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    5) R.C.C Structures 143 154

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    Sheik Mohamed

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    PYRAMID JAS ACADEMY KARAIKUDI Reinforced Cement Concrete Structures ‘Methods of design of concrete members. Limit state and working stress design Design of flexural members. Design of singly and doubly reinforced rectangular and flanged Design of slabs and columns R.C. footings INTRODUCTION Reinforcement i) Mild steel and medium tensile steel bars ~ IS 432 ii) Hot rolled deformed bars - 1S 1139 iii)Cold twisted bars ~ 15 1786 iv)Hard drawn steel wire fabric Note 1) All reinforcement shall be free from loose mill scale, rust, oil etc. 2) Modulus of elasticity of steel is 2 x 10° N/mm? irrespective of type of steel since the linear part of the stress-strain curve of almost all the steel is the same. 3) Conceptually the increased strength of deformed bars viz. tor steel compared to mild ~ steel is because of the twisting given to the\ plain bars resulting in more dense crystalline. structure. x 4) The increase of carbon content also the strength of steel. Howeveg; With the increase of Carbon content ag es, Concrete: \ a) Characteristic Strength, 4) The strength of materi which not more than 5% of test ‘pected to fail ii) The compressive 3 of a cube of 15 cm, cured for 28 days, expressed in N/mm’. = 15.456 - 20Q0onsitlers grades of concrete from Mito Mt. \ refers to mx and number to characteristic ‘compressive strength of concrete, in “N/mm” M’ Minimum grades of concrete for various structures ‘Type of construction Minimum grade of concrete TiLean concrete bases ~ Mgand Mrs 2Plain concrete (P.C.C) ~ Mio and Mss (latest code) 3.R.C.C. (General construction) = Mao 4.Water tanks, domes, folded plataggghell roots BRCG = Mas (General construction) ~ Mas Post tensioned pre-stressed concrete 7.Pre-tensioned pre-stresses concrete Properties of Concrete i) Increase in strength with age : Age factors are as follows: ‘Tmonth - 1.0, 3month -1.10 6 months - 1.15, 12 months-1.20 ii) Tensile strength of concrete (fc): Flexural (modulus of rupture tests) and split tensile strengths shall be a f= 07 {fee N/mme we S iil Short term m lasticity Ec = 5000 NQY thin? iv) Apps fae of shrinkage strain = 0. » jent : Ultimate creep strain / lastif, strain at age of loading. The ents are as follows : 7 days ... 22, 3B days -16, Lyear=1.1 i) Workability of concrete : General field workability test is slump test other tests are: compacting factor test and Vee-bee text vii) Durability : Depends on cube ‘crushing strength, cement content and water cement ratio. Proportions for concrete mixes: i) Ordinary concrete: Mio, Mis, Man ii) Standard concrete : Mas to Mss iii) High strength concrete : Ma to Men ‘Approximate nominal proportions : 1:24, Map -1: 144 :3 - Quantity of water required per bag of ‘cement for Mis mix is 32 liters, for Moo mi = 30 litres - Weight Batching is to be done. Mis = Optional test requirement of concrete : After 7 days the strength should be at least two thirds of 28 days cube strength. Factors affecting crushing strengths of cubes : Size factor : As the size of cube decreases strength increases because of _ better homogenei wr example, cube of 100 mm. size will have 5% more strength than 150 mm cube. IL FLOOR, BRK COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD SRI RAM NAGAR, KARAIKUDL CONTACT $4864 31610, 04565.286671 ‘Shape factor : Standard cylinder of 15 cm diameter and 30 cm height will have strength of 80% of that of a standard cube of 150 mm. Slendemess ratio : As slenderness ratio of a specimen increases, strength decreases. For example, if compressive strength of a standard cylinder of 15 cm diameter and 30 cm height (slenderness ratio 2) is 0.8 fck, the strength with slenderness ratio3 is about 0.7 to 075 fk and with slenderness ratio 4 is about 0.67 fck. Further it is observed that with increased slenderness ratio beyond 4, the strength is about 0.67 fck only. This is one of the main reason why strength of concrete is considered as 0.67 fck instead of fck in limit state method. ‘Theory of RCC Concrete is reasonably strong in compression and weak in