PYRAMID IAS ACADEMY KARAIKUDI CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ‘Engineering Properties uses and tests for stones and bricks lime - sources, types and properties - cement - composition, tests, specifications, ‘properties - types of cements and admixtures. ‘Miscellaneous materials - Glass, Rubber Plastics ‘and materials for acoustics and insulation. STONES 1. Rocks: > — The hard and solidified strata available on the surface of earth. > Itis parental source of supply of stones. Classification of Rocks: (A) Geological Classification (B) Physical Classification (©) Chemical Classification (A) Geological Classification: (Igneous Rocks: > Rocks formed dry cooling of magma. > eg: Granite, Dolerite, Basalt. (i) Sedimentary Rocks: Rocks formed by the deposition of products of ‘weathering on the pre-existing rocks. > eg: Gravel, sand stone, lime gypsum, lignite SS (ii) Metamorphic Rocks: > The igneous as wel iimentary rocks are changed eter when they are sul heat, pressure and chemicaily lefeste, Ynarble, moorum, eg: quartzite, ~ (®). Physical Classification: (i) Stratified Rocks: Possess planes of stratification (i) Unstratified Rocks do not posses planes of stratification. (iil) Foliated Rocks: Tendency to split in definite direction (©) Chemical Classification: w > Hard and durable therefore not easily affected by weathering agencies. (i) Argillaceous Rocks: > — Clay Predominates > — Dense and compact but brittle nature. > eg: Slates, laterites and shales. Caleareous Rocks > Calcium carbonate predominates. > Lime stone, marbles, etc. > Easily affected by atmospheric agencies. 2 Natural Bed of Stone: Rocks have a distinct plane of division along with stones can be easily split. This plane is known as ‘Natural bed gf{tone’ For sedimentary roc of stratification, For Metamorp} lies along the plane of cleavage o1 ation. Stones sl laced that the load line is, at right any long the planes t) the natural bed. tones are placed with their natural bed radial. Thrust of arch acts normal to the direction of natural bed. Walls: Stones should be placed in walls with the direction of their natural beds horizontal. Comices and String courses etc: Stones should be placed with direction of natural beds with vertical 3. Tests for stones: ()Durability Tests (@) Acid Test _ (b) Smith Test (©)Crystallization Test (d) Brard’s Test (i)Crushing Test (iii) Attrition Test (jv)Hardness Test (v)lmpact Test (viWater absorption Test (Durability Tests: To check the durability of stone Acid Test ‘© 100g of stone chips are kept in a 5% solution of HCL for 3 days. TIFLOOR, BRK COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD.SRIRAM NAGAR, KARAIKUDL CONTACT 94564 31610,99521 60010,04565 286671 vw ppamidiascademy:bogspo com pyramidascaden(@ gmail.com‘+ If water becomes dirty, indicates stone contains too much of earthy and mineral matter. n Test: © Loss in wt of 50 mm cubes suspended in 14% — sodium sulphate solution for four hours is noted. ©The test is repeated for 30 times and the loss wt. is obtained. Brard’s Test: © Small pieces of freshly quarried stone are immersed in boiling solution sulphate of soda. © The loss in wt. indicates the probable effect of frost. Gi) Cushing Test Y Compressive strength of stone is found. ¥ Size of Cube Stone: 40 mmx 40 mm x40 mm_ ¥ Load applied at a rate of 14 N/mm2 per min. Y Max. load at which sample fails divided by area given the crushing strength ¥ Crushing strength ranges from 15 = 100 N/ mu. (ii) Attrition Tests: ¥ To check the res abrasion. ¥ Conducted in Degats\ Yvtrition testing machine \ ¥ A weight yas ne is put i cb at 30° to the huy’the material is taken sieved through 2mm sieve and the retained material weighed as W2. year "Ye 5100 Y % Wear should not exceed 3 percent for good building stone. (iv) Hardn Y Conducted in Dorry’s Testing Maghine wvolutions, the loss in 1especimen-placed 1 2 @) (i) v v 4 @ ©) © (g) h) Bi > a co) @ @ Co-eff. of hardness > 17 for stone to bbe used in road work. Impact Test: To determine of a stone. A steel hammer of wt. 20 N is allowed to fall axially in a vertical direction over the specimen of dia 25 mun and ht 25mm, ‘The no. of blows ‘n’ which specimen breaks is noted as toughness index. Toughness index : If >19 high toughness. Water Absorptio To test the st Percent 24 hot v We for yaality, tion of water after jon <5% ics of good Building Stone: si fave a good strength. Itshduld be hard and tough. (Nestould have good durability ie. weather stant. ) Itshould be resistant to fire. ae Its specific gravity should be in between 24028. It should have absorption. Itshould be easily dressed. It should have good appearance and colour. Joss porosity and BRICKS ticks: Made of burnt clay or mixture of sand and lime. Clay bricks are commonly used. Standard size: 19 x 9 x 9m (without mortar) Standard size : 20 x 10 x 10 cm (with mortar) Frog: An indent of 1 - 2 cm deep formed on the top. Purpose of providing frog is to form a key for holding the mortar. assification of Bricks: First Class Bricks: Characteristics of good bricks. ‘Thoroughly burnt with deep red, cherry ‘or copper colour. Surface should be smooth and rectangular, with parallel, sharp and straight edges and square comers, TIFLOOR, BAK COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD SRIRAM NAGAR, KARAIKUDL CONTACT _ S868 31610,99521 60010-04565 286671 wor pyraniiasacadeny- blogspot com pyramidasacdery@igmail.com() Should be free from flaws, cracks and stones, (&) Should be uniform texture. () No impression should be on the bricks when a scratch is made by a finger nail. Water absorption should be 12 - 15% of its dry wt. when immersed in cold water for 24 hours. The fractured surface of the brick should not show lumps of lime. A metallic or ringing sound should come when two bricks are struck against each other. Crushing strength of brick should not be less than 10.5 N/mm2, Uses: (i) Pointing il) Flooring (iil) Exposed face work in masonry structures (iv)Reinforced brick work. (™ () ©) ) Alkalis <10% i) various ingredients: (a) Silica: > enables the brick to retain its shape and imparts durability. > Excess silica makes the brick brittle and ‘weak on burning. ©) Alumina: > Imparts plasticity to the earth so that it can be moulded, > Excess quantity produces cracks in brick on drying, (©) Lime: > Lime prevents shyithage of raw bricks. > Excess lime caxgesgcks to melt and loses it sha Rolour to the bricks. (B) Second Class Bricks: impermeability and > Same requirements as the first class are except that (small cracks. and 3 distortions are mparts yellowish tint to the bricks and permitted, decreases shrinkage. () Water absorption gq Excess of magnesia leads to decay of about 16 - 20% is allowed. ~ bricks. (i) Crushing strengt should not be less than 7 (ii) Harmful ingredients in brick earth: N/mm, (@) Lime: Uses: All impo > When present in lumps, it absorbs moisture, swells and causes (©). Third Class Bris disintegration of bricks. > — Under burnt, soft. ‘coloured (©) Iron Pyrites: producing dull so > Water absos about 25% of rary structures. > — Over bufnt and badly distorted in shape and size and are brittle in nature. Uses: Ballast of such bricks is used for foundation and floors in lime concrete and road metal. . Ingredients of good brick earth: @ jortions _of _various ingredients, Silica 50-60% ‘Alumina 20-30% % (5% desirable) as om Onde <7% PYRAMID ACADEMY > Disintegrate the brick during burning, > Discolourises the brick. (©) Alkalies: > Excess alkalies make the clay unsuitable for bricks, > — Causes Efflorescence ie, white powder deposits on the brick which spoil the appearance. (@) Pebbles > — Will result in week and porous bricks. (©) Organic Mater: >» Makes the brick porous, water absorption increases and strength reduced. TIL FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD,SRI RAM NAGAR, KARAIKUDL CONTACT 94864 31610,99521 60010,04565 286671 ‘sw ppramidasieademy blogspot.com pytamidasacademy(@gmaicomUnsoiling |} Piecing |_| Weathering |_,[ Blending ‘Tempering LOC On Moulding |—+} Drying —> [Buming |->] Bricks OPERATION DIAGRAM FOR PREPARATION OF BRICK EARTH (A) Preparation of Brick Earth: (i) Unsoiling: Top layer of soil, about 20 cm is taken out and thrown ai (i) Digging:Clay is dug out and spread on the level ground. (iii) Cleaning: Should be cleaned of stones, pebbles, vegetable ~*xS Exposed to atmosphere for softening. (iv) Blending: adding the ingredients. (v)_ Tempering: The water in require quantity is added ‘Whole mass is kneaded ot pressed under the feet of men or cattle. Done to obtain a homogenous mass of cif of whiform character. ‘Tempering is also done in pug mill (B) Moulding: . 1. Process of giving a requiredshape\ the brick from the prepared brick earth. 2. Types: () Hand moulding={i) Machine Moulding 3. Hand Moulding: () ra wulding (ii) Table Moulding © Drying save fuel ring burning. > Moisture fant brought down to about 3% under exposed conditions (D) Burning: > alt Ses inscup ech ea tor Cio ar a wrts hardness and strength to the bricks and makes them dense and [urable. «rain dabe iter absorption Test (Gi) Compressive Strength Test: LGpecaonen ten | Compete TE a i te Bh ene el ena: d. Warping Test faces horizontal. > Load applied at a rate of 14 N/mm2 (@ Water Absorption Test: per minute till failure. (A) 24 hours immersion cold water > — The maximum load at failure divided test: by the average area of bed face gives > The bricks are immersed in water the comp. strength. hours and the water absorption is (iii) Efflorescence Test: absorption is patches appear on brick surface. ran KARAIKUDL CONTACT 864 31610,99521 60010,08565 286671 vw pramiiasacadeny blogspot.com pyramidiasacademy@ gmail comNil deposit of efflorescence is imperceptible. 2. Slight efflorescence < 10% of exposed area of brick. 3. Moderate efflorescence between 10 to 50% of exposed area of brick Serious deposits are heavy and powder or flake away the brick surface. 4. Heavy efflorescence 50% of exposed area of brick (io) Warping Test: > “Measured with the help of a flat stool or glass surface. > The greatest distance of brick surface from the edge of straightness, ‘Two types: (1) Concave warpage 2) Convex warpage 5. Fire Clay Bricks (or) Refractory Bricks: > Refractory Bricks are made of fire clay. > Burnt at very high temperature in special Kiln, (Hoffman's Kiln) > Fire clay has greater % of alumina. > Fire clays are capable of resisting very high temperature upto 1700" C without maling or oftenng > Presence of small percentage of clay\ particles at high temperature. oO LIME \S and magnesia help to melt the Some definitions: (1) Calcination: @ lime by which it sets ‘damp places, water or tit Sy walle where thre is no free circuRition of air. Lime Due to calcination of _ limestone, moisture and carbon dioxide are removed from it. Product which remains thereafter is known as lime. Its chemical composition is (CaO) oxide of calcium. ‘The chemical reaction is as follows: @) CaCOs = Cad + (Lime) co; (Carbon dioxide) 4) Quick, obtained by the paratively pure 5 > — Refractory bricks are used in lining furnaces having acid slay, steel industry, coke oven and copper reverberatory furnaces. 6 Additives in the manufacture of Bricks: > Additives: (i) Flyash (i)Sandy loan (iii) Rice husk (iv) Basalt Stone dust > Additives are added to modify the shaping, drying and firing behaviour of lay. > — Toutilize the waste materials. Fly ash: > Waste material available from thermal power plants, > Contains amorphous glassy material, mullite, hematite, magnetite etc. > These silicates also wards strength on firing. drying ghly plastic soil containing sup of clays > Soulg Kave carbon content <3 - 5%. > with plastic soils excessive Vile jasalt Stone Dust: A waste product available in rge quantity from basalt stone crushing units. To modify the shaping, drying and firing behaviour of bricks Timestone is erown as quick Time Its chemical composition is (CaO) oxide of calcium and it has great affinity for moisture. Quick lime as it comes out from kilns is known as lump lime () Setting: Process of hardening of lime after it hhas been converted into paste form is known as setting, It is quite different from mere drying. In case of drying, water evaporates only and no setting action takes place. (6) Stoked lime: Product obtained by slaking of quick Time is known as slaked lime. It is in the form of white powder and its chemical composition is Ca(OH): ot hydrated oxide of calcium. The chemical reaction is as follows: cao (Quick time) +H,0 (Water) = Ca(OH): (Hydrated lime) (7) Staking: III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, MAIN ROADSRIRAM NAGAR, KARAIKUDL CONTACT 94864 31610,99521£0010,08565 286871 ‘wo ppramidaseademy-blogspat com pyamidaseadem gmail omyWhen water is added to quick lime in sufficient quantity, a chemical reaction takes place. Due to this chemical reaction, quick lime cracks, swells and falls into a powder form which is the calcium hydrate Ca(OH), and it is known as hydrated lime. This process is ‘known as slaking. ‘Sources of lime: Lime is not usually available in nature in free state. It is procured by burning one of the following materials: (1) limestones from stone hills, Q) boulders of limestones from beds of old rivers, (@) kankar found below the ground and @) shells of sea animals. It may be noted that white chalk is pure limestone and kankar is an impure limestone. Constituents of limestones: () Clay: ‘This constituent is responsible for producing hydraulicity in time. It also makes lime insoluble in water. If it is in excess, it arrests slaking. If it is in small quantity, it retards slaking. A proportion of 8 to 30 per cent is desirable for making a good lime. (Q) Soluble silica: Itis essential to have silica and alum! present in chemical combination wit to develop dydraulicity. Silicate ‘magnesium and aluminium are hydraulicity. Such silicates, at low temperatures. Byt thy and combine with lime at @) Magnesium Se Presencéoliisonstitent lows lime ts to slake ai ly, but it imparts more strength. FOXger, production of heat and expansion are le8s. (4) Alkalies and metallic oxides: ‘When these are present in small amount up to about 5 per cent or so, they develop hydraulicity due to the formation of soluble silicates at low temperature. ©) Sulphates: Presence of sulphates in small quantities accelerates the process of setting and reduces slaking action Ye ) as it sets under water. It contains clay and 6 If iron is present in small quantity, it develops a complex silicate at high temperature. But excess of iron is objectionable. © Pyrites: It is undesirable to have pyrites in the composition of limestones. Such limestones should therefore be rejected. Classification of lim () Fatlime @) Hydraulic lime @) Poor lime (1) Fat lime: This lime is also, known as high calcium lime, pure limeg fich lime or white lime. It is popularly KoWRYs fat lime as it Jout 95 per cent of calcium (age of impurities in such Zs Yess than 5 per cent. Itis used in wg and plastering walls. Reta tine ‘This lime is also known as water lime some amount of ferrous oxide. Depending ‘upon the percentage of clay, hydraulic lime is divided into the following three types: (i) Feebly hydraulic lime (ii) Moderately hydraulic lime (ii) Bminently hydraulic lime ‘Tests for limestones: () Physical properties (i) Heattest Gil) Acid test iv) Ball test GLASS Introduction: > Glass is obtained by fusion of silica, and potash or soda at a temperature of ‘more than 1000° C. ‘The first