ate
painter. How expensive would that be? sitting on the floor. Frequently, an
The price would depend on how honored male guest would be
many arms and legs were to be invited to sit on the chair
painted! Still today, when during a meal. The man
you hear someone say, sitting in the chair was
“That will cost you an arm called the “chair man.”
and a leg,” you know the In business today, the
price will be high. most important man is
Men of the 1700s shaved often the “chairman of
their heads (because of the board.”
lice) and wore wigs. In the 1700s, personal
(Women covered their hygiene was very different
hair.) Wealthy men could than it is now. People took
afford good-looking wigs baths only twice a year—in
made of wool. But wool wigs May and October! Many people
couldn’t be washed. To clean them, a developed acne scars by adulthood. To
maid would carve out a loaf of bread. smooth out their complexions, women
Then she would put the wig in the shell, would spread bee’s wax over their faces. If
and bake it for 30 minutes. The heat a woman was rude enough to stare at
would make the wig big and fluffy again. another woman’s face, she was scolded.
That’s why, even today, a powerful, wealthy “Mind your own bee’s wax,” she was
man is sometimes called a “bigwig.” admonished. And if a woman sat too
Many houses in the 1700s consisted of close to the fire, the wax would start to
a large room with only one chair. melt. That very embarrassing event was
Commonly, a long wide board was folded called “losing face.”
Think about life in America during the 1700s.
1. Write an interesting title on the line over the reading.
2. The 1700s were an important time in •________________________________

American history. Name three people
who were alive then. (Hint: Remember •________________________________
that America declared its independence
from England in 1776.) •________________________________
LESSON 22: (to be titled by student)
Draw conclusions. (Check more than Give examples.

one answer.)
10. Name a well-known person who
1. ____ In the 1700s, ordinary people could be described as a “bigwig.”
probably couldn’t afford to have _________________________________
their portraits painted.
11. Name two things that “cost an
2. ____ Modern men don’t shave their
arm and a leg.”
heads unless they have lice.
•________________________________
3. ____ A wig tended to flatten out •________________________________
as it got dirty.
12. Describe something that would
4. ____ Women in the 1700s were
make a person “lose face.”
considered socially inferior
to men. _________________________________
_________________________________
Build your vocabulary. (Unscramble words
from the reading.) Write antonyms from the reading.
5. NEEHIGY __________________ is 13. female / _________________________

the science of keeping people healthy 14. wealthy / ________________________
and protected from disease. 15. expensive / ______________________
16. praise / _________________________
6. Your NOMEXIPLOC
__________________ is the color and Write synonyms from the reading.
appearance of your skin, especially 17. unlike / __________________________
the skin of the face.
18. bad-mannered / __________________
7. A SHOELOUDH __________________ 19. often / __________________________

includes all the persons who live in one 20. preserve / ________________________
house, especially family members.
8. An SERPEXISON 21. What landmark trial for freedom
__________________ is a word or of the press was held in 1735?
phrase that communicates an idea. What newspaper was involved?
________________________________
9. To NOHISMAD __________________ ________________________________
someone is to verbally discipline that ________________________________
person for a misdeed. ________________________________
LESSON 23
What did people eat before there were stores and kitchens?
THE FIRST FOOD
Until about 10,000 years ago, there

were no farms, let alone grocery stores.
So early people spent much of their time
searching for food. Women looked for
roots, mushrooms, and eggs. They also
collected nuts, snails, and grubs. (A grub
is an insect in an early stage of life. It
looks like a short, fat worm.) The women
used sticks as digging tools.
Men hunted for animals. They hunted
bison, horses, boar, mammoths, and deer.
Their weapons were spears made of At first, people ate everything raw.
wood and stone. Probably, the first experiment in cooked
These early men used several methods food came about when someone
to capture and kill animals. Sometimes accidentally dropped food in a fire. After
they disguised themselves with skins. If that, people decided that some things
their prey was deer, a man might wear a tasted better when they were cooked.
deer head and skin. Then he would creep Later, early people learned to cook food
up on a herd of deer until they were close in several ways. They cooked it on sticks
enough to attack. that were held over the fire. Or they put it
Sometimes men dug deep holes and on flat stones that had been heated by
covered them with sticks. Animals that fire. The first cooking pots were holes in
fell into the holes were trapped. Another the ground. A hole was dug, lined with
method was to chase animals into animal skins, and then filled with water.
swamps or over cliffs. To do this, hunters Finally, rocks heated in the fire were
waved around burning branches to added. When the water was hot enough,
frighten the animals. the food was put in the “pot” to cook.
Think about food and eating.