tension, whereas steel is good in tension and the combination of these materials makes an ideal and popular materials, known as reinforced cement concrete. Generally, steel rods used resist tensile forces, but in some cases they are also used to resist a part of the compressive force either because of natural constraints in construction or because of . secondary requirements, Q Merits of RCC. Ww ¥ (2) he oefficent of linear expansion of tea Ne ana te concrete are almost same, (b)Concrete can be moulded to size and its ingredients are ea (It is economical in constr and its ‘maintenance cost is practic (Alt is durable and atmospheric age iL ly affected by (¢) Monolithic constritefor-in concrete is possible which provides yreaté flexibility in planning and desi Basis for Design There are mainly three methods of design for RCC structures (a) Working stress method (b) Ultimate strength method (©) Limit state method Working stress method Assumptions in R.C.C. Theory (a) Concrete is assumed to be homogeneous. (b) At any cross-section, plane sections before bending remain plane even after bending. (©). The stress-strain relationship for concrete and. steel is. x ight line under working loads. 2 (@ All tensile forces are taken up by reinforcement and none by concrete except when specifically permitted. (&) The steel area is assumed to be concentrated at the centroid of steel. () The modular ratio has the value a Permissible Stresses ‘The permissible stresses for various grades of concrete shall be taken as those specified in Table 15, 17 and 18 of IS : 456 - 2000. When shear reinforcement is provided the nominal shear stress Tin beams shall not exceed f\nu given in Table 20 of IS: 456 ~ 2000 S For solid slabs\ the. permissible shear stress in cor ‘be Kity where Kt depends depth of the slab. stresses in steel not exceed the values ral Axis coretical (Critical) neutral axis = X cis d = kd tress ratio and k = Neutral axis constant. (b) Actual neutral axis is given by be where x, = Depth of actual neutral axis. b = width of the beam Lever Arm = perpendicular distance between centres of gravity of tensile and compressive forces. Itis given by x, zed-= ‘Moment of Resistance (a) Balanced design. In this type, the section is so proportioned that the steel and concrete both reach their maximum permissible value of stresses at the same time, The depth of neutral axis is equal to the critical depth * cca, denoted by x, {ILFLOOR, BRK COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD.SRI RAM NAGAR, TKARAIKUDL CONTACT "94864 3610, 04565-28667 Lever am z2=d-22 2-H = 3 3 j is known as lever arm constant. a 3 (pm ‘Moment of resistance = MR.= Fea. jd ed = bkdo sid _ ong? 2 where Q “as - Moment of resistance constant Also MR. = 4y0,,Jd Percentage of tensile reinforcement = 50o 5k p= 20 on (b) Under-Reinforced Design. In this type, steel provided is less than what it is required for the balanced design. Steel reaches its maximum permissible value of stress due to BM. (MR) and fails while concrete stress is less than its permissible value. The depth of neutral axis is less than that for balanced design. ‘Minimum reinforcement to be provided is 0.85bd f (©) Over Reinforced Design. In this type ste! provided is more than what i8S>> required for a balanced design. Concrete reathed BM. (greater than M.R) and fails, steel is less than its permissible of neutral axis is more that design. Maximum area of 4 per cent gross cone DOUBLY REI BEAMS (WSD) General ‘The sections Wikjch are reinforced on compression and tension sideare known as doubly reinforced sections. ‘They are adopted under the following circumstances: (a) When overall size of a beam section is limited. (b)When members are subjected to shock-impact or accidental lateral loads. (€)When the beam section is continuous over several supports. (@When the section is subjected to reversal of stresses, Modular Ratio in Compression The modular ratio for concrete in compression is isxm, Thi because under sustained compress ds concrete undergoes creep 3 resulting in a reduced value of modulus of elasticity of concrete. Consequently, the value of m is increased for the compression side. Design Equations Tf M_ = Total moment of resistance of the doubly