glass objects made by man ‘were of natural glass such as obsidian & rock crystal Mechanical strength of ordinary glass varies from 35 to 70 N/mm? Due to research, strength may be obtained up to about 420 N/mm? > Composition of glass: > Tt may generally be expressed as follows: ax,0,bYO.6Si0, TIIFLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD.SRIRAM NAGAR. KARAIKUDL CONTACT - 94864 316109952 600108565 286671 un paamiasacaden bogs com pramidasicademy@gmai.omaand b are number of molecules. X = an atom of an alkali metal such as Na, k, etc. YY anatom of a bivalent metal such as Ca, Pb, ete. Properties of glass: () amorphous transparent & Translucent (i) has infinite viscosity (iil) no definite crystalline structure (iv) no sharp melting point. (¥) _ anexcellent electric insulator. (vi) extremely electric insulator (vii) can be made softer than cotton & stronger than steel, Types of glass: () Soda-lime glass [NaxO, CaO, 6Si02] (i) Potash-lime glass [K20, CaO, 6Si02] (ii) Potash-lead glass [K.O, PbO, 6SiO1} (iv) Common glass ‘Soda lime glass {Soda glass or Soft glass] mixture : Sodium Silicate + Calcium silicate Uses: manufacture of glass tubes, laboratory apparatus, plate glass, window glass etc fi) Potash-lime glass: [Mohemian glass (or) hard glass] mixture: Potasium silicate + Calcium Silic Uses: manufacture of glass articles which ha to withstand high temperatu combustion tubes. (iii) Potash-lead glass: [Flint mixture: Potassium Silic Uses : manufacture of A} bulbs, lenses, me (ie) Common pote glass] mixture : Iron Silicate Uses : mainly uSed in manufacture of medicine bottles. Neadsilicate, gems, electric 1 > Collets - waste glass (or) pieces of broken glass > Decolourisers ‘The traces of iron compounds in raw materials such as ferrous oxide imparts green colour and the ferric oxide imparts yellow colour. To avoid such effects decolourisers are used. eg.: antimony oxide (Sb.03) arsenic oxide (AS.03) Cobalt oxide (CoO) manganese oxide (MnO2), Nickel oxide (NiO) (ii) Preparation of Batch: ‘The raw materials collected are mixed inv is carried until a This uniform It is de (il) Melting fe: i) OS furnace - prepare small Yaantities of glass. (aX tank furnace - prepare large quantities, - The floating imposition during melting process in tank furnace is called ‘pall (iv) Fabrication: it is done to give suitable shape or form (¥) Annealing: Heating and cooling down gradually (or) slowly. ‘Two methods: () flue treatment (i) oven treatment Coloured glass: Used for making: attificial precious stones, window 1s, fancy articles, decorative tiles et. »BoroSilicate glass withstand high Substance Colour temperatures and is used for making | Cobalt oxide, cupric | Blue laboratory equipment and cooking utensils. oxide Cobalt, manganese, | Dark blue, beacon, Manufacture of glass: iron oxide violet (i) Collection of raw materials ] Ferressoferric oxide, | Green (i) preparation of batch | [chromium (iii) melting in furnace | [Cuprous oxide, [Red (iv) fabgication | | metallic gota - | [Manganese dioxide | Violet @ rials Tin oxide, calcium | White opaque phosphorite —[Antimony,_charcoal_| Yellow or Brown TIEFLOOR, BAEK COMPLEX. MAIN ROAD,SRIRAM NAGAR. KARAIKUDL CONTACT 986i 31610,99521 6001004565 286671 ‘wen psamldsseademy blogspot com pyramidase ade @ gil comsilver borate I Varieties of glass () Bullet-proof glass: > Several layers of thick glass plate with alternate layers of Vinyl -resin plastic. > thickness: 15 mm to 75mm (Gi) Fibre glass: > fine glass fibres (soft, flexible, strong) > Used for thermal insulation, fibre glass reinforced plastics (Gi) Float glass: > widely used in commercial buildings, residential buildings, furniture articles, solar applications, > highly tough, scratch resistant > Possesses high optical clarity (iv) Foam glass: > contains 350 million inert air cells per m3. > used as substitute for cork in air conditioning and refrigeration industries. > fire proof, rigid and excellent insulation. > can float in water. 