1. How do people “search” for food today? _______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. The first people searched for food every day. Today, about how much time did you
spend looking for something to eat?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 23: THE FIRST FOOD
Match synonyms. 11. Over the years, what three

things have people done to
1. ____ accidentally a. scare
make food readily available?
2. ____ raw b. gathered a. planted crops
3. ____ collected c. mistakenly b. raised livestock
4. ____ frighten d. uncooked c. stopped eating meat
Recall details. (Complete the sentences d. established grocery stores
with words from the reading.)
Write antonyms. (Complete words from
5. The first cooking pots were the reading.)
____________________________.
12. predator / p__ __ __
6. Early hunters used weapons made 13. stomp / c__ __ __ __
of wood and _________________.
14. retreat / a__ __ __ __ __
7. To sneak up on animals, hunters 15. cooked / r__ __

wore __________________.
Make inferences.
8. Animals were __________________
16. A boar is a kind of
by burning branches.
( bear / pig ).
9. Both women and men used

17. A mammoth is a kind of
__________________ for their tools.
( elephant / hippopotamus ).
Draw conclusions. (More than one
answer is correct.)
18. Homo sapiens—the name of
10. Why did early people have to
modern human beings—means
search for food every day?
“wise man.” What do the names
a. Food would go bad if not of these earlier human species
eaten quickly. mean?
b. They didn’t grow their
own food. homo-habilis: ___________________
________________________________
c. They didn’t raise and keep
animals to eat. homo-erectus: ___________________
d. They enjoyed searching, ________________________________
even in the snow.
LESSON 24
Pictures can be used to prove a point.
NECESSITY IS THE MOTHER OF INVENTION
THE NECESSITY:
How to prove an opinion and
win a bet: At some moment in a horse’s
gait, are all four hooves off the ground
at the same time?
THE INVENTION:
A new method of clearly
photographing objects in motion.
Leland Stanford, former governor of
California, was a passionate horseman. His
passion included a great interest in the way
horses moved. He had a stable of more
than 800 racehorses. That gave him many settle the hotly debated issue once and
opportunities to observe horses in motion. for all!
During Stanford’s travels, he would often For six years, Muybridge worked with
strike up conversations about horses. scientists and engineers to design and
One such encounter was with some assemble the required equipment. They even
prominent East Coast horsemen. These had to develop a new chemical formula to
men insisted that a trotting horse always photograph fast movement clearly.
has at least one foot touching the ground. Finally, on June 15, 1878, the experiment
Stanford strongly disagreed. It was his was set in motion. Some 12 cameras were
firm belief that trotters—at some point in set up alongside a racetrack in Palo Alto,
their stride—had all four feet off the California. Wires were laid on the track at
ground. 21-inch intervals. Then a trotting horse,
Stanford immediately took up the harnessed to a sulky, began to move. As
challenge. He was determined to prove the wheels of the sulky crossed the wires,
his opinion. According to legend, he even the camera shutters were triggered.
wagered $25,000 on his success. The resulting 12 pictures—taken in
In 1872, Stanford hired a local landscape about half a second—proved that horses
photographer. Eadweard Muybridge’s do indeed “fly.” It also set off the
commission was to capture a clear image revolution in motion photography that
of a trotting horse in motion. That would would later become “the movies.”
Think about inventions.
1. Name one other invention that has

had an impact on our lives. ________________________________________
2. Describe a device that you would like to invent. ______________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 24: NECESSITY IS THE MOTHER OF INVENTION
Match words and meanings. 9. Muybridge worked with