reinforced section Mi= MR. of the balanced singly reinforced section = Obd* Mz = Balance moment = M ~Mi Tension steel can obtained from A,,= Ag tA, Ma a tenia assed rea of compression reinfor Il not exceed 0.04 bD. Steet Boas Theory If {he ambunt of compression reinforcement qhiced equals or exceeds the amount of \eoen reinforcement obained by using 7 juations in (3.3), the beam section may be designed by the ‘STEEL BEAM THEORY’. In this theory, the compressive resistance provided by the concrete is neglected. Equal areas of steel are provided in compression and tension which is given by Ay, = Ay = where 4, and o,(d-a’) Lintels Lintels in an ordinary beam are provided ‘over openings in the walls to bridge over the gaps. Load transferred to the lintel depends ‘upon the following factors (@) Height of masonry above the lintel (b)Length of the supporting walls at the ends of lintel (© Positions of openings above the lintel (@)Roofing slab transmitting load on to the wall, Normally, load from a triangle with a base angle of 45° for good masonry work and and 60° for poor masonry work is considered. If the height of the wall above lintel is not sufficient to form triangle, full rectangular oad over the opening may be considered. In case a slab comes within the rectangular area, the rectangular load of masonry above opening, load from slab plus triangular portion of masonry above slab over opening spans to be taken into account, —___ IIL FLOOR, BK COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD,SRI RAM NAGAR, KARAIKUDL CONTACT 94864 31610, 04565-28671 ‘TEE AND L-BEAMS (WSD) General Features ‘The beam which is casted monolithically with the floor or roof slab and projects below the slab is known as T-beam. If the slab extends only on one side of the rib, then the beam is known as L-beam, ‘The part of the beam projecting downwards is known as rib, web or stem of the T or L-beam. Depth Requirements The basic value of span to effective depth ratio for spans upto 10 m is 20. This value is to be modified depending upon the ratio of web width to flange width and percentage of reinforcement However, the limiting stiffness (span / effective depth ratio) is taken based on the type of loading, as given below: (2) For light loading 15 to 20. (b)For medium loading 12 to 15 (©) For heavy loading 10 to 12. Effective Width of Flange ‘The effective width of the flange may be taken as the following but in no case greater than the breadth of web plus half the sum of clear distances to the adjacent beams on either side. (@) For T-beams, by bas, +6D, (&)For L-beams, b, fy = 1 = tbe 3D. (0 For Isolated beams, the effective ange width shall be obtained as baw a no case greater than the actual wi Distance between points of zero moments in the beam (equal to span for simply supported beams and 0.7 times span for ‘continuous beams). b, = Breadth of the web D, = Thickness of flange b= Actual width of flange. DW’ torsional moment (I) also. y Moment of Resistance in Tee-Beams Case I, Neutral axis within the flange: Depth of neutral axis is given by = F mAy(d~s,) lies _in_the Neglecting compression in rib, the depth of the N.A.is given by the following relation 2 0 x,-L| x= mA,(d-x,) Shear Reinforce Beams The desi i reinforcement is me reinforced beams. In the wok f the ratio (eee) ar) oo) the m mth jign Procedure for L-Beams addition to the bending moment (M) at the cross-section, it is to be designed for the SLABS (@)Siabs spanning in one direction Supported at two opposite ends. (b)Slabs supporting on all four sides : These are further classified into two types based cnmpent'/) (orem: (4/2 rwomyate (4/2 2) General notes on design of slabs: (ISI) (@) Control of deflection : () Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans upto 10 m Cantilever - 7 ‘Simply supported er) Continuous - % (Gi)For two way slabs of small spans upto (3.5, m) with mild steel span to overall depth ratios for loading class upto 3 KN/m? are, UULFLOOR, BARK COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD.SRIRAM NAGAR, KARAIKUDL CONTACT 9486431610, 04565-28667) Simply supported slabs - Continuous - 35 40 (b)Cover requirements : Clear over for main reinforcement shall be 20 mm as per latest code as against 15 mm of old code. (©) Minimum percentage of reinforcement in any direction: = 012% of gross area with Feus HYSD bars (Tor steel steel) = 0.15% of gross area for Mild steel ‘Two way slabs 1) Advantage over one way slabs : In two way slabs, the load is transferred to all the four supports and therefore, the bending moments and deflection are considerably small. 2) IS code method : Can be used for any type of slab (restrained or unrestrained) (@ Restrained slabs : (Corners are prevented from lifting) : ‘+ Maximum bending moments per unit width in a slab are M, =a,wl? and M, =a1,wl; Where @, and a, are coeficients based on boundary conditions W = total design load per unit sea For two way slabs, slab panels may" considered as divided into middle st edge strips, The width of the middle st each, span is % th and edge strip is 1 ‘width of the span in that directio tation that no edge strip is more panignres “ee > Maximum moma lated (M, and M,) apply only 40\theSmiddle strips and no redistribution shal. be made. > Tension ont provided at mid span in the middle stp shall extend in the lower part of the slab to within 0.25 1 of a continuous edge or 0.15 ! of a discontinuous edge. > Over the continuous edges of a middle strip, the tension reinforcements shall extend in the upper part of the slab a distance of 0.15 from support and at least 50% shall extend a distance of 03 1 ‘Torsion reinforcement : Shall be provided where the slab is simply supported on both edges meeting at that comer, It consists of top and bottom reinforcements at comers extending from exdges a minimum distance of one-fifth of shorter RAMID ACADEMY PYRAMID IAS ACADEMY Most Successful Institute in TNPSC AE Exam Total AE selections from Pyramid Academy 802 selections so far.... 2007 Exam -130 2008 Exam -178 2010 Exam -395 2013 Exam-94 Toppers — 2013 Exam Rank 1 44850 Nets Ranke 3 415.15 43 43 a2 sal 2 * ——saendrapand —Thaihai——_ VAIRAVEL 4105; 1025 40925 ars subabshint Jaki ___Anand_Dhansehar Tequired for the maximum mid span moments in the slab. > Torsion reinforcement need not be provided at any corner continued by edges over both of which the slab is continuous, One way slabs IN FLOOR, BAK COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD,SRI RAM NAGAR, KARAIKUDL CONTACT 9886431610, 04565-286671 ‘One way slabs are designed exactly the same way as singly reinforced beams except that the width is taken as 1000 mim. 2 wi, 8 Continuous Slabs (@) Effective Span. The effective span depends ‘upon the support conditions, width of the support, and type of supports. For one way slabs, bending moment (b)Stiffness. For continuous slabs spanning in ‘one direction (span / depth) = 26. For continuous slabs spanning in two directions (span / depth) = 40 AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS (WSD) Permissible Loads in Compression Members (@) Short columns with lateral ties P=0,4.40,A,, (b)Short columns with helical reinforcement P=105(6,.4, + A,.). However, the ratio of the volume of helical — reinforcement to the volume of the core shall be less than 0.36. Long Columns The maximum. permissible long RCC. column is obtained in'a FOUNDATIONS Objectives of Providing Foundation (@) The pressure intensity on the underlying soil should not exceed the bearing capacity of the soil. (b) Settlement of the structure should be uniform and within permissible limits. ‘Thickness of the Footing (b)In RCC. and plain concrete footings the thickness at edge shall not be less than 150: mm. for footings on soils and not less than 300 mm. in the case of pile cap slabs. Y 6 It should be calculated at the critical sections. For an isolated footing the maximum pl(l=a)* 8 where | = Size of the footing and a= Size of the column BM. = Shear Force (@) The critical section for shear as a measure of diagonal tension shall be assumed as a vertical section located from the face of the column, pedestal or wall at a distance equal to the effective depth of the footing known as one way sheat. (b)Two way action tthe footing with potential diagonat\cracking along the surface of one or pyramid Cee at the Base of the Column 1e design permissible bearing stress WRanncreteis 028 ta BOND Definition : When a reinforcing bar is ‘embedding in concrete, the concrete adheres to its surface and resists any force that tries to cause slippage of bar relative to its surrounding concrete, by a phenomenon called Bond. Bond between steel and concrete should be perfect at service loads. Bond transfers stress from one material to the other, by strain compatibility. Bond Stress: (@)Bond Stress : Bond is achieved by the development of shear stress at the interface of bar and concrete and is known, as bond stress. (®)Factors affecting development of Bond stress: 1. Pure adhesion : It is due to gum like property of colloidal materials produced in concrete during hydration of cement. 2. Frictional Resistance : Due to shrinkage in the concrete, thereby gripping the steel 3. Mechanical Resistance Due to deformation or twisting of the bar. + The bond resistance of plain bar is due to adhesion and friction between concrete and steel. KARAIKUDL CONTACT 94864 31610, 0565-28667) ‘LOR, BRK COMPLEX, MAIN ROADSRIRAM Ni ‘= The bond resistance of deformed bars is due to ‘mechanical resistance in addition to adhesion and frictional resistance. ‘Types Of Bond: The bond have two types (a) Flexural Bond : It develops along the length of a bar in order to let the concrete and steel act together. (b) Anchorage bond : It develops in anchorage zone at the ends of bar or at the cut off point of a bar within a span of beam so that bars are not pulled out. Development Length : The reinforcement bar ‘must extend in the concrete sufficiency so that it can develop the required stress. The extended length of the bar required to transmit the bar force to concrete is known as development length (Lz) (E415) Tor we | 57 | 49 | 57 | 46 | 39 Steel ol|o}o|o|o (Fe 500) Anchorage Value Of Hooks : The anchorage value of a hook or a bend is the equivalent length of straight bar. The anchorage value of each 45° bend is equal to 4 @ and subjected to a maximum value of 160. Splicing Of Bars: 1. Splicing of bars should be avoided at a section where the bending moment is 50% of moment of resistgne® ef the section. 2. Not more than sone should be spliced ‘ 3. Bars of than 36 mm ¢o. should, sd but should be L, = [where welded. Toa 4. Lap’ ould be staggered. If the Ty = anchorage bond stress entero Eenter distance of laps is greater G, = stress in reinforcing bar (0.87 f, in LSD ‘than 3 times the ap, the laps are asstimed staggered. and @,, in WSM) 4. % The lap Iength for bars in bending tension ¢ = diameter of reinforcing bar Sy) © notless than Lyor 306 . Dy 6, The lap length for bars in direct tension Working tres method N\ should not be less than 2 Lor 308 Grade of | Mis | Mv Ma | Mo | Me Ke 7. The lap length in compression is not less ee oe 108 105 Tio RS than L, or 24 ¢ whichever is greater. (N/mm?) Note : (i) Incase of Tor @ the above LIMIT STATE DESIGN values by 40% LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE: Strength must be adequate to carry the Pee loads, this corresponds to Grade of Mo 1] Flexure a 21 Compression tag Lamm? 10 1° ‘Torsion Note: (i) In case of Tor Steel increase the above Partial safety factor for load in LS of values by 60%. collapse: (ii) In case of compression, the values can be ‘Load combination [DL | UL | WE further increased by 25%. DELL 15 [15 Examples for ‘Ly for different materials in DLW 15. is tension and compression in LSD method DLAWL 09 15 In terms of DL+LL+WL a2 [a2 [12 diaofbar___Tension__ Compression Mis_[ Ma | Mss [ Mis | Mao | Mas Mild Sm | 46 | 39 | 45 | 37 | 32 | LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILITY steel o|o\o/olo To satisfy this state, (F250) a 1] Deflection 2] cracking 3] vibration must Tor > | a7 | a [a7 | 38 | 38 not be excessive. Steel ol|o|olo|o) LILFLOOR, BRK COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD SRI KAM NAGAR. Mn KARAIKUDL CONTACT 886437610, 08565-28671 VAS ACADEMY Partial safety factor for load in LS of Where E, =2x10° N/mm? iceability: Q Toad combination [DL [LL [WL Total compressive force C= 0.36 x, x fok xb DL*LL 1.0 [1.0 Total stress in steel = 0.87 fyAst DL#WL 10 10 087% fx Ay fyx Ast DL#LL+WL 1.0 [os [08 1" 36x fokxb feeb Fee Ce Lever arm distance Z = [d - 0.416, ] ae Moment of Resistance = Force x Lever Arm Design values for Mu= 0.36% fek xb xx, x(d—0.416r,) Mus 0.87xfyx