8 > Used for windows through which high radiation is observed. xi) Soluble glass: > Used for preparing acid-resistant cement. xii) Structural glass: [glass bricks] > Used for partitions, canteen lights etc xiii) Ultra-Violet glass > transmits ultra violet rays effectively even though it is not in direction of the rays of sun. > transmits 75% of radiation. > used in schools, hospital windows. xiv) Wired glass: > steel wire mesh is reinfShced > fire resistant, used, resistant doors & > Water glass. potassium, > xed by polymerization. MeytGas ition polymerization eg: PVC ‘ondensation polymerization -v) Glass blocks: eg: phenol formaldehyde > Dimensions 150 mm, 200 mm, 300 mm with GQ iii) co-polymerization thickness approximately ~ 100 mm. » eg: Butadiene ~ styrene > good insulation against cold, heat and Ye > canbe easily cleaned and maintained. Classification of plastics: > allows light to pass throu; tes vil) Obscured gla: > Lights fut vision is observed, > used ub toilets, office doors, partitions. > these include ground glass, figured glass, chipped glass, corrugated glass. viii) Perforated glass: > Perforations are made in sheet glass. > Used for panels in ventilators. ix) Safety glass: [Shatter-proof glass] > Two sheets of plate glass with celluloid in between are glued to form a single unit. > during breakage flying of splinters does not TAS ACADEMY (i) Behaviour with respect to heating: (2) Thermo plastic: > These plastics become soft when heated and hard when cooled. Its percentage elongation is more than 100%. (©) Thermo setting ‘These plastics become rigid when moulded at suitable pressure and temperature. v (ii) Structure: (a) Homogenous plastic: > contains only carbon atoms. (b) Heterogeneous plastic: > contains carbon and oxygen, nitrogen and other elements. (Gi) Physical & mechanical properties: (@ Rigid plastics: > high modulus of elasticity > retain their shape under exterior stresses, ©) Semi-rigid plastics: T/FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, MAIN ROADSSRIRAM NAGAR, KARAIKUDL CONTACT - 94964 31610,99521 60010,0565 28671 sn pamiiascadeny bopspscom,pyramidiasacademy@gmit cammedium modulus of elasticity. elongation under pressure completely disappears when pressure is removed. © Soft plastic: low modulus of elasticity. elongation under pressure disappears slowly when pressure is removed. (@ Elastomers: soft and elastic with modulus ‘They deform considerably and return to their original shape when load is released. extensions range up to ten times their original dimensions. Plasticizers: > It gives softness to plastic and flexibility and facilitates moulding process. > The proportion of plasticizer should not exceed 10% or else strength of plastics will decrease. low elastic Poly vinyl chloride (Puc): most versatile plastic. rust proof, termite proof, water proof. they do not fade, corrode (or) warp. provide an alternative to wood. ‘obtained by addition polymerization. thermo-plastic material percentage elongation is more Ss GS vvvvvvy 100% the ultimate tensile strength can be m than 10 N/mm? RESINS: resist es gree breaking Jon > lig ion rate of 93% makes acrylidge ‘clearest plastic T to 5% of [Softrubber ] 130°C sulphur ‘About 30% | Hard rubber | 170°C of sulphur > heat Toss through windows can be reduced by 50% > weighs only 46% as much of ordinary glass. (i) Thermo-setting resin; (a) Phenol formaldehyde. > highly resistant to heat, 9 India is fifth rubber producing country. Types of Rubber: @ Natural Rubber (i) Synthetic Rubber (Natural Rubber: obtained from latex. high strength, low hystoresis, good resistance to tear. ‘easily affected by gasoline and solvents. largest > > > Process of obtaining natural rubber: (Plantation: > Rubber tree starts oozing 7 years ~ 30 years