a. scientists and engineers.
prominent landscape assemble
b. veterinarians and technicians.
legend observe revolution
c. architects and engineers.
1. To __________________ something
10. The East Coast horsemen insisted
is to watch it closely. that when a horse trotted,
a. only one foot would be
2. A major change in a stage of
off the ground.
progress or development
b. two feet would always be
is a __________________. on the ground.
3. To __________________ items is to c. at least one foot would always

be touching the ground.
bring them together as a whole.
4. A __________________ photograph Recognizing synonyms. (Complete the

is a picture of natural scenery.
11. A c__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ is
5. A __________________ person is
the assignment of a specific task.
respected and well-known.
12. To s__ __ __ __ __ is to walk,
6. A __________________ is a taking long steps.
popular but unverified story
13. A g__ __ __ is a particular way of
that has been passed down
walking or running.
over the years.
Draw a conclusion.
Recall details.
14. A sulky is
7. Leland Stanford was very
a. an angry jockey.
interested in
a. what horses ate. b. a horse-drawn vehicle.
b. the way horses moved. c. a saddle blanket.
c. how fast horses ran.

8. Eadweard Muybridge was a 15. What was the name of the
a. portrait photographer. horse in the photograph that
b. landscape photographer. settled the debate?
_________________________________
c. animal photographer.
LESSON 25
Who created Charlie Brown?
PEANUTS: A MUCH-LOVED COMIC STRIP
The name Charles M. Schulz may not was also taken for granted.
be familiar to you. But most everyone Schulz tackled topics ranging from the
knows the characters he created— Vietnam War to school dress codes to the
especially Charlie Brown and Snoopy. “new math.” In 1963 he protested the
Schulz’s first Peanuts comic strip way numbers were taking over people’s
appeared in seven newspapers in 1950. identities. He added a little boy named
No one, including the cartoonist, could “5” to the cast. His sisters were named
have guessed how popular it would “3” and “4.” Their father had changed the
become. At its peak, Peanuts ran in more family surname to their zip code.
than 2,600 newspapers. Readership was The Peanuts characters have appeared
estimated at 355 million in 75 countries. in animated form on many television
It was translated into 40 languages. shows. In all, more than 30 animated
Schulz continued to draw the strip for specials were produced. The characters
50 years. Unlike many other cartoonists, even found their way to the live stage.
he used no assistants, even in the You’re a Good Man, Charlie Brown, an
lettering and coloring process. extremely successful musical, ran off-
In the 1950s and early 1960s, Peanuts Broadway for four years.
was remarkable for its social commentary. Charles Schulz lived and worked in
Schulz didn’t address issues such as Santa Rosa, California, for more than 30
racial and gender equality directly. For years. After he died there in 2000,
example, Peppermint Patty’s athletic skill Sonoma County renamed the local airport
and self-confidence were presented as after him. A bronze statue of Charlie
self-evident. And Franklin’s presence in a Brown and Snoopy stands in Depot Park
racially integrated neighborhood school in downtown Santa Rosa.
Think about this beloved comic strip.

1. Who is your favorite Peanuts character? Explain what you like about him or her.
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Circle four words that describe Charlie Brown.

athletic determined bossy unlucky bald adolescent stubborn sly
LESSON 25: PEANUTS: A MUCH-LOVED COMIC STRIP
Match synonyms. 12. Characters in the same show are
noteworthy converted
members of the c__ __ __ .
subjects helpers Draw conclusions.
13. Charles Schulz supported

1. topics / ___________________________
( human equality /
2. translated / _______________________ the Vietnam War ).
3. assistants / _______________________ 14. Charles Schulz’s neighbors in

