Unit ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION EQUATIONS iyechons You work with positive and negative numbers when you balance your checkbook, figure how much sales figures are up or down, and see changes in the temperature outside. You will use the same ideas you did in working with positive and negative numbers when you solve equations using addition and subtraction. In this unit, you will learn how to add and subtract positive and negative numbers and how to work addition and subtraction equations. Gominnienty You should be familiar with the skills on this page and the next before beginning this unit. To check your answers, turn to page 207. To write a numerical expression, change the words to numbers and math operations. Write an expression. Then evaluate. 1. four plus two 2. eight times three 3. thirty divided by five 44+2=6 4, twelve minus seven §._ six times nine 6. fifteen divided by three see Unit 4, pages, 131 @we SS Se To evaluate numerical expressions, use the correct order of operations. Evaluate. Use the correct order of operations. 7. 8. 9. 10. 347-5 8-2-3 6+747 18-9+3 3 +35 = 38 W. 12. 13. 14. 9+2-3 14-641 70-15+5 100 - 44-2 For review see Unit 4, page 116. To evaluate algebraic expressions, use the correct order of operations. Evaluate each expression if x = 9. 15. 16. 17. 18. x+4 x+3 uM-x 9+4=13 19. 20. 21. 22. 6x + (7-2) M-x+8 (+542 For review, see Unit 4, pages 122-124, To solve for the variable, use basic addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Solve each equation. 23. 24, 25. 26. x+4=8 10+x=15 1 4+4=8 xed 27. 28. 29. 20. x-2=6 x+10=1 For review, see Unit 4, page 125. O12Adding Signed Numbers Numbers are either positive or negative. Positive numbers can show a gain or increase such as a price going up $5. Negative numbers can show a loss or decrease such as losing five pounds. When adding positive and negative numbers, or signed numbers, follow these rules of addition. Remember that a positive number can be shown with or without the + sign. Addition Rule 1. To add two or more numbers with the same sign, add the numbers. Give the answer that sign. For example, the temperature is ~5 degrees at 10 pM. By 11 nM, itis 3 degrees colder. What is the temperature at 11 P.M? To evaluate this expression, use Rule 1 for adding positive and negative numbers. Put parentheses around the 3 to keep the negative sign of the number from being confused with the addition operation sign, +. -5 + (-3) = -8 degrees On the number line, find -5. Count 3 — marks to the left. You can see that the new temperature is -8, or 8 degrees below zero. 10-8 5 OBO Add. 1. 2 3. 4 7+ (+9) —12 + (-6) —20 + (-8) —15 + (-1) + (-4) 7+9=16 5. 6 7 7 8. 6 + (-10) 1+GD 8 + (-30) 11+ (12) +(-3) 9. The temperature at 2pm. was 80°. It 10. The Samuels Company lost $200 in sales went up 5° by 5 PM. What was the in May and $50 in June. Show their total temperature at 5 Px? Joss in sales for May and June. (Hint: Show a loss in sales as a negative number, Add.) “Answer Answer. aw ®Adding Signed Numbers When you add numbers with different signs, use this rule. Addition Rule 2. To add numbers with different signs, find the difference between the numbers. Give the answer the sign of the larger number. For example, yesterday morning at 6 A.M. the temperature was 5 degrees below zero. By 2 eM. the temperature had risen 10 degrees. What was the temperature at 2 r.M.? To evaluate this expression, use Rule 2 for adding numbers. —5 + 10 = 5 degrees The difference between 10 and 5 is 5. The answer is positive because the larger number, 10, is positive. On the number line, find —5. Count 10 a marks to the right. You can see that thenew 4 . temperature is +5, or 5 degrees above zero. Add. 1 2. 3. 4 -94+4 4+ (-10) -12+6 5. 6. 7. 8. 8 +(-9) -10+11 -18+9 15 + (-5) 9 10. n. 12, -22+7 40 + 70 16 + (-32) 25 + (—20) 13. 4. 15. 16. 19 + (20) 54449 -75 + 100 68 + (~100) auAdding Signed Numbers When you add three or more numbers with different signs, use this rule. Addition Rule 3. To add three or more signed numbers, add the positive numbers. Add the negative numbers. Then add the two totals. Use Rule 2 to find the sign. Knowing how to group positive and negative numbers together will be helpful when you balance a checking or savings account. Add. 1 2 3. 4 —B+(-2)+6 4+ (-1) + (-3) -6 +4+(-10) 12+ (-7) + (-7) 8+ (=2))+6 -10 +6=-4 5. 6. 7 -22+(-4) +349 40 + (-10) + (-20) + 10 16 + (—25) + 25 + (-16) 10. 8 9. . —20 + (-19) + (-14) +8 49 +(-54) +649 22 + (8) + (-7) + 32 Add the following deposits (+) and withdrawals (—). nu. 12. $100 + (—$50) + $100 + (—$60) —$12 + (—$38) + $200 + (-$25) 13. $125 + (—$47) + (—$23) + (—$64) -$15 + $75 + $56 + (—$19) >Subtracting Signed Numbers When you subtract signed numbers, use the subtraction rule. Then use the addition rules you have already learned. Subtraction Rule. To subtract signed numbers, change the sign of the number being subtracted. Then add. For example, yesterday afternoon at 6 PM. the temperature was 2 degrees above zero. By 9 eM. the temperature had fallen 10 degrees. What was the temperature at 9 P.v.? To find the answer, change the sign of the number being subtracted, 10. Positive 10 becomes —10. ‘Then add. 2-10 2 + (-10) = ~8 degrees On the number line, find +2. Count to the -10 left 10 marks. You can see that the new ——— temperature is —8, or 8 degrees below zero. Aaa t t + Subtract —11 — (+6) 1. Change the sign of the number being 2, Add. Since the numbers are both negative, subtracted. give 17 a negative sign. (+6) becomes (~6) Tht el a7 Subtract. 1 2 Ey 4. 3-47) -7 - (+6) — (42) 10 - (+1) 3+(-)=-4 5 6 7 8 8- (+9) 15 = (+12) -8 - (+6) 17 - (+5) 8 10. u. 2. 4- (+4) 20 — (+25) -14 = (+7) —30 - (+15) Write the following expressions in numbers. Subtract. 12, positive eleven minus positive seven _-14._ negative eight minus positive six 0136Subtracting Signed Numbers Use the Subtraction Rule when you subtract positive or negative numbers, 2. Add the two numbers. Since they are both positive, 17 is positive. 10+ (47) =17 Subtract. 1 2. 3. 4 6-(-1) —15 — (-9) ~18 — (-10) 7-(-3) 6+ (+I) =7 5. 6. 7. 8 12 = (-13) u-(-6) 20 — (-10) -33 — (-4) 9. 10. n, 12 25 — (-13) —46 — (-12) 80 — (—40) 54 —(-8) 8. 4, 5. 16. -17 ~ (20) =39 — (40) 16 — (-16) -27 - (-27) Write the following expressions in numbers. Subtract. 17. positive twenty-seven minus negative seventeen 18, negative sixty minus negative sixteen 19. positive fifteen minus negative five 20. negative forty-six minus negative sixty-four 37®Adding with Zeros ‘Sometimes you need to add zeros. Remember the addition fact that zero plus any number equals that number. 3+0= —5+0 O+4=4 0+(-7) When you add opposite numbers, the answer is always zero. 2+(-2=0 -9+9=0 Write the opposite. 1. -6_6 24 3-7 4 10 8.17 6 19 7-25 8 -30 Add. 9. 10. 11, 12. 6+(-6) -4+0 o+2 0+ (-6) 6-6= 6+ (-6) 13. 14. 15. 16. 7+(-7) —9+0 0 +(-8) 3+0 17. 18. 19. 20. -1+0 10 + (-10) =12 +12 -15 +0 a1. 22. 23. 24, =20 + 20 14+ (-14) 0+3 -36 + 36 0138Subtracting with Zeros Sometimes you need to subtract zeros. Remember the subtraction fact that a number minus zero is that number. 6-0=6 (-53)-0=-5 Sometimes you may need to subtract from zero. Use the rule for subtraction. 