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PHUS1-21 Peritoneal Folds and Disposition of Viscera 26-09-2014 - PowerPoint With Notes
PHUS1-21 Peritoneal Folds and Disposition of Viscera 26-09-2014 - PowerPoint With Notes
1
I
will
start
by
showing
you
this
piece
of
peritoneum.
This
picture
was
taken
from
a
pa5ent
undergoing
inguinal
hernia
repair
surgery.
Remember
what
is
an
indirect
inguinal
hernia?
It
is
the
protrusion
of
a
peritoneal
sac
through
the
deep
inguinal
ring,
travel
through
the
inguinal
canal
and
emerge
from
the
superficial
inguinal
ring
which
may
present
as
a
groin
lump
or
descend
all
the
way
to
the
scrotum.
The
piece
of
thin
5ssue
is
the
indirect
hernia
sac
made
of
peritoneum.
Some
pre-‐
peritoneal
fat
can
also
be
seen
in
the
picture.
2
The
peritoneum
is
a
serous
membrane
of
the
abdominal
cavity.
There
are
two
layers
of
the
peritoneum
-‐
the
parietal
and
the
visceral
peritoneum.
The
parietal
peritoneum
is
the
outer
layer
and
lines
the
abdominal
cavity
while
the
visceral
peritoneum
is
the
inner
layer
and
covers
all
the
organs
contained
within
the
abdomen.
Thus,
the
liver,
the
stomach
and
the
intes5nes
are
covered
with
peritoneum,
as
are
the
spleen,
gall
bladder,
pancreas,
uterus
and
appendix.
kidneys
are
retroperitoneal.
The
func5on
of
the
visceral
peritoneum
is
to
allow
the
various
structures
inside
the
abdomen
to
move
about
freely.
The
space
between
these
two
layers
is
the
peritoneal
cavity.
it
is
filled
with
a
small
amount
of
slippery
serous
fluid
that
allows
the
two
layers
to
slide
freely
over
each
other.
There
are
oHen
blood
vessels,
nerves
between
these
layers.
The
parietal
peritoneum
has
an
extremely
sensi5ve
nerve
supply
from
the
soma5c
nerves,
so
that
any
injury
or
inflamma5on
occurring
in
this
layer
is
felt
as
an
acute
localized
pain.
The
visceral
peritoneum
is
not
so
sensi5ve
and
pain
is
only
experienced
if,
for
example,
the
intes5ne
is
stretched
or
distended
and
the
visceral
3
Looking
from
inside
using
a
laparoscope,
the
peritoneum
is
not
as
“white”
as
you
may
think.
For
example,
the
parietal
peritoneum
is
quite
thin
and
it
is
almost
transparent.
Please
note
the
direct
inguinal
hernia
sac.
4
The
visceral
peritoneum
would
wrap
around
the
whole
organ
but
some
organs,
the
visceral
peritoneum
would
only
cover
par5ally
the
circumference
of
the
GI
tract.
For
example,
a
loop
of
ileum
in
A
and
the
descending
colon
in
B.
5
There
are
organs
like
the
kidneys
and
the
great
vessels,
although
they
are
covered
by
a
layer
of
peritoneum,
they
are
classified
as
retroperitoneal
structures.
6
The
foregut
starts
as
a
straight
tube.
As
it
develops,
it
rotates
along
its
longitudinal
axis
for
90
degree
so
that
the
leH
vagus
nerve
become
anterior
(12
o’clock
posi5on)
and
right
vagus
nerve
becomes
posterior
(6
o’clock
posi5on).
The
greater
curve
side
lengthens
dispropor5onately
as
compared
to
the
lesser
curve
side
and
ends
up
forming
the
stomach
and
the
proximal
duodenum.
Foregut
is
also
different
from
the
midgut
and
hindgut
in
the
way
that
it
has
the
extra
ventral
mesentery
(also
called
ventral
mesogastrium)
a>aching
to
the
front.
The
whole
length
of
GI
tract
has
the
double-‐folded
peritoneum
called
dorsal
mesentery
a>ached
to
the
body
wall
over
the
vertebral
side
at
the
back.
