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Chapter - 2
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGA
TION
Introduction to Research
TOPICS
The Hallmarks of Scientific Research
Limitations to scientific research in the managemer
Hypo-thetico deductive research method
Other types of research (Case studies and Action research)
Main Characteristics
Purposiveness
2. Rigor
Testability
4. Replicability
5. Precision and Confidence
The Hallmarks of Scientific
Research;
6. Objectivity
The Hallmarks of Scientific
Research;
Purposiveness
It has to start with a definite aim or
purpose.
Thus it has a purposive focus.
The Hallmarks of Scientific
Research;
Riqor
A good theoretical base and sound
methodoloqical desiqn would add rigor to the
purposive study.
Rigor adds carefulness, scrupulousness and
the degree of exactitude in research. Example:
How to increase the level of commitment.
A manager asks onlv from 10-12 employees
The Hallmarks of Scientific Research;
Testability
After random selection manager and researcher
deve10' certain hypothesis on how manager
employee commitment can be enhanced, then these
can be tested by applying certain statistical tests to
the data collected for the purpose.
If the scientific analysis of data supports the
hypothesis, it is accepted as a fact or as truth.
The Hallmarks of Scientific Research;
Replicability
It means that the results of the tests of
hypotheses should be su orted a ain and eta ain
when the same type of researc IS repeate In other
similar circumstances. Example:
The study concludes that participation in decision makinq is
one of the most important factors that influences the
The Hallmarks of Scientific Research;
commitment, we will place more faith and credibility in
these finding and apply in similar situations.
Precision and Confidence
Precision refers to the closeness of the
findings to "ceaUtY' based on a sample.
It reflects the de ree of accurac and exactitude
of the results o t e samp e.
Example:
The Hallmarks of Scientific Research;
If a supervisor estimated the number of production days
lost during the year due to absenteeism at between 30
and 40, as against the actual of 35.
Precision and Confidence
Confidence refers to the our
estimations are correct.
That is, it is not merely enough to be precise, but
it is also important that we can confidently claim
The Hallmarks of Scientific Research;
that 95% of the time our results would be true
and there is only a 5% chance of our being
wrong.
This is also known as confidence level.
The Hallmarks of
Scientific Research;
Objectivity
The conclusions drawn through the interpretation c
the results of data analysis should be objective;
the is, they should be based on the facts of the
derived from subjective
The Hallmarks of Scientific
Research;
Generalizability
It refers to the scope of applicability of the
research findings in one organization setting to
other settings.
The Hallmarks of Scientific
Research;
Parsimony
explaining the phenomenon or problems
that occur, and in generating solutions for the problems, is
always preferred to complex research frameworks that
consider an unmanageable number of factors. Example:
For instance, if 2-3 specific variables in the work situation are
identified, which when changed would raise the
organizational commitment of the employees by 45% that
would be more useful and valuable to the manager than
a. Deduction:
Deduction is a process of arriving at a conclusion by
applying known facts or principles to a specific
situation.
b. Induction:
CH-2: Scientific Investigation
Induction is a process in which certain observations
are
CH-2: Scientific Investigation
CH-2: Scientific Investigation
The Hypothetic- Deductive Method
CareerSkills Training opportunityvariety
Rumors
Employees
Motivation
1. Case Studies
2. Action Research
Other Types of Research;
Case Studies
Case studies involve in depth, contextual analyses of similar
situations in the other organizations, where the nature and
definition of the problem happen to be the same as
experienced in the current situation.
Author
Year Journal Vol.
(s) Issue Page
Download five research papers and make a list.
HR — Marketing — Management — Finance — Project
Managemenl
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2
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Example: