Concrete Technology

CIVE525
Assignment No.2

Hot Weather Concreting

Presented to:

Dr. Meheddene Machaka

By: Walid Abou Hassan

20160141

27, Oct, 2016

Question 1:
1.

Joules to
varies Initial Joules in each
Specific
Materials Mass, kg Temperature, Temperatur Materials
Heat kJ/kg
1o C e, Co.
Cement 400 0.92 368 70 25760

w/c = 0.40 160 4.18 668.80 15 10032

Fine
680 0.91 618.80 27 16707.6
aggregate
Coarse
1180 0.90 1062 30 31860
aggregate

Total Joules in materials=25760 + 10032 + 16707.6 + 31860 = 84359.6

Total Joules to varies temperature 1o C = 2717.6

Initial Concrete Temperature = 2717.6 / 84359.6 = 31.04o C

2. To achieve 4o C reduction in concrete temperature:

Cement temperature must be lowered: 4*2717.6/368 = 29.5o C
Water must be lowered: 4*2717.6/668.6 = 16.25o C
Aggregate must be lowered: 4*2717.6/ (618.8+1062) = 6.46o C
3. The easier material to cool is water.
4. The most effective material controlling concrete temperature is aggregates.

5. As the temperature of fresh concrete during mixing increases, late, the strength of
hardened concrete (at 28 and 365 days) decreases compared to the same fresh
concrete mixed at temperature in the ranged of 20o C.
Question 2:

6. Hot weather conditions can create difficulties in fresh concrete; higher

temperature tend to accelerates the slump loss and can cause loss of entrained air,
also temperature will increases the rate of setting resulting in placing and finishing
difficulties, also the high rate of evaporation can results in plastic shrinkage and
appearance of cracks, and high temperature recommends early curing.

7. Hot weather concreting can defined as a combination of the following conditions

that tends to impair the quality of freshly mixed and hardened concrete, by
accelerating the rate of evaporation and the rate of hydration, the conditions are:
High ambient temperature, High concrete temperature, Low relative humidity, High
wind speed, and Solar radiation .

8. The main precautions required:

 Use materials and mix proportions that have a good record in hot-weather
conditions
 Cool the concrete or one or more of its ingredients
 Use a concrete consistency that allows rapid placement and consolidation
 Reduce the time of transport, placing and finishing as much as possible
 Schedule concrete placements to limit exposure to atmospheric conditions, such
as at night or during favorable weather conditions
 Consider methods to limit moisture loss during placing and finishing, such as
sunshades, windscreens, Fogging, or spraying
 Apply temporary moisture-retaining films after screeding .
 Organize a preconstruction conference to discuss the precautions required for the
project.

9. High weather concreting causes increased water demand, which, in turn, will
increase the water- cementitious materials ratio and result in lower strength and
reduce durability, and will increase permeability, tendency to drying shrinkage, and
will give a weak and non-uniform surface finishing.

Question 3:

1. Cracks appear on a concrete surface; they look approximately parallel, and spaced
irregularly in small range (may be between 50 and 70 mm), this phenomena
sometimes occurs in the surface of freshly mixed concrete soon after it has been
placed, while it is being finished or shortly thereafter, we call it plastic shrinkage
cracks.
2. Plastic shrinkage cracks are mainly caused by a rapid loss of water from the surface
of concrete before it has set; the critical condition exist when the rate of evaporation
of surface moisture exceeds the rate at which rising bleed water can replace it.
3. Required precaution to minimize this phenomena:

 Moisten concrete aggregates that are dry and absorptive.

 Keep the concrete temperature low by cooling aggregates and mixing water.
 Dampen the subgrade and fog forms prior to placing concrete.
 Erect temporary windbreaks to reduce wind velocity over the concrete surface.
 Erect temporary sunshades to reduce concrete surface temperatures.
 Protect the concrete with temporary coverings, such as polyethylene sheeting,
during any delay between placing and finishing.
 Fog the slab immediately after placing and before finishing, taking care to prevent
the accumulation of water that may reduce the quality of the cement paste in the
slab surface.
 Add plastic fibers to the concrete mixture to help reduce plastic shrinkage crack
formation.

4. For repairing cracked concrete by plastic shrinkage, it is normally restricted to filling

the cracks with cementitious slurry or, in some cases, with a low viscosity epoxy
resin.