When
the
foregut
rotates
along
its
long
axis,
the
dosral
mesogastrium
and
the
ventral
mesogastrium
also
rotate
and
length
(but
their
a>achment
to
the
front
and
back
remain
there).
The
dorsal
mesogastrium
a>aches
to
the
greater
curve
while
the
ventral
mesogastrium
a>aches
to
the
lesser
curve
and
the
proximal
duodenum.
Then
the
liver
develops
inside
the
ventral
mesogastrium
and
the
spleen
develops
inside
the
dorsal
mesogastrium.
Then
the
liver
develops
into
much
bigger
structure
than
the
spleen
and
pushes
the
stomach
and
spleen
to
their
final
posi5ons.
A
part
of
liver
pushes
onto
the
body
wall
and
obliterate
a
part
of
the
peritoneum;
of
which
becomes
the
“bare
area”
of
the
liver
(not
covered
by
peritoneum).
And
the
ventral
mesogastrium
between
the
liver
and
the
anterior
abdominal
wall
becomes
the
falciform
ligament.
All
these
rota5ons
and
growth
of
the
structures
also
create
the
pocket
behind
the
stomach
called
lesser
sac.
The
ventral
mesogastrium
between
the
liver
and
the
stomach
becomes
the
lesser
omentum
while
the
dorsal
mesogastrium
between
the
stomach
and
the
spleen
becomes
the
greater
omentum
(and
it
would
grow
further
downward
to
become
the
big
piece
of
omental
5ssue
called
greater
omentum).
The
foregut
ends
at
the
proximal
duodenum
(junc5on
between
the
second
and
third
part
of
duodenum)
and
the
free
edge
of
the
ventral
mesogastrium
becomes
the
free
edge
of
lesser
omentum
containing
the
hepa5c
artery
proper,
portal
vein
and
common
bile
duct.
Underneath
the
free
edge
is
the
hole
going
into
the
lesser
sac.
The
greater
omentum
side
hanged
down
as
the
double
fold
in
front
of
the
transverse
colon.
Later
on
the
transverse
mesocolon
fused
with
the
posterior
layer
of
the
greater
omentum
and
close
off
the
lesser
sac
over
the
transverse
colon;
leaving
the
epiploic
foramen
as
the
only
opening
which
communicates
between
greater
and
lesser
sac.
7
If
you
look
at
this
cross
sec5on
of
the
abdomen
at
the
level
of
epiploic
foramen
(labelled
as
omental
foramen
in
the
picture)
with
the
understanding
of
how
the
GI
tract,
the
foregut,
midgut
and
hindgut
are
formed,
you
will
have
no
problem
understanding
why
and
how
the
liver
and
spleen
are
covered
by
the
peritoneum.
Also,
you
will
understanding
where
does
the
falciform
ligament
come
from.
Most
importantly,
with
the
understanding
the
rota5on
and
change
of
axis
of
the
stomach
and
duodenum,
you
will
be
able
to
understand
how
the
lesser
sac
(or
omental
bursa
as
labelled
in
this
picture).
8
9
OK,
let’s
recap
something
we
have
touched
on
-‐
the
foregut,
midgut
and
the
hindgut,
which
are
supplied
by
the
3
visceral
arteries,
the
celiac
artery,
the
superior
mesenteric
artery
and
the
inferior
mesenteric
artery.
10
Picture
A
showed
the
early
forma5on
of
the
GI
tract.
Note
the
presence
of
the
liver,
gallbladder
and
ventral
pancrea5c
bud
in
the
ventral
mesogastrium;
and
also
the
spleen
and
doral
pancrea5c
bud
in
the
dorsal
mesogastrium.
Picture
B
showed
the
lengthening
of
the
midgut.
Picture
C
showed
the
further
lengthening
of
the
midgut
and
also
the
joining
of
ventral
and
dorsal
pancrea5c
bud.
Picture
D
showed
the
forma5on
of
greater
omentum
and
further
rota5on
of
the
stomach
and
first
part
of
duodenum
with
the
forma5on
of
epiploic
foramen.