Astx (d-0.416x,) fi Design strength = f,=2+ ign strength = y=") 2, < yg “Under Reinforced section fy- Characteristic strength 4, > Kyjig “Over Regn Ym - Partial safety factor Aig : Ym - 1.5 For Concrete & 1.15 for steel Incase of section, it should be Characteristic strength = ae alia ce ie 7 lim: fa X 1650 a 55.4 | ods kuba © -Standard Deviation ews)” [048d | 0.138 fekbd™ ee 046d uy Design value for loads: _ 0.188 fekind Design load Wa= 7 w, Q * Parabolic curve = Characteristic Load \ loc on = Partial safety factor \ tT Ay Characteristic load W,= ° + ®& \ Modulus of rupture of concreiR S07 Fu Nea Modulus of elasticity te E wnt qk hs i Maximum stress in concrete = 0.446 feck leooo} ‘Maximum stress in steel = 0.87 fy a he Limiting Depth of Neutral axis LIMIT STATE METHOD - TORSION 0.0035 Definition : If the longitudinal axis of a structure stm” ——— garg ‘member and loading axis are perpendicular to each 0.00554 28H other, the structural member will be subjected E, twisting, called Torsion. Ex a) Canopy beams , IILFLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD SRIRAM NAGAR, KARAIKUDL CONTACT 94864 31610, 04565286671 ) Curved beams in horizontal plane (ring beam of water tank) ©) Grids d) End beam of a frame (L- beam) ESIGN _OF iG SECTION: 1S 456): IS method is based on simplified skew bending theory of Hsu’ a) The Design Approach : It does not require determination of torsional reinforcement separately from that required for bending and shear. Instead, the BM. and SF. are modified to account for torsional moment. The reinforcement details are as follows : (@ Total longitudinal reinforcement is determined for equivalent moment obtained from flexural moment and torsion. (iTransverse or web reinforcement _ is determined for equivalent shear obtained from shear and Torsion. It shall be in the from of closed stirrups placed perpendicular to the axis of the member. a) Design Steps: ‘Step 1; Determine equivalent shear V.=¥, +162 b where, = Shear force, T, =, moment, b= width of beam Step 2: Determine was shear stress if t,, M,, longitudinal compression reinforcement shall be provided on flexural compression face to resist an equivalent moment M,, given by, Ma =M,-My Step 4: Transverse rei ent The cross sectional fo legged closed. hoops enclosing longitudinal bars isgivenby, A A= 5, LS ” en 2.5d,(0.87f,) he = T)DS, “4 087s, S,= Spacing of stirrups 1,,= Equivalent shear stress, 7, = shear strength of concrete b=. center to center distance between the corner bars in the direction of width d,= center to center distance between the corners bars in the direction of depth ‘Note: Maximum spacing of shear stirrups in beams subjected to Torsion shall be as follows : @ +X Gy (ii) > 075d where x, = shorter dimension of stirrup y;= longer dimension of stirrup Note : Side Face Reinforcement : As per IS 456, in case (i) Total depth exceeds 450 mm and beam is subjected to torsion (ii) Total depth exceeds 750 mm and beam not subjected to torsion. Side face reinforcement of 0.1% of gross area (for both faces together) shall be provided. LIFLOOR, BRK COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD.SRI RAM NAGAR, KARAIKUDL CONTACT. 93864 31610, 04565-28667 Reason for above : Beams with greater depth are likely to buckle laterally. To take care of possible tensile forces on sides, side face ‘reinforcement shail be provided. LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE - COMPRESSION Definitions : @) Column : It is compression member whose effective length is greater than 3 times. the least dimension of the member, (ig 1b) >3. (&) Pedestal : Itis a compression member whose effective length is less than 3 times the least dimension of the member, ie, (lug /) <3 Minimum Eccentricity for axial loaded columns : All columns shall be designed for minimum eccentricity equal to Un-supported length of column lateral dimension + 500 30 subjected to minimum of 20 min. Short Columns: effective length we Least lateral dimension made for flexural members, # assumptions are made “Ss compression. a) The maximum compressie > concrete in axial compression is S Short axially loaded oor a) All the memt cape shall be designed = yum eccentricity equal e eek oo 500" 30 1b) When the eccentricity (given above) < 005 times the lateral dimension, the members shall ‘be designed by the following equation : P,=04f,4. +0.67,4,. where P= axial load on the member Sf.