CHAPTER 9-14 TRIGONOMETRY

PUT AND CHECK TRICK:-

Suppose you have to solve an identity or any trigonometric equation but you
don’t remember the formula then there is a very easy method to guess the
correct answer.
Just put any value from the domain of a trigonometric function in the question,
you will get some value (Note that). Now put the same value in all the given
options and check for which option your answer matches. It will be the answer.

Example:-

2sinθ =?
a. cos 3θ b. sin 3θ c. tan 3θ d. cot 3θ

Now put θ=30° in 2sinθ =2sin30°=2(1/2)= 1 Note it…

Now put θ=30° in all options

Cos3θ =cos3(30°)=cos90°= 0
sin3θ =sin3(30°)=sin90°= 1
tan3θ =sin3θ /cos3θ =1/0=Undefined
cot3θ =cos3θ /sin3θ =0/1=0

So, right option is b. 2sinθ =sin3θ

Note:
This trick is very helpful. Especially in 9.3, 9.4 and 10.3, 10.4 also in chapter 13, 14.
Where a long equation come to solve practice it. But remember the domain and
try it that a function should not become undefined as tan90 and cot0 etc.
Otherwise if in equation there come only sine and cos functions, solutions with
90,0 is more easy. Practice it maximum.

SOME USEFUL RESULTS TO REMEMBER:-

1. tan x + tan(180-x) = 0
2. cot x + cot(180-x) = 0
3. sin x – sin(180-x) = 0
4. cos x – sin(90-x) = 0
5. sin x – cos (90-x) = 0
6. cos x + cos(180-x) = 0
7. sin²α+cos²β=1 if α+β= 90°
8. sin nπ = 0
9. cos nπ= (-1)n n Є Z
10. sin(2n+1) = (-1)n
11. cos(2n+1) = 0
12. tan nπ= 0
13. cot nπ= ∞
14. tan(2n+1) = ∞
 15. cot(2n+1) = 0

SHORTCUT TO FIND DOMAIN, RANGE,

PERIOD & Frequency

Let,

Y = A (Trigonometric Function) Bx+C -------------------------------(1)

Then,

 Domain =
 Range = A (Range of Function)
 Period =
 Frequency =
 Phase shift=

e.g.,

y = 3 sin 4x+9
Comparing it with eq. 1,

A=3, B=4, C=9

We know the Domain of sinx is R(All real numbers), Range is [-1,1] and
Period is 2π. So, for y=3sin4x

 Domain = =R
 Range = 3 [-1,1] = [-3,3]
 Period = =
 Frequency = =
 Phase Shift= -9/4
Quick Guessing Points for the Period of any function:
 Constant Function is a function with no fundamental period.
e.g; 1 has no period.
 If f(x) is periodic with period T, then 1/f(x) and ( ) are also
periodic with the same period.
e.g; √2 2 + 3 has π as period.
 sinx, cosx, secx, and cosecx are periodic functions with period 2π.
 tanx and cotx are periodic functions with period π.
 |sinx|,|cosx|,|secx|,|cscx|,|cotx| and |tanx| are periodic
functions with period π.
 Sinnx, cosnx, secnx and csecnx are periodic function with period 2π
when n is odd and π when n is even.
 tannx and cotnx are periodic functions with period π.
Range of Function of type af(x)+b if f(x) is a trigonometric
Function.
 asinx+b=[b-a,b+a]
e.g range of 2sinx+5 is [5-2,5+2]=> [3,7]
 acosx+b= [b-a,b+a]
 atanx+b= (-∞,∞)
 acotx+b= (-∞,∞)
 asecx+b= (-∞,b-a]U[a+b,+∞)
e.g 2secx+9= (-∞,7]U[11,+∞)
 acsecx+b=(-∞,b-a]U[a+b,+∞)
Range of sin2x, cos2x, tan2x, sec2x, csec2x and cot2x can be got
by eliminating negative portion of range of function without
square.
e.g sin2x has range [-1,1] now eliminate the negative part of
range of trigonometric function and get the real range of
sin2x=[1].
--Tricks on Clock Related Problem:

1) An accurate clock shows 8 o'clock in the morning. Through how many degrees
will the hour hand rotate when the clock shows 2 o'clock in the afternoon?
(a) 144 (b)150
(c) 168 (d)180
Sol - 8 o'click in morning - 2 o'clock = 6 hours.
using trick,
In 1 minute, an hour hand covers 1/2 degree and 1 hour = 60 minute. So, an hour hand
will cover (1/2) x 60 = 30 degrees in 1 hour. In total, we have to find the degrees movement of an
Hour clock in 6 hour so, it should be :
30 x 6= 180

(2) How many times are the hands of a clock at right angle in a day?
(a)22 (b) 24
(c)44 (d) 48
Sol - In 12 hours, they are at right angles 22 times so in 24 hours, they will at right angle at 44
times.

(3) How many times do the hands of a clock coincide in a day?

 (a) 22 (b)24
(c) 44 (d) 48
Sol- Have a look on above show data, it is clearly written than hands of a clock overlap each
other 22 times in a day so the answer will be 22.

(4) A clock is started at noon. By 10 minutes past 5, the hour hand has turned
through:
(a) 145 degrees (b) 150 degrees
(c)155 degrees (d)160 degrees
Sol- 10 minutes past 5 means :: 5 : 10. It can also be said that it is 5 hours and 10 minutes.
For Minute Hand
(i) 1 min = 1/2 degree so 10 min = 5 degrees
(ii) 1 hour = 60 minute = 30 degree
(iii) 5 hour = 5 x 30 degree = 150 degree
But we have to find degree subtended by 5 Hours and 10 Minutes = 150 + 5 = 155 degrees

(5) The angle between the minute hand and the other hour hand of a clock when the time is 8:30
is
(a) 80 degrees (b) 75 degrees
(c) 60 degrees (d) 105 degrees
Sol - In this kind of question, use the formula which has been written above.

Degree required = (11/2) *30 - 30*8

= 15*11 - 240
=165 -240
= 75 degree
Note - Here please note that, you can get answer in negative form but never consider negative
answer because it applies mod value

Maximum and Minimum Value of special case:

acosx+bsinx+c
Maximum value: c+ √ +
Minimum value: c - √ +

 Maximum value of acosx+bsinx-c =√ + −

-Maximum and Minimum values of trigonometric expressions.

Type -1

Example - (1) Find the maximum and Minimum Value of 3 sin 2x + 4 cos 2x

Sol- Here the 4> 3 so

 Maximum Value = 4
 Minimum Value = 3

Example - (2) Find the maximum and Minimum Value of 5 sin 2x + 3 cos 2x

Sol - Here 5>3

 Maximum Value = 5
 Minimum Value = 3
Type -2
Example - (1) Find the Maximum and Minimum Value of 3 sin x + 4 cos x

Sol- If you find the question of this kind, apply the above formulae.

 Maximum Value = √ 9 + 16 = √ 25 = 5
 Minimum Value = - √ 9 + 16 = - √ 25 = - 5

(2) Find the Maximum and Minimum Value of 3 sin x + 2 cos x

Sol- If you find the question of this kind, apply the above formulae.

 Maximum Value = √ 9 + 4 = √ 13
 Minimum Value = - √ 9 + 4 = - √ 13
Type-3
In case of sec2x, cosec2x, cot2x and tan2x, we cannot find the maximum value because they
can have infinity as their maximum value. So in question containing these trigonometric
identities, you will be asked to find the minimum values only. The typical question forms are
listed below:

Example- (1) Find the Minimum value of 3 sin 2x + 4 cosec 2x

sol - this equation is a typical example of our type-3 so apply the formula 2√ab so,

 Minimum Value = 2√ 3 x 4= 2√ 12
Example (2) Find the Minimum value of 9 cos 2x + 2 sec 2x
sol - this equation is a typical example of our type-3 so apply the formula 2√ab so,
 Minimum Value = 2√ 9 x 2= 2√ 18
Example (3) -Find the Minimum value of 8 tan 2x + 7 cot 2x
sol - this equation is a typical example of our type-3 so apply the formula 2√ab so,