Further
lengthening
of
midgut
occurs
with
some
evidence
of
hernia5on.
Picture
E
showed
further
development
of
greater
omentum
and
in
returning
to
the
abdomen,
the
large
bowel
undergos
a
270
degree
an5clockwise
loca5on.
At
this
stage
the
rota5on
is
not
completed
yet
and
thus
you
can
see
the
loca5on
of
caecum
in
the
RUQ.
Picture
F
showed
descended
caecum
to
he
RLQ.
Figures
G
and
H
showed
further
developments,
in
par5cular
the
growth
of
greater
omentum.
11
Compare
the
size
of
the
abdomen
and
the
head
of
the
embryo.
Hernia5on
occurs
at
around
6
weeks
of
gesta5on
and
the
gut
should
completely
return
into
abdomen
by
10
weeks.
Remember
the
rota5on
of
midgut
takes
place
between
these
weeks.
12
1. The
gut
goes
out
of
the
abdomen
for
a
a
few
weeks
during
development
(a
process
called
hernia5on)
2.
During
the
hernia5on
and
return
of
the
gut,
the
midgut
undergoes
270
degree
an5clockwise
rota5on
(on
the
SMA
axis).
13
In
summary
the
midgut
loop
undergoes
three
series
of
90
degree
rota5ons
counterclockwise
around
the
SMA,
resul5ng
in
a
total
of
a
270
degree
rota5on
counterclockwise.
The
cranial
limb
goes
from
right
to
leH
of
the
SMA,
whereas
the
caudal
limb
goes
from
leH
to
right
of
the
SMA,
placing
the
small
bowel
in
the
center
of
the
abdomen
and
the
ascending
colon
and
cecum
to
the
right
of
the
abdomen
and
the
descending
colon
to
the
leH.
14
The
final
90
degree
turn
allows
the
caecum
to
go
to
the
RLQ
from
RUQ.
This
process
is
also
referred
to
the
“descent
of
caecum”.
15
To
recap,
umbilical
hernia5on
of
the
intes5nal
loops
at
approximately
8
weeks.
The
first
90-‐degree
rota5on
takes
place
during
the
hernia5on.
The
remaining
180-‐
degree
rota5on
occurs
during
the
return
of
the
gut
to
the
abdominal
cavity.
16
Note
the
rota5on
of
the
intes5nal
loop
while
it
is
going
back
into
the
abdominal
cavity
has
put
the
caecum
from
the
RUQ
to
RLQ.
17
This
is
the
key
fact
that
you
have
to
memorize.
18
A
publica5on
from
1955.
19
Malrota5on
can
occur
in
different
form.
One
of
the
form
of
malrota5on
is
the
figure
A
where
the
caecum
failed
to
descend
to
the
RLQ.
If
this
pa5ent
has
acute
appendici5s,
the
pa5ent
will
have
signs
of
peritoni5s
over
the
RUQ
instead
of
RLQ.
20
A
bit
about
the
hindgut.
The
hindgut
enters
into
the
cloaca
which
is
the
future
anorectal
canal.
No
rota5on
occurs
in
the
hindgut
development.
21
Looking
at
the
leH-‐hand
side
figure,
you
can
appreciate
the
greater
omentum
hanging
down
from
the
greater
curve
of
the
stomach
and
the
first
part
of
the
duodenum
like
a
large
apron.
The
posterior
layer
of
greater
omentum,
it
adheres
to
the
anterior
surface
of
the
transverse
colon.
Therefore,
if
you
liH
the
greater
omentum
towards
the
head,
you
would
then
see
the
transverse
colon
and
the
transverse
mesocolon.
How
much
fat
is
deposited
in
the
greater
omentum
would
relate
to
the
body
weight
of
pa5ent
and
greater
omentum
is
not
avascular,
there
are
named
vessels
like
the
gastro-‐
omental
vessels
running
down
the
greater
omentum
from
the
greater
curve
of
stomach.