eke rubber per gives 10 to year. ver ve of 600 mm @ a about 1 metre from Nad ted. urification: > (ii) Tapy ii) leaves, sand, debris ete are removed. (iv) Coagulation: > Coagulant is added to latex and it converts it to cord like and then water is removed by rolling to get pure rubber in form of sheets. > Coagulant mostly used is weak acetic acid. Synthetic Rubber: [Artificial Rubber] > The most important all purpose rubber is styrene-butadiene rubber (GBR). It was called earlier as GR- sin US.A. and Buna-s in Germany and now as SBR all over the world. Volcanization: > Crude rubber becomes soft in summer and hard in winter to make it fit for all seasons. It is to be vulcanized. For this small quantity of sulphur is added to crude rubber. Forms of rubber: () foam rubber: > used for pillows, packing pads. w poly buladiene rubber: (PBR) commercial name ‘Cisrub’ used, jints, varnishes, electrical > used in goods, belt, gaskets, footwear, floor tiles, seats, tyres etc. Reclaimed rubber: TITFLOOR, BRK COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD SRI RAM NAOAR, KARAIKUDL CONTACT 94864 31610,99521 600104568 286671 pyamidiascaemy blogspot om pyramisiaacaseny gail com> Uses scrap rubber > used for hose pipes, tyres etc. AcoUs > Acoustics is the science (or) sound which assures the optimum conditions for producing and listening to speech, music, actual or reproduced music on cinema. Characteristics of Audible Sound: (@) Frequency or pitch: (Number of cycle / sec. (ji) Measurement of quality of sound. > sound intensity is measured in ‘decibels’ (db). > sound will be painful to the car when intensity exceeds 130 db. General Principles: {@) Site selection and planning: > Structural design of building should be so arranged to provide necessary noise level of not more than 40 to 45 decibels is achieved in hall (b) Volume (ie. size and height) i | Public lecture | 2.8 to 3.7 m* halls person i | Music 42 to 56 me concrete halls | / person iii, | Cinema 37 to 42 me theatres person (©) Shape Gu > — Ceiling height for a ro to be used for speech on Kept varying from 1/3 rd of the width of room aghal (@) Treatment of 2 surface: v 5 & avbjd° the interfering echoes, ceiling and wall reflegSrekhoulld be within 8 m of the 3 conv¥, shaped walls are best to reducd echoes. v (©) Reverberation: [Persistence of sound even after source has stopped producing sound] > For direct’ Orchestral music the reverberation time required is about 15% longer than that for unaided speech curvilinear walls reduced reverberation nd Seat arrangements: accommodation must be x an angle of 90° with ¥ 10 INSULATIO? (Thermal Insulation Gi) Sound Insulation ‘Thermal Insulation: > for proper thermal insulation the ceiling must be provided at a height of about 1 to 13 m above the occupant. 1S recommendations: (Roof should not have a thermal damping less than 75 per cent. (ii) Walls should not have a thermal ‘damping less than 60 per cent. (ii) low density insulating materials give better thermal insulations than high ins materials, (iv) in insulating thermal presence of Y insulation is measured by ‘transmission of sound / noise prevented. ‘hick wall (20 cm) ~ 50 db ick thick wall (30 cm) ~ 53 db. 26% change in intensity is the smallest change in intensity level that the ear can ordinarily detect. If difference between two loudness is = 20 db then louder is 100 times more intense. - 30 db then louder times more intense. 11000 PYRAMID IAS ACADEMY Most Successful Institute in TNPSC AE Exam Total AE selections from Pyramid Academy 802 selections so far..... (2007 Exam -130 2008 Exam -178 2010 Exam -395 2013 Exam-94 Serious Sincere Systematic Study Surely Secures Supreme Success TILFLOOR, BRK COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD.SRI RAM NAGAR, KARAIKUDL CONTACT. 4864 31610,99521 60010,08565 286671 wn pyamitisacadeny blogspot com,pyramiasacademy gai com