 Minimum Value = 2√ 8 x 7= 2√ 56
Type-4
In this type, we will give you the explanation of question which are different from
type-1, type-2 and type-3. If you find this kind of questions, you will have to convert
these questions into type-1,2 or 3 by using trigonometric formulas
Example - Find the Minimum Value of Sec 2x + cosec 2x
Sol - 1 + tan x + cosec 2x -------------------------------------------- (Sec 2x = 1 + tan 2x)
2

= 1+ tan 2x + 1 + cot 2x ------------------------------------------------ (cosec 2x = 1 + cot 2x )

=2 + tan 2x + cot 2x---------------------------------------------------apply type-3 formula

=2 + 2 √ 1 x 1

=2+2
=4 (Answer)
Important Notes & Short Tricks on Height & Distance
Angle of Elevation: Let AB be a tower/pillar/shell/minar/pole etc.) standing at
any point C on the level ground is viewing at A.

The angle , which the line AC makes with the horizontal line BC is called angle
of elevation .so angle ACB is angle of elevation.
Angle of Depression: If observer is at Q and is viewing an object R on the
ground , then angle between PQ and QR is the angle of depression .so angle
PQR is angle of depression.

Numerically angle of elevation is equal to the angle of depression.

Both the angles are measured with the horizontal.

1. The thread of a kite is 120 m long and it is making 30° angular

elevation with the ground .What is the height of the kite?

Solution:

Sin 30° = h/120

1/2 = h/120
h = 60m
 2. A tree bent by the wind .The top of the tree meets the ground at an
angle of 60°.If the distance between the top of the foot be 8 m then
what was the height of the tree?

Solution:

tan 60° = x/8

√3 = x/8
x = 8 √3
y cos 60° = 8/y
1/2 = 8/y
y = 16
therefore height of the tree = x+y
= 8√3+16
= 8(√3+2)

3. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point on the

ground is 30° . On walking 100m towards the tower the angle of
elevation changes to 60° . Find the height of the tower.

Solution:
In right triangle ABD,
tan 60° = h/x
√3 x = h
x = h/√3
Again , in right triangle ABC ,
tan 30 = h/x+100
1/√3 = h/x+100
√3 h = x+100
√3 h = h/√3 + 100
√3 h – h/√3 =100
3 h - h/√3 =100
2 h = 100√3
h = 50√3
By short trick:
d = h (cot Ɵ1 - cot Ɵ2)
h = 100/(√3-1/√3) = 100*√3/2 = 50√3
Ɵ1 = small angle
Ɵ2 = large angle
d = distance between two places
h = height

4. From the top of a temple near a river the angles of depression of

both the banks of river are 45° & 30°. If the height of the temple is
100 m then find out the width of the river.

Solution:
tan 45° = AB/BD
1 = 100/BD
BD = 100
tan 30 ° = AB/BC
1/√3 = 100/BC
BC = 100 √3
Width of the river , CD = BC - BD = 100 (√3-1)
When height of tower is 1 m then width of river is √3-1
Since height of tower is 100 m
Therefore ,
Width of river is 100(√3-1)m
By short trick:
Same formula can be used in this question too i.e.
d= h (cot Ɵ1 - cot Ɵ2)

5. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point is 30 °. On

walking 40 m towards the tower the angle changes to 45°.Find the
height of the tower?

Solution:
tan 45° = AB/BD
1 = AB/1
Therefore AB = 1
tan 30° = AB/BC =>1/√3 = 1/BC
therefore BC= √3
Now CD =√3-1 m and height of tower is 1 m
1 m = 1/√3-1
Therefore 40 m = 1/√3-1.40 = 40/√3-1
= 20 (√3+1)m
By trick:
40 = h(√3-1)
H = 40/(√3-1) = 20 (√3+1)m
Here are some ratio figure which you have to remember
Important short trick are :

Note: only when the sum of angle i.e

 Some Important question are as follows:
Example 1:The angle of elevation of the top of a tower at a distance of 500 m
from its foot is 30°. The height of tower is :

(a)

(b)
(c)500

(d)
Ans. (d)

Short trick:
Solve it with ratio , as the angle of elevation is 30° then ratio between P: B: H

is 1:√3:2 so √3= 500 then 1= 500/√3 and height is equal to

Example 2: The banks of a river are parallel. A swimmer starts from a point on
one of the banks and swims in a straight line inclined to the bank at 45 0 and
reaches the opposite bank at a point 20 m from the point opposite to the
starting point. The breadth of the river is :
(a) 20 m
(b) 28.28 m
(c) 14.14 m
(d) 40 m
Ans. (c) 14.14 m
Solution:
Let A be the starting point and B, the end point of the swimmer. Then AB = 20m
&
Short Method;
AS the angle of elevation is 45° then the ratio of P: B : H i.e. 1:1:√2
here √2 =20 then 1 =20/√2
Question 3: A man from the top a 50m high tower, sees a car moving towards
the tower at an angle of depression of 300 . After some time, the angle of
depression becomes 600 . The distance (in m) travelled by the car during this
time is –
(a)

(b)

(c)
(d)
Ans. (c)
Solution:

AB = AC – BC
Example 4:A person standing on the bank of a river observes that the angle of
elevation of the top of a tree on the opposite side of the bank is 600 . When he
moves 50m away from the bank, the angle of elevation becomes 30 0 . The
height of the tree and width of river respectively are :
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) None of these
Answer: c)
Solution:

Ratio value original value

height of the tree= h (ratio value = )=

and width of the river = x (ratio value = 1) = 25 m
Example 5: From the top of a pillar of height 80 m the angle of elevation and
depression of the top and bottom of another pillar are 300 and 450 respectively.
The height of second pillar (in metre) is:
(a) m

(b)

(c)

(d)
Answer: (c)
Solution:
Let AB and CD are pillars.
Let DE = h

In

Required height
Some Important Results:
If α+β=90*
1) sinα=cos β
2) cosα=sinβ
3) tanα=cotβ
4) cotα=tanβ
5) secα=cosecβ
6) cosecα=secβ
Important Points:
If α+β=90*
1) sinα/cosβ= cosα/sinβ=1
2) tanα/cotβ=cotα/tanβ= 1
3) secα/cosecβ= cosecα/secβ=1
-Results:
If A+B+C=π ,then:
1) tanA+tanB+tanC=tanA.tanB.tanC
2) cotA.cotB+cotB.cotC+cotC.cotA=1
3) . + . + . =1
4) + + = . .

-Domains of trigonometric Function:

Function Domain
Y=sinx R
Y=cosx R
Y=tanx R-{(2n+1)π/2 , nԑZ}
Y=cotx R-{nπ; nԑZ}
Y=secx R-{(2n+1)π/2 , nԑZ}
Y=cosecx R-{nπ ; nԑZ}
-Domain of Identities:
Identity Domain
Sin2x+cos2x=1 R
1+tan2x=sec2x R-{(2n+1)π/2 , nԑZ}
1+cot2x=cosec2x R-{nπ; nԑZ}
-Domain of Reciprocal:
Function Domain
Y= R-{(2n+1)π/2 , nԑZ}

Y= R-{nπ ; nԑZ}

Y= x≠ , nԑZ
.
-Application of Trigonometry:
Types of triangles:
Name of triangle Sides Angles
Scalene 3 sides are 3 angles are
different different
Isosceles 2 sides are same 2 angles are same
Equilateral 3 sides are same 3 angles are same
Obtuse May be scalene or 1 angle obtuse
isosceles but not
equilateral
Right May be scalene or 1 angle is 90*
isosceles but not
equilateral
Oblique May be scalene or No angle of 90*
isosceles but not
equilateral
Acute May be scalene, 3 angles are
isosceles or acute(less than
equilateral 90*)
-Types of Angles:
1) Acute angle (Less than 90*)
2) Obtuse angle (greater than 90*)
3) Straight angle (180*)
4) Reflex angle (360*)
5) Right angle (90*)
6) Complementary angle (Sum of two angles is 90*)
7) Supplementary angle (sum of two angles is 180*)
Trigonometric Triplets Trick:
1) If Hypotenuse is an odd number then follow the following
method.
For Example: Let us have number “9”
Step#1: Square it first of all i.e 9 2=81
Step#2: Now divide 81/2 which is 40.5
Step#3: Now add and subtract 0.5 to 40.5 i.e:
 40.5-0.5=40
 40.5+0.5=41
So, the triplets are 9,40, 41
2) If hypotenuse is an even number then follow the following
method:
For Example: Let us have number “8”
Step#1: Divide the number by 2 i.e 8/2 =4
Step#2:Now square it. i.e; 42=16
Step#3: Now add and subtract 1 from it. i.e;
 16-1=15
 16+1=17
So, the triplets are 4,15,17.
Graph of Trigonometric Functions:

-Domain and Range of Trigonometric function:

-Domain & Range of Inverse trigonometric Function:-

TRICK FOR GUESSING THE RELATIONS

OF EXERCISE 12.8
There are so many relations in exercise 12.8 and it is not
possible to memorize all of them for the mcq’s. But with
the following trick it is very easy to guess the relation.
If a relation comes in mcq and you have to guess, then
first assume that the relation is for equilateral triangle.

Cram the following values.

1. α + β + r = 60° (As it is equilateral triangle)
2. s =
√
3. Δ = a²
4. r =
√
5. R =
√
√
6. r1 = r2 = r3 = a

Now, whatever the relation is, you can easily answer.

Example:-

r:R:r1=?
Put the values from above
√
: : a
√ √

Multiply by 2√3
a : 2a : 3a
a will be cancelled
1:2:3
So, r : R : r1 = 1 : 2 : 3
Practice this on all questions of 12.8
Important Points:

-Important Results:
1) When two sides and the angle opposite to one of them are given;
In this case, either no triangle or one triangle or two triangles are
possible. For this reason, it is called ambiguous case.
Let b, c and B are given:
i) When B is acute and b<c sinB , no triangle is formed.
ii) When B is acute and b=c sinB, then only one triangle is formed which
is right triangle.
iii) When B is acute and b>c sin B, then two triangles are formed if b<c
and only one triangle is possible iff b≥c.
iv) When B is obtuse, there is no triangle iff b<c and only one triangle iff
b>c.
Remarks:
1) The mid point of the hypotenuse of the right angle triangle is
equidistant from the three vertices of triangle.
2) In a right angle triangle, the orthocenter coincides with vertex
containing the right angle.
3) In a right triangle, the mid point of the hypotenuse is the circum
center of the triangle.
4) Point of congruency of three altitude is orthocenter of triangle.
5) Point of congruency of three median is called centroid triangle.
Important points:
1) ∆= ( − )( − )( − )
2) 2S=a+b+c
3) r:R:r1:r2:r3=1:2:3:3:3 (For Equilateral Triangle)
4) r1r2+r2r3+r3r1= s2
5) rr1r2r3=∆2
6) r1+r2+r3-r=4R
7) r1r2r3=rs2
8) r=R/2 (For equilateral triangle)
9) cosA/a= cosB/b =cosC/c (forms an equilateral triangle)
How to convert the radian into degree.
Example: 2π/3 radian into degree?
Solution: As we know that 1 rad= 180/π
so: 2π/3 * 180/π = 120*
How to convert degree into radian:
Example: 54*45’ into radian
Solution:
As we know that 1*=60’
so (54 . 45/60)*= (54.3/4)*= (219/4)*
As we know that 1*=π/180
so; (219/4) (π/180)
=219π/720
= 0.955 (Answer)
Properties of Triangle:-
Some Trigonometric Tricks:
Trick to find the Numerical value of trigonometric series:
Q#1:
sin1*. Sin2*. Sin3*…….. sin270=?
A) -1
B) 0 (Correct)
C) 1
D) None of these
Solution:
As we know that:
sin180*=0
The value of expression is 0. (Answer)
Q#2:
sin21*+ sin22*+…….+ sin289=?
Solution:
Trick: (Last angle/1st angle)= Product/2 = Answer
In this case;
89/1= 89/2= 44 ½ (Answer)
Q#3:
cos25+cos210+….. cos290=?
Solution:
Using the trick: (Last angle/1st angle)= Product/2= Answer.
In this case:
As cos290=0
so: cos25+…..+cos285=?
Now; 85/5= 17/2= 8 ½ (Answer)
Q#4:
The value of tan5*. Tan10*….tan85*=?
Solution:
As we know that:
tanα=cotβ when α+β=90*
so that:
tan5=cot85
tan10= cot80
….
so that tan45 is one which can’t be paired with anyone so that
tan45*=1 (Answer)..
Q#5:
sinπ/9 . sin2π/9 .sinπ/3 .sin4π/9=?
A) ¾ B) 3/5 C) 3/17 D) 3/16 ( Correct)
Solution:
~Trick:
(Only, if one value is known)
Step#1: (Trigonometric value of angle)= P
Step#2: Take the square of its numerator.
Step#3: Take the power of denominator to the number of angles
involve in the notation.
Using the trick:
√
S#1: sin60=
S#2: Squaring the numerator i.e (√3)2
S#3: Take the denominator power as the number of angles in notation
are 4 so: (2)4=16
Final result is 3/16 (Answer)
Q#6:
cos20.cos40. cos60.cos80=?
Solution:
As we know that cos60=1/2
so using the trick:
= (1)2/24 = 1/16 (Answer)
Q#7: sin10.sin30.sin50.sin70=?
Solution: As we know that: sin30=1/2
So using the trick:
= (1)2/24=1/16 (Answer)
Q#8:
cos20.cos40.cos80=?
Solution:
There is a type where the exact angle is not mentioned in the question
so in that case we make it by adding any two angles whose sum is
known value. If the sum is from 30, 60, 90 etc then take the 1/2n for
final value whereas n=no. of angles involve in notation.
In this case; 20+40=60 so ½3=1/8 (Answer)
Q#9:
cosπ/5.cos2π/5.cos3π/5. Cos4π/5=?
Solution:
As 2π/5+ 3π/5= 5π/5= π
As we know that no. of angles in the notation are 4 so 1/24=1/16
(Answer).
Some Basic Trigonometric Formulas:
-Range of Modulus of trigonometric function:
Ranges of: |sinx|≤1 , |cosx|≤1 , |secx|≥1 and |cscx|≥1
-Period of special cases:
The period of: 1 )|sinx|+|cosx|=π/2
2) |tanx|+|cotx|=π/2
3)|secx|+|cscx|=π/2
Some Important Points