4. remarkable / ______________________ Santa Rosa were ( shocked by /
appreciative of ) his work.
Match antonyms.
15. The Peanuts creator’s
familiar local
( surname / given name )
animated address
is Schulz.
5. foreign / _________________________ Recognize examples.
6. motionless / _______________________ 16. Check two examples of “social

commentary.”
7. ignore / __________________________ a. ____ I like vanilla ice cream.
8. strange / _________________________ b. ____ All Americans deserve

good health care.
c. ____ Whales are mammals.
Build your vocabulary. (Complete the
words from the reading.) d. ____ Marie Antoinette was
beheaded.
9. You p__ __ __ __ __ __ something
e. ____ Capital punishment is
when you object to it. barbaric.
10. G__ __ __ __ __ equality has to do
with fair treatment for women and
girls. 17. What kind of dog is Snoopy?
_________________________________
11. When you e__ __ __ __ __ __ __ , you
come up with an approximate 18. What Peanuts character is always
surrounded by a cloud of dust??
number.
_________________________________
LESSON 26
These shoes are comfortable from morning to night.
ESCALATING HEELS
Women’s high-heeled shoes are designer,’ she said. ‘You should be able to
uncomfortable and hard to walk in. do something about that.’ So of course I
Besides hurting your feet, they can make listened to her.”
your back ache. After all, Tu designed an escalating
people weren’t meant to walk high heel. The height can
around on their toes. So why FROM 0° be set at six different levels,
do women wear them? Most from zero to 38 degrees. All
people think they look great. you have to do to adjust them
“High heels” have been is push a button.
popular for hundreds of years. Are you going to be on your
In the 1700s, fashionable feet all day at work? Set the
women in France wore very heel at zero. Want to look
high heels. They had to be sharp for a lunch date? Set the
helped up and down stairs so shoes at the middle setting.
they wouldn’t fall. Dressing up for a club? Crank
Many of today’s women the heels up to the limit.
wear high heels. But they If fashions change—as they
seldom wear them all day. always do—there’s no need to
TO 38°
Why? Because they’re too replace your shoes. Just set
uncomfortable. the height up or down.
Now, however, industrial Tu’s idea originated in
designer Wei-Chieh Tu may his childhood in Taiwan. He
have come up with the perfect solution. remembered the Chinese fans his mother
“My wife wanted to wear three-inch and grandmother used. These fans could
heels,” Tu says. “But she refused to buy be spread out to use or folded up to put
them because she wouldn’t be able to away. They changed shape with ease—
wear them all day. ‘You’re an industrial like the shoes he designed.
Think about fashion. (Fashion is the style that is popular now.)

1. Name a clothing style you think is silly, and explain your thinking. The style can
be something that is popular now or was in the past.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Name a past or present fashion you think is attractive. Tell why you think so.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 26: ESCALATING HEELS
Identify antonyms. (Complete the 10. What do Tu’s shoes do that

words from the reading.) fans can do?
a. lie flat
1. descending /
e__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ b. move like a ship
c. change shape
2. problem / s__ __ __ __ __ __ __
11. In which situation would you
3. often / s__ __ __ __ __ probably prefer low heels?
a. a shopping trip
4. accepted / r__ __ __ __ __ __
b. dancing at a party
5. disliked / p__ __ __ __ __ __ c. attending a wedding
6. forgot / r__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Look it up in a reference source.
Make an inference. 12. Following are just a few industrial

designs that are viewed as classics.
7. “Crank it up to the limit” means On the lines, write the year each
a. change the setting from item was first introduced. (You
highest to lowest. might also enjoy studying pictures
b. wear them until they really of these classic creations.)
hurt your feet.
__________ : iMac by Jonathan Ive
c. set them as high as and Apple’s Industrial
they can go. Design Group
__________ : Porsche 911
Recognize the author’s tone. (More than
one answer is correct.) __________ : glass Coca-Cola bottle
by Root Glass Company
8. The tone of this reading is of Terre Haute, Indiana
a. formal. __________ : Barcelona chair by Ludwig
Mies van der Rohe
b. informal.
__________ : Cadillac Eldorado
c. casual.
by Harley Earl
__________ : Bic biro ballpoint pen
Draw conclusions.
__________ : Porsche 356 by
9. Industrial designers might design Erwin Komenda
a. coffee mugs. __________ : IBM Selectric typewriter
b. computer monitors. __________ : iPod by Apple Computer
c. handmade jewelry.
LESSON 27
These athletes are special in every way.
THE SPECIAL OLYMPICS
For participants, the games build

valuable pride and self-confidence. The
games also educate the public about the
intellectually disabled. The focus is on
what they can do, not what they can’t.
Disability experts say that intellectually
disabled people suffer the worst
“Let me win. But if I cannot win, discrimination in the world. Many people
let me be brave in the attempt.” see them as a burden to society.
—THE OATH OF THE SPECIAL OLYMPICS
Athlete Loretta Claiborne says, “People
The Special Olympics is an international have a misconception of the mentally
program that trains people who are challenged. They think you have to walk
intellectually disabled to compete in sports. or talk a certain way to be mentally
Throughout the year the athletes train in disabled. But it’s not true.” Claiborne
both summer and winter sports such as adds, “Everyone has some kind of mental
basketball, swimming, and skiing. handicap. Things are not always what
The Special Olympics were started by they seem.” About her disability,
Eunice Kennedy Shriver (the sister of U.S. Claiborne says, “I have just learned to
President John F. Kennedy). In 1968, work around it—that’s what our people
Shriver set up a “Special Olympics” do all the time.”
for athletes from the United States and Special Olympics athletes are coached
Canada. The games were such a success by volunteers. Coaches say their athletes
that more countries organized their own have inspired them. Coach Rafer Johnson
Special Olympics programs. The first says that sometimes athletes who are
International Special Olympic Games running will take the hand of their closest
were held in 1977. In 2005, some 2,000 rival. “They’ll run hand in hand to the
athletes from 84 countries gathered to finish line,” he says. “Or they’ll stop in
compete in the Special Olympics World mid-race and go back to pick up a fallen
Winter Games in Japan. runner. You won’t see that anywhere else.”
Think about competition in sports—and in other areas of life.
1. In your own mind, how important is winning?

a. Winning is b. It’s great to win sometimes, c. Doing one’s best is more
everything. but it’s not everything. important than winning.
Explain your choice. __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 27: THE SPECIAL OLYMPICS
2. Can there be anything good about losing? Explain your answer.

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Draw conclusions. (More than one Build your vocabulary.

answer may be correct.)
burden misconception attempt
1. Imagine that you have trouble rival intellectually disabled
remembering things. How could you
“work around” your forgetfulness? 5. A __________________ is a
a. carry a notepad with written misunderstanding of some kind.
reminders
6. People who are __________________
b. keep certain objects, like keys, __________________ focus on what
in one spot all the time
they can do.
c. don’t forget to lock your
7. Your __________________ is
house at night
someone who tries to beat you
2. What are some common mental in a race or contest.
challenges for many people?
8. To __________________ something
a. difficulty remembering
people’s names means to try to do it.
b. getting mad at careless drivers 9. A __________________ is something

that is hard to bear.
c. mixing up numbers when you
write them down Recall details. (Write T for true or
F for false.)
3. To “be brave in the attempt” means
a. to attempt to play many sports. 10. ____ Special athletes will do
anything to win.
b. to try one’s very best.
11. ____ President John F. Kennedy
c. to help other people win.
started the Special Olympics.
4. Some special athletes will stop
12. ____ Intellectually disabled people
to help a fallen rival. What’s your
often suffer from discrimination.
opinion of this? Write at least
three sentences. 13. ____ Special athletes learn only
_________________________________ summer sports, such as track.
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________ 14. Where are the 2007 Special Olympics
World Summer Games being held?
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
SUPER LESSON
A gifted man who can’t talk has a lot to say.
STEPHEN HAWKING
Stephen Hawking is the most famous

