Good Morning Dear students.

In today’s class we will start third unit .

Ok
We will look experimental skills i.e first
point of unit.
Ok.
Science is all about experiments, as all the
hypothesis can become a law only when
they are justified experimentally.
Experimentation involves lots of terms like
precision and accuracy etc. also, all the
observations and their corresponding values
obtained are approximate.
.

In general, the idea is that the experiments

are supreme.
Meaning, in general, in theory you are trying
to cut out various aspects, and then you say
that, you know, maybe the system follows
certain set of rules.
So, on that basis you make a prediction.
So, what theory does is often it makes a
prediction. It is the experiment which shows
whether or not that prediction is correct.
So, therefore, an experiment is very
important. Experiments are very important
because they are the ones that really validate
something that the theory says right.
So, it does not matter, how sophisticated the
theory looks, how interesting the theory
looks, how fascinating the equations are that
have come together and so on.
At the end of it all, if it makes predictions
that are not borne out by experiments, then
the theory is not considered good; it is
considered, at the very least, it is considered
incomplete.
It means, either some major aspect that
needs to be further incorporated into the
theory before it can be considered correct.
So, therefore, experiments in the hierarchy
of, you know, science it is reasonably fair to
say that
experiments are supreme.
You have to show by experiment that
something has actually happening and that is
when it is believed.
So, today, that is the reason why we have
going to spend some time on this concept or
this idea of experimental skills.
Because, experimental skills are the kinds of
skills that we should have to ensure that our
experiments are running correctly, for us to
feel confident that the data that we have
obtained from the experiments are correct;
and
therefore, we can now, you know, with great
confidence we can say that if the theory does
not match that experimental data, then there
is some issue with the theory.
If you have run the experiment incorrectly,
then obviously, this is not going to hold true.
So, in that case you cannot confidently say
that the theory is not correct or the theory is
incomplete.
So, it is very important for you to run your
experiments correctly and if you are an
experiment list, that is something that will
have to put up with all the time.
You should feel ready to indicate in what
ways you have run your experiment
correctly, and
your experiment should be open to scrutiny -
people should be able to ask you lot of
questions on how you ran the experiment.
You should be able to defend how you ran
your experiments.
And learning experimental skills is a very
important aspect associated with that right.
Experimental skills provide us with
knowledge of the physical world, and it is
the experiments that provide us the evidence
that grounds this knowledge. One of the
major roles of experimental skills is to test
theories and to provide the basis for
scientific knowledge.
So, we have to run our experiments carefully
and correctly.

How to do Experiments - 
1. Make observations
2. Form a hypothesis
3. Make a prediction.
4. Perform an experiment. 
5. Analyze the results of the experiment.
6. Draw a conclusion.
7. Report your results

Experimental skills is important for

experimental research .
So, what is experimental research ?
So ,lets try to understand this through
examples.
Imagine taking 2 samples of the same plant
and exposing one of them to sunlight, While
the other is kept away from sunlight .
Let the plant exposed to sunlight be called
sample A
While latter is called as sample B.
If after the duration of research,we find out
that sample A grows and b dies.
Even though they are both regularly wetted
and given same treatment.
Therefore we can conclude that sunlight will
aid growth in all similar plants.
Let’s take another example
Now a day’s corona is spread in world. All
the scientists of the world, inside the
laboratory are using different medicines
on corona samples to see the effect of
different medicines on the removal of
disease.
So, what are scientists doing here?
Scientists manipulates independent
variables.
Here medicines are independent variables.
Whom to see independent variables effect?
On corona ok here corona is dependent
variable.

Meaning of experimental research ?

We will describe experimental research

according to the examples we have just
given.
“Experimental research is a scientific and
systematic approach to research, where one
or more independent variables are
manipulated and applied to one or more
dependent variables to measure their effect
on the end.”

The effect of the independent variables on

the dependent variables is usually observed
and recorded over some time, to help
researchers in drawing a reasonable
conclusion regarding the relationship
between these 2 variable types.

Characteritics of experimental research

 Control
Variables that are not of direct interest to
the researcher,called extraneous
variables, need to be controlled. Control
refers to
removing or minimising the influence of
such variables.
 Manipulation
Manipulation refers to a deliberate
operation of the conditions by the
 researcher. In this process, a pre-
determined set of conditions, called
independent variable or experimental
variable.It is also called treatment
variable. Such variables are imposed on
the subjects of experiment. In specific
terms manipulation refers to deliberate
operation of independent variable on the
subjects of
experimental group by the researcher to
observe its effect.
 Observation
In experimental research, the
experimenter
observes the effect of the manipulation
of the independent variable on dependent
variable. The dependent variable, for
example, may
be performance or achievement in a task.
 Replication
 Replication is a matter of conducting a
number of sub-experiments, instead of
one experiment only, within the
framework of the same experimental
design. The researcher may
make a multiple comparison of a number
of cases of the control
group and a number of cases of the
experimental group.

Steps in experimental Research

1. Selecting and defining the problem.
After deciding the topic of interest, the
researcher tries to define the research
problem. This helps the researcher to focus
on narrow research area to be able to study
it appropriately. defining the research
problem helps you to formulate a research
hypothesis.
2. Surveying the literature.
 In the research process ,the literature
survey stands as the important point of
all activities.
This literature survey helps researcher
weather the topic is value studying and
it provide inside into ways in which the
researcher can limit the scope to a
needed area of inquiry.
3. Starting hypothesis
It is almost impossible for a researcher
not to have any hypothesis or
objectives before proceeding with his
works.
Because hypothesis or the objectives
shows the direction to a researcher.
That is why in experimental research
the research design is built around the
tentative hypothesis or clearly define
objectives.
4. Construct an experimental design
 It represents all the elements, condition
and relations of the some
consequences:
 Select sample of subjects

Examples of Experimental Research

Experimental research examples are
different, depending on the type of
experimental research design that is being
considered. The most basic example of
experimental research is laboratory
experiments, which may differ in nature
depending on the subject of research.
Administering Exams After The End of
Semester
During the semester, students in a class are
lectured on particular courses and an exam
is administered at the end of the semester. In
this case, the students are the subjects or
dependent variables while the lectures are
the independent variables treated on the
subjects.
Only one group of carefully selected
subjects are considered in this research,
making it a pre-experimental research
design example. We will also notice that
tests are only carried out at the end of the
semester, and not at the beginning.
Further making it easy for us to conclude
that it is a one-shot case study research. 
Employee Skill Evaluation
Before employing a job seeker,
organizations conduct tests that are used to
screen out less qualified candidates from the
pool of qualified applicants. This way,
organizations can determine an employee's
skill set at the point of employment.
In the course of employment, organizations
also carry out employee training to improve
employee productivity and generally grow
the organization. Further evaluation is
carried out at the end of each training to test
the impact of the training on employee
skills, and test for improvement.
Here, the subject is the employee, while the
treatment is the training conducted. This is a
pretest-posttest control group experimental
research example.
Evaluation of Teaching Method
Let us consider an academic institution that
wants to evaluate the teaching method of 2
teachers to determine which is best. Imagine
a case whereby the students assigned to each
teacher is carefully selected probably due to
personal request by parents or due to
stubbornness and smartness.
This is a no equivalent group design
example because the samples are not equal.
By evaluating the effectiveness of each
teacher's teaching method this way, we may
conclude after a post-test has been carried
out.
However, this may be influenced by factors
like the natural sweetness of a student. For
example, a very smart student will grab
more easily than his or her peers irrespective
of the method of teaching.