0-5 0-(-7) 0+ (-5)=-5 0+(42=7 When you subtract a number from itself, the answer is zero. 4-4 -9-(-9) 4+(-4)=0 -9+(+9)=0 Subtract. 1 2. 3. 4 0 - (-6) 5-0 -8-0 0 - (+10) 0+ (+6) =6 5. 6. 7. 8. 2- (+2) o-(-11) -13-0 9. 10. ". 12. 0-23 —8 — (-8) 15-0 18 — (+18) 13. 4, 15. 16. —4-(-4) 0-(-17) -9-0 0-30 7. 18, 19. 20. 12 - (+12) 8-0 3 —(-3) 0-(-14) 129 ®_Mixed Ii Add or subtract. 1 21. 33. —4+ (+6) 4-(+9) 7-(-2 -2+(-8) +7 0+8 0 - (+10) —3 - (+8) 10. 18. 30. —3+9+(-6) +4 8 — (-8) a0 37. 8 - (+3) 7 8+(-3) " -8- (+8) 18. 1 -(-8) 9. -9+0 23. (+4) 21, 7+(-7) a1 14 - (+6) 34. 5 +(-6) +6 38. 76 ~ (+42) 4 -15 +23 10 + (25) + 15 8. —10 - (+7) —43 + (—5) + (-2) 12. —19 — (6) —9 + (-10) + (-6) 16. -1+(-1) —20 = (+17) 20. -10 + 10 0-(-15) 24. -18+0 0 + (-16) 28. —6 - (-6) =40 + 40 32. 29 — (+30) 0-7) 35. 10 + (-10) + (-2) +2 39. —60 — (-50) 100 — (—50)Solving Addition Equations To solve an addition equation means to find the value of the unknown, or variable. In an addition equation, subtract the same number from each side of the equation to leave the variable by itself on one side of the equal sign. You can check to see if the value for x is correct by substituting 2 for x in the equation. x+3= Check x+3=5 24+3=5 5=5,sox=2 Check: x + 4 = 7 3+4=7 7=7 a 10. nn. 6+x=13 x+2=15 x+16=32 40+ x=99 12. 25+x=50 m®Solving Addition Equations Remember, use subtraction to solve an addition equation. Always subtract the same number from both sides of the equal sign. Solve. Check. i: 2. 3. 15+x=-6 x+8=-10 x+30= -50 15 — 15+ x=(6 ~ 15) 0 ~21 x= 21 Check: 15 +x = —6 15 + (-21) = -6 -6=-6 5. 6 7 134+x=-13 x +42 =-12 xt17=-1 9. 10. n. 50+x=—10 M+x=-4 16+x=0 x+4=0 12. x+33=-11 Write an equation for each word expression. Use x for the variable. Solve. Check. 43. a number plus seven equals, negative forty-two negative four a2 14, eleven plus a number equalsSolving Subtraction Equations To solve a subtraction equation, add the same number to both sides of the equation. Make sure the variable is by itself on one side of the equation. Solve. Check. " x-9=12 x-6=10 . 7. x-10=2 x-17=7 x-20=3 x- 42 = 67 “ y-100=31 | x-83=40 * x-26=0 x-13=13Solving Subtraction Equations Sometimes the number on the right of the equal sign is negative. You can still use addition to solve subtraction equations. 1 3, 4. x-7= x-10=-11 5. 7 8. x-12=-17 x- 23 = -30 9. 10. nn 12, x-29=-9 x-51=-27 Write an equation for each word expression. Use x for the variable. Solve. Check. 13. a number minus eight equals 44, a number minus twenty equals negative four negative thirteen auUnit 5 Review. Add. i 8 + (-6) -10 +12 —59 + (-8) + (—1) + (-12) -3 + (-6) + (-5) +11 Subtract. 9. 6-4 13, 17 - (+8) Add or subtract. ”. 0+(-7) Solve. Check. 21. x+5=10 x+6=0 22. 26. -10-6 32 — (+19) —n+t 12+x=16 x+10=-10 19. 27. —16 + (-10) -1+(-1) 75 + (—25) + (-5) + 20 63 + 39 + (36) +3 —12 = (-6) — (+16) xt+1=2 1b+x=2 20. 24. 28. 15 — (-3) —40 — (+50) 45+x=51 B+x=-3 us >Write an equation for each word expression. Use x for the variable. Solve. Check. 29. a number plus thirteen equals 30. seven plus a number equals negative twenty-five five 31. anumber minus twenty-four equals 32. a number minus ten equals zero twelve Solve. Check. 33. 34, 35. 36. x-2=-7 x-13=4 6 x-18=2 37. 38. 39. 40. x-15=-3 x-10=~-4 Below is a list of the problems in this review and the pages on which the skills are taught. If you missed any problems, turn to the pages listed and practice the skills. Then correct the problems you missed in the Unit Review. Problems. Pages Problems. Pages 18 133-135 21-30 141-142 9-16 136-137 31-40 143-144 17-20 138-139, a6