= characteristic strength of concrete A= area of concrete f,* characteristic strength of compression reinforcement Assumptions: In addition to the assump\ wy 10 A,,= area of longitudinal reinforcement for columns. Short columns with helical reinforcement : The permissible load for columns with helical reinforcement shall be 1.05 times the permissible load for members with lateral ties or rings. ie, P=105(0, 94, +0,,°4,) if it satisfies the conditions that, Volume of helical Reinforcement fe ‘ fe Ey Volume of core I, ea ar Se ‘measured to the = of helix ty rel “See strength of helical forcément but not exceeding 415 N/mm? Jefderness limits for columns: ) () With both ends restrained Unsupported length < 60 times the least lateral dimension. (i) If one end of column is unrestrained (cantilever) L+ (1006? / D) Important specifications : (@ Minimum percentage of longitudinal reinforcement = 0.8% (i) Maximum: reinforcement : than 6% (can be limited to 4%) (ii) Minimum % of steel shall be based on actual area of concrete to resist direct stress and not upon actual area (iv) Minimum size of longitudinal bar- 12 Necessity : To avoid buckling of bars. (¥) Minimum number of bars : For square column - 4, for circular column - 6, for hexagon - 6. (vi) Spacing of longitudinal bars: Not greater than 300 mm. (vii) Minimum % of reinforcement for pedestals = 0.15% (cross sectional area) (vill) Pitch and dia of lateral ties Pitch : Not greater than the least of a) least lateral dimension of compression member b) 16 times smallest dia of longitudinal bar Not greater LILFLOOR, BRK COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD,SRIRAM NAGAR, KARAIKUDL CONTACT 84864 31610, 04565-28667. ©) 300mm Diameter : Not less than one fourth of dia of largest longitudinal bar of Smm. (ix) Helical reinforcement : Pitch: Not greater than (@) 75mm (ii) one-sixth of the core diameter of the column Not less than (@) 25mm (ii) Three times the diameter of the stee! bar forming the helix. Cover requirements The clear cover to Jongitudinal reinforcement shall not be less than 40 mm or dia or bar whichever is greater. Limit state of Collapse Shear ‘SHEAR STRESS IN REINFORCED CONCRETE RECTANGULAR BEAMS: Shear Stress Distribution: 0 ‘Shear Resistance Of Concrete Section : (cof the IS : 456 - 2000 is based on the following factors) ‘Concrete ii) Amount of longitudinal reinforcement, which continuous at least one effective depth beyond the section being considered. iii) Uncracked concrete in compression zone iv) Aggregate inter locking Shear Reipforcement : | When nominal shear stress & shear capacity of the concrete, u shear reinforcement is provided. [ The recommendations of the present code for shear reinforcement are based on ‘Truss Analogy’ ie. lattice girder effect] Critical Section For Shear: a) A section at a distance of effective depth (@ from support, if end of beam is subjected to compression. ) At face of support if i) end of beam subjected to tension ‘A point load acts near face or support Nominal Shear Stress: The nominal shear stress r, in beams of uniform depth shall be obtained by the followi ANG : th z ‘of the member ( for flanged ions Sha be taken as breadth of the web, W Design Shear Strength Of Concrete te(N/ mm) yoo [02 [0s 075 [1.00 uation Ms [036 [046 [054 [0.60 Ma [036 [048 [050 | 0.62 125 [150 [17 [200/225 va foo jon jon jon 067 |o72 [07 [079 [ost I FLOOR, BEK COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD.SRI KARAIKUDL CONTACT 9486431610, 04555-28671 RAM NAGAR, 12 (Our Student Er.G.Umasankar , First rank (271.5) in PWD-WRO, receiving appoinment order from Honourable Chief minister ‘Maximum Shear Stress, ,,.,, (N/mm?) Tama" 0.62 4) fok N/mm? PYRAMID IAS ACADEMY, Most Successful Institute in TNPSC AE Exam Total AE selections from Pyramid Academy 2007 Exam -130 2008 Exam -178 2010 Exam -395 In 2010 Exam, 47 selections in Top 50 & All top 20 students are from Pyramid Toppers — 2910 Exam Grade of [ Mis Man Concrete Tome 25 28 31 Minimum Shear Reinforcement If ,

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