r r1 r2 r3
r=∆/S r1= ∆/S-a r2= ∆/S-b r3= ∆/S-c
r=(s-a) tan r1=s tan r2=s tan R3=s tan
=(s-b) tan
=(s-c) tan
. . . .
r= r1= r2= r3=
 .
r=
.
r=
R= r1= r2= r3=
4Rsin sin sin 4Rsin cos cos 4Rcos sin sin 4Rcos cos sin

Projection Law:
In any ∆ABC,
i) a=bcosB+c cosB
ii) b=acosC+c cosA
iii) c=acosB+bcosA
-Some Important Formulas:
If θ is in restricted domain of corresponding trigonometric function
then:
1-
a) arc sin(sinx)=x
b) arc cos(cosx)=x
c) arc tan (tanx)=x
d) arc cot (cotx)=x
e) arc sec (secx)=x
f) arc csec (csecx)=x
If x is in domain of corresponding inverse trigonometric function then:
2-
a) sin(arc sinx)=x
b) cos (arc cosx)=x
c) tan (arc tanx)=x
d) cot (arc cotx)=x
e) sec (arc secx)=x
f) csec (arc csecx)=x
3-
a) arc sin(-x)= -arcsinx
b) arc cos(-x)= π-arc cosx
c) arc tan(-x)= -arc tanx
d) arc cot(-x)= π-arc cotx
e) arc sec(-x)= π- arc secx
f) arc csec(-x)= -csec x
4-
a) arc cosec(x)= arc sin(1/x) , x≥1 or x≤-1
b) arc sec(x)= arc cos (1/x), x≥1 or x≤-1
, >0
c) arc cot(x)=
+ tan , <0
5-
a) arc sinx+ arc cosx= π/2
b) arc secx+ arc csecx=π/2
c) arc tanx+ arc cotx=π/2

Some useful General Solutions:

Trigonometric Equation General Solution

sinx=0 x=nπ , nԑI
cosx=0 x=(2n+1)π/2 , nԑI
tanx=0 X=nπ, n ԑI
asinx+bcosx=c
Note : If x=nπ+α±β, nԑI
|c|≤ √ + is not satisfied then Where cosα=
√
no real solution exists
 sinα=
√
cosβ=
√
Some Important Hints for solving Trigonometric equations.
1) Squaring should be avoided as far as possible if square is done then
check for extra solutions.
For example, consider equation sinx+cosx=1 on squaring we get
sin2x+cos2x+2sinx.cosx=1 sin2x=1x=nπ/2, n=0,±1,±2,…
The value of angle x are x=π and x=3π/2 don’t satisfy the given
equation. So we get extra solution. Thus if squaring is done must verify
each of the solution.
2) Never cancel a common factor containing “x” from both sides of an
equation.
For example, consider an equation tanx=√2sinx which is not equivalent
to the given equation as the solutions obtained by sinx=0 are lost. Thus,
instead of dividing an equation by a common factor take this factor out
as a common factor from all the terms of the equation.
3) Make sure that the answer should not contain any value of unknown
“x” which makes any of terms undefined.
4) If tanx and secx is involved in the equation , x should not be a
multiple of π/2.
5) All the solutions should satisfy the given equation and lie the domain
of the variable in the given condition.
Some Important Points:
1 right angle= 90*
1*= 60’
1’= 60’’
Measurement of angles:
There are three systems for measurement of an angle.
1) Sexagesimal System or English System:
In this system angle is measured in degrees, minutes and seconds
Note: If we divide the circumference of a circle into 360* equal parts
the angle subtended at the center by each part of circle is one degree
angle.
One complete rotation anticlockwise= 360*
½ rotation anticlockwise= 180*
¼ rotation anticlockwise= 90*
2) Centesimal or French system:
In this system angle is measured in grades , minutes and seconds.
One rotation= 400 g
½ rotation= 200g
1 right angle= 100g
1g= 100’
3) Radian or Circular measure:
A radian is angle subtended at the center of circle whose length is equal
to the radius of circle.
Note :
Radian is unit to measure angle and it should not be interrupted that π
stands for 180* and π is a real number whereas π* stands for 180*
Remember: π=180*=200g
1’=100’’
Note:
1’ of centesimal system≠1’ of sexagesimal
1’’ of centesimal system≠ 1’’ of sexagesimal
Relation between different system of measurement or measurement
of angles
1*=10/9 grades
1g= 9/10 degree
1*=π/180 radian= 0.01745 radian
1 radian= 180/π=57.295*
Thus if the measure of an angle in degree , grades and radians be F.G
and θ respectively.
D/180= G/200=θ/π
Relation between sides and interior angles of a regular polygon.
Sum of interior angles of polygon of n sides:
=(n-2)*180
Each interior angle of regular polygon of n sides:
=(n-2)/n * 180
 θ=l/r or l=rθ
 Area of sector=A= ½ r2θ= ½ rl
 Perimeter of sector= (2r+l)
Coterminal angles :
The angles whose initial and terminal sides are same are called
coterminal angles. i.e
θ,θ+2π,…. Are coterminal.
General Angles:
θ+2kπ, belongs to integers. Is called general angle.
Quadrant Angle:
If the terminal side of an angle fall on x-axis or y-axis is called quadrant
angle.
i.e 0, 90,180,270,360 ..
 Trigonometric equation contains at least one trigonometric function
 Trigonometric function are periodic
 A trigonometric equation has infinite solutions
 To solve a trigonometric equation , firstly we find the solution over
the interval which is period.
Remember that:
1) sin-1x≠(sinx)-1
2) cos-1x≠(cosx)-1
3) tan-1x≠(tanx)-1
Some important results:
For 1st quadrant: θ=θr
For 2nd quadrant: θ=180-θr
For 3rd quadrant: θ=180+θr
For 4th quadrant: θ=360-θr
 Graphical approach
A function is invertible if and only if no horizontal line intersects its
graph more than once.
Note#1: The least numerical value among all the values of angle whose
sine is x is called principal vale of arc sinx
Note#2: i) sin-1x =arc
ii) Graph of y=arcsinx is obtained by reflecting the restricted portion of
graph of y=sinx about y=x