From
the
diagram
on
your
right
hand
side,
the
liver
is
reflected
up
showing
the
gallbladder
as
well
as
the
lesser
omentum.
It
extends
from
the
lesser
curve
of
the
stomach
and
the
first
part
of
duodenum
to
the
anterior
surface
of
the
liver.
The
lesser
omentum
can
be
further
divided
into
hepatogastric
ligament
and
hepatduodenual
ligament.
The
hepatogastric
ligament
is
usually
quite
thin
but
it
contains
the
right
gastric
and
leH
gastric
vessels.
Over
the
free
edge
of
hepatodudenual
ligament,
of
course
it
contains
the
hepa5c
artery
proper,
the
common
bile
duct
and
the
portal
vein.
22
Referring
to
the
diagram
on
your
right
hand
side,
the
reflected
liver
has
been
allowed
to
fall
back
to
its
posi5on
and
that’s
why
you
could
not
see
much
of
the
gallbladder
and
the
lesser
omentum.
Note
the
root
of
mesentery
of
the
small
bowel.
It
runs
from
somewhere
close
to
the
midline
or
the
origin
of
the
SMA
to
the
RLQ
around
the
ileocecal
junc5on.
Remember
the
mesentery
is
a
large,
fan-‐shape,
double-‐layered
fold
of
peritoneum
that
connects
the
jejunum
and
ileum
to
the
posterior
abdominal
wall.
Inside
the
mesentery,
you
can
find
arteries,
veins,
nerves
and
lympha5cs
as
well
as
variable
amount
of
fat.
23
This
diagram
serves
to
remind
you
about
the
difference
between
the
design
of
foregut
versus
midgut
and
hindgut.
Essen5ally,
the
presence
of
ventral
mesentery
(or
ventral
mesogastrium)
enhances
the
forma5on
of
lesser
sac.
The
only
problem
with
this
diagram
is
the
presence
of
only
single
branch
from
the
aorta.
There
should
be
three.
The
one
shown
here
is
the
celiac,
and
lower
down,
we
should
have
SMA
and
IMA.
24
This
is
a
sagi>al
sec5on
of
the
abdomen
more
or
less
in
the
midline.
You
should
have
no
problem
appreciate
the
rela5onship
between
greater
sac
and
lesser
sac
by
now.
25
This
is
what
will
happen
aHer
the
posterior
layer
of
greater
omentum
fused
with
the
transverse
mesocolon.
Note
the
descend
of
the
greater
omentum
to
the
lower
abdomen,
covering
the
small
bowel.
26
27
It
is
important
to
remember
the
rela5ons
of
the
epiploic
foramen.
Anteriorly
we
have
the
hepatoduodenual
ligament
(which
is
also
the
free
edge
of
lesser
omentum)
containing
the
portal
vein,
hepa5c
artery
and
common
bile
duct.
Posteriorly
we
have
IVC
mainly,
also
the
right
crus
of
diaphragm
covered
by
peritoneum.
Superiorly
we
have
the
liver
and
inferiorly
we
have
the
first
part
of
duodenum.
28
29
The
hepa5c
artery
proper
and
the
portal
vein
provide
the
blood
supply
to
the
liver
(that
also
means
blood
flow
into
the
liver).
This
double
blood
supply
is
quite
unique
and
it
is
clinically
referred
to
as
“hepa5c
inflow”.
The
hepa5c
inflow
could
be
temporarily
stopped
by
having
the
index
finger
inserted
to
the
epiploic
foramen
and
the
thumb
pinching
onto
the
vessels.
The
maneuver
is
called
the
“Pringle
maneuver”,
aHer
the
Scolsh
surgeon
Hogarth
Pringle.
Not
to
confuse
this
Pringle
with
the
potato
chips.
30
Modern
surgeons
would
not
sacrifice
their
fingers
but
the
Pringle
maneuver
can
be
achieved
by
vascular
clamp.
Note
that
the
junc5on
between
hepato-‐gastric
and
hepatoduodenual
ligaments
is
usually
very
thin
and
can
be
dissected
through
easily.
31