Living in the Information rechnology Er@ 1e Infor ay EI Ss work Computer: an How P fa computer are the central processing unit The basic parts © hoard or other input device, and a screen (CPU), memory, @ keybo: computer add or subtract, : yw does a . or other output device Ho the answers it computes? 4 . ber : and how can its memory ae brain inside but acts in many t have a hu computer does no} as though it does have a real one. ae vee, while we understand human language, the nd machine language. When a person types on the computer's keyboard, the human brain identifies the letters, numbers, and characters combined to create words and SentEnEeS, But the computer does not recognize letters as letters of the alphabet; it sees the letters as a series of 0’s and 1’s called the computer can understa binary language. Computer Number Systems Humans use the decimal number system—to count, measure, and compute. The decimal number system has ten digits, such as 0, 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. A computer, on the other hand, can only understand two digits—a 0 and a 1. These two numbers play an important role in the way computers communicate with one another. This type of number system is called the binary number system, with the prefix bi, which means 2, There are other types of number systems, such as the octal number system (from the prefix octa, meaning it uses 8 digits) and the hexadecimal number system (hexa means 6: ‘deci means 10; meaning it uses 16 digits to rey i ues). these oan “ gits to represent its values). However, these number systems are merely a way to bridge the computer’s binary | pe ty ‘anguage to a somewhat understandable human (decimal) suage since computer data can be complicatedTable 2.1 Equivalent Number Systems Values Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal > 000 001 002 03 004 ° a}ulu|a 0 005 006 007 7 1s 010 8 011 9 A B c 015 D 016 E — | 15 1111 | 017 F | How Computers Interpret Data With the different types of number systems, it is important to understand how computers interpret the letters on the keyboard through a series of 0's and 1's. This is normally done through the number system conversion. Depending on the standard used, computer systems convert characters from the keyboard and later display them on the monitor. Refer to the following steps: 1. From the keyboard, pressure pads are typically found underneath each key. Upon typing a letter, the pressure pad sends information to the CPU for processing. 2. The information is then transmitted in the form of 0’s and 1's using the ASCII code.nt ay Er Living in the Information technology acter been typed ang ines what char puter monitor, ag to the com) 3, The CPU determ i sain in formation sends the in! O's and I's. 4. The monitor disp! this time readable ays the information in its equivalent ; and understandable by character, humans, Majority of computer systems use the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) for — converting characters into 0's and 1's. The ASCII code is a 7-bit code used to represent letters, numbers, and basic special characters. The uppercase character ‘A’ as seen on the left is represented in ASCII as 0100 0001 in binary, 101 in octal, or 41 in hexadecimal system. Below is a table showing the ASCII printable characters (as seen in your keyboard) represented in decimal (Dec), hexadecimal (Hx), and octal (Oct) formats. Table 2.2 ASCII Table Dec Hx a = 20 040 33 24 22Computers in Our Daily Life Table 2.2 ASCII Table (Cont.) 44 2c 054 5 2 64 @ 65 A 66 42 102 B Cc D E F 71 47 107 G 72 48 110 H 73 49 111Hee EEE PEPER EP PPP EPP AIN|[ N[ alm} a[aloto wll rr t.) table 2.2 ASCII Table (Con!Computers in Our Daily Life Table 2.2 ASCII Table (Cont.) Dec Hx Oct Chr 7 105 69 151 i 107 6B 153 k 108 6c 154 I 109 6D 155 m |. 117 75 165 120 78 170 x y z 123 7B 173 { 124 7C 174 | 125 7D 175 } ve | 7 [ve 127 7F 177 DEL Notice how the characters are Tepresented in decimal, octal, and hexadecimal formats. Computer programmers create Programs so that computers can do specific tasks. People who write programs are programmers. Depending on the skills set of the programmer, a program can be developed based on the Programming language the programmer is familiar with. Another term used for a program is codes. Writing programs is called Programming or coding.Era ti n Technology ‘ 6 ‘p._Uving in the Informatio i i 1’s (binary form; ing at a long string of 0's and = @inary formay However, locking confusing for the progr nme » Casing might be Si ae Take a look at the wor ip in errors during . oe binary code as seen by a compu! 01101101 01100011 01101111 01110100 01100101 ight miss out i ight? The programmer mig] n 0 A bit hard to read, rig) 7 these 01110000 01110101 01110010 a r : og! n a few digits while creating a pr‘ n é machine codes are made “more human” by making them readable and similar to the human language. This is identified with the different levels of programming languages which will be discussed later in this chapter. So how does the computer know that 01100011 01101111 01101101 01110000 01110101 01110100 01100101 01110010 is the same as the word “computer”? Each character is converted from the ASCII table’s hexadecimal, octal, or decimal presentation into binary language. For example, the letter ‘c’ is equivalent to 63 in hexadecimal which when converted into binary is equal to 01100011. How Computers Communicate with One Another Notice how the computer uses different Ways to connect to certain devices. The computer monitor uses a wire to connect to the computer unit while the mouse wirelessly connects to the laptop, etc, Depending on the situation, computers use different connection methods to do their tasks, Figure 2.1 Comp) desktop componen le te personal Its,7 Computers in Our Daily Life System bus A computer system, on its own, communicates through what is called a system bus. A system bus is a pathway composed of cables and connectors used to carry data from a computer’s peripheral devices—monitor, keyboard, mouse, etc.—to the CPU and the main memory. There are three types of buses:the-data ar) bus, address bus, and control bus. ww) and output Control bus [| cpu | Memory I CI Address bus Data bus System bus Figure 2.2 Simplified