physicist in the world. Many say he’s the
next Einstein. Why? Thanks to him, we
understand the secrets of the universe
much better. Most of his work has been
done while he was in a wheelchair. And
an amazing amount of his work has even
been done since he’s been unable to write
or talk.
Stephen William Hawking was born in
1942 in England. As a boy in school, he
was an average student. But since the age
of 12, he wanted to be a scientist.
In his university years, Hawking
studied physics. In 1962, his last year
of college, he learned he had a terrible
disease called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(ALS). The disease gradually destroys the
body’s nerves and muscles. Doctors told
Hawking that he probably had only two
more years to live.
Hawking was shocked—and angry. He
remembers thinking, “Why should it
happen to me? Why should my future be
cut off like this? Then, while I was in the
hospital, I saw a boy die of leukemia in
the bed opposite me. It was not a pretty
sight. Clearly, there were people worse off Shortly after becoming ill, he became
than I.” Whenever Hawking starts to feel engaged to Jane Wilde, a fellow student.
sorry for himself, he says he thinks about When the two-year prediction of death
that boy in the hospital. passed, Hawking was still alive. He and
Before Hawking learned he had ALS, he Jane were married in 1965, and had three
remembers being “very bored” much of children. The marriage lasted for 26
the time. Having the disease transformed years. Hawking is now married to one of
him. It made him realize that life was his nurses, Elaine Mason.
precious. He realized that there was ALS, which often kills quickly, has let
much he could do. Hawking live many years. He is now more
SUPER LESSON: STEPHEN HAWKING
than 60 years old. And he has given the wheelchair is a computer screen. On the
world so much! screen are lists of words and phrases. He
The books he’s written explain very points the computer cursor to the word or
difficult subjects to non-scientists. His phrase he wants. The computer “voice”
first book, A Brief History of Time, was then says the words out loud. The
incredibly successful. It has been computer can also transform certain
translated into 40 different languages. words into mathematical equations. As
Another of his books, The Universe in a you can imagine, it’s a lot of work for
Nutshell, was also a bestseller. Hawking to make a single sentence.
Hawking has worked in many areas of But Hawking keeps communicating his
physics. He is best known for his ideas brilliant ideas. He travels around the
about black holes—the mysterious world. He teaches and gives “talks.” As
remains of giant stars. As these enormous long as he’s able, he will share the power
stars use up their nuclear energy, they of his awesome mind.
collapse and form black holes. Hawking
is also working on ideas that would
explain the beginning of the universe and
how it is organized.
Meanwhile, ALS has steadily attacked
his body without mercy. When he could
no longer walk, he had to use a motorized
wheelchair. In time, he could no longer
write, or speak. Now he’s almost
completely paralyzed. He operates his
computer with a “blink recognizer”
implanted in his glasses. By blinking and
scrunching up his cheeks, he is able to
communicate. At the front of his
Think about what it would be like to be disabled (lacking the ability

to do something).
1. Imagine being unable to see. What impact would that have on your ability to
make friends? Write a few sentences describing your ideas.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Imagine not being able to hear or speak clearly. How would you communicate
with a store clerk? Write a few sentences describing your plan.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. Name one invention (besides the wheelchair)

that helps disabled people. _________________________________
4. Do you think life was harder for disabled people 100 years ago? Why or why not?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Build your vocabulary. 6. Circle the words that best describe

Stephen Hawking.
1. Physics is the science that deals with
determined chemist brilliant
matter and energy. This field of
discouraged lazy admired
science includes the study of motion,
light, heat, sound, electricity, and Identify the main idea.
force. A person who works in physics
7. The main idea of the reading is
is a ( physicist / physician ). a. Hawking is best known
for his ideas about black
2. Gravity is the force that pulls things holes.
toward the center of the earth. b. In spite of having ALS,
Gravity is at work when something Hawking has contributed
( falls to / covers up ) the floor. much to science.
c. Hawking uses a computer to
3. Remains are things left over after communicate his thoughts.
death or destruction. When a giant
Recall details.
star ( collapses / generates ), its
remains can form a black hole. 8. ALS attacks the body’s
a. hair and skin.
4. To transform something is to b. muscles and nerves.
( change / display ) it. Hawking’s
9. Hawking can move
computer transforms words on the
a. several toes.
screen into speech.
b. his eyelids and cheeks.
5. An equation is a math statement in
10. Doctors once told Hawking
which two things are declared to be that he had
equal. “4 + 2 = 6” ( is not / is ) an a. to get more rest.
equation. “4 > 2” ( is not / is ) an b. two years to live.
equation.
11. Hawking uses his computer to 19. Why do you think Hawking was only
a. make his own voice louder. an average student in school?
b. “speak” for him. _________________________________
_________________________________
12. Hawking was married ( before / _________________________________
after ) he learned he had ALS. 20. How did the boy who died of
leukemia help Hawking?
13. Hawking is interested in how the _________________________________
( universe / world ) works. _________________________________
_________________________________
14. Hawking has made discoveries
about ( gravity / Einstein ). Make inferences. (Find the answer
by reasoning.)
15. Hawking wrote books ( before / 21. “When the two-year prediction
after ) he learned he had ALS. of death passed” means
a. time seemed to pass very
Draw conclusions. (More than one slowly.
answer may be correct.)
b. Hawking was still alive
16. What has Hawking been able after two years.
to do in spite of his disability? c. the doctor passed away
a. travel d. lecture two years later.
b. drive a car e. get dressed
22. “The disease attacked Hawking’s
c. write books f. raise a family body without mercy” means
a. ALS made Hawking’s disabilities
17. Because of his disability, Hawking
more and more severe.
needs help
a. taking a shower. b. ALS kept Hawking from being
able to climb stairs.
b. remembering people’s names.
c. Hawking had no mercy in
c. eating a meal. attacking his disease.
d. getting on an airplane.
e. listening to music. Look it up in a reference source.
18. What suggests that doctors don’t 23. Why is ALS more commonly called
know everything there is to know Lou Gehrig’s disease?
about ALS? _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
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READ

Development and Production: Laurel Associates, Inc.

Copyright © 2006 by Saddleback Educational Publishing. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

The purpose of reading is to connect the ideas on the page to

We suggest that you thumb through each book before you

Leaps that could save your life.

Think about emergency situations.

1. Describe a situation when jumping 2. Describe a situation when jumping

1. In a jump from a bridge, why 9. How might you be injured in

Identify antonyms. (Complete the

Can a common weed come to the rescue?

PLANTS THAT DETECT LAND MINES

Land mines are explosives buried just

Think about weapons and safety.

1. Name three weapons of war besides 2. Think of a life-saving invention you

Recall details. Build your vocabulary.

2. What happens when thale-cress 8. ___________________ seeds are

b. nitrogen dioxide result in the victim’s death.

c. oxygen Draw a conclusion. (More than one

Meet an awful man with an awesome talent.

Think about troubled people.

Build your vocabulary. 8. Why did so few people attend Cobb’s

Bigger doesn’t always mean better.

What is nanotechnology? The prefix “nano” COMPARISON CHART: METER TO NANOMETER

comes from the Greek word nanos, meaning TIMES SMALLER

Think about large and small objects.

2. A nanometer is 80,000 times thinner than

Build your vocabulary. 9. Nano-materials ( are in use today /

She risked her life to help girls learn.

As a child in Afghanistan, Sakena discovered. After a British woman had

Think about education.

Match synonyms. Draw conclusions. (More than one answer

8. “They scattered the children” Look it up in a reference source.

A look at daily life some 2,000 years ago.

A DAY IN ANCIENT ROME

Days began early in ancient Rome.

Think about ancient Rome.

1. Circle the words or phrases 2. Would you have enjoyed living in

Build your vocabulary. Compare and contrast.

Are you aware that symbols represent ideas?

Build your vocabulary. 7. ____ If Ulysses S. Grant had been

These people were outcasts at the birth of our nation.

Think about colonial times.

Recall details. (More than one answer Build your vocabulary.

5. Many colonists felt that those who Look it up in a reference source.

A tough sport for tough athletes.

THE SPORT OF KINGS—AND QUEENS!

Think about women and men in the workplace.

13. ____ Racehorses are often tense

15. ____ Owners prefer to have male

seat, your bus probably stopped a. an animal on which to ride

Draw conclusions. c. to act on the basis of prejudice

Are the sounds you hear in a movie “real”?

Think about sound—and movies.

Identify examples. Make inferences. (Choose appropriate

Dental hygiene has an interesting history.

EVER TWIG YOUR TEETH?

The first nylon toothbrush came out in

Think about how you groom yourself in front of the mirror.

2. Name two grooming products that weren’t around in ancient Egypt.

Build your vocabulary. Recall details.

14. ____ decay a. valued

What happened to the “fourth” plane on 9/11?

8. E hairs last about 21. In a month’s time, you lose

3. To be ______________ is to be 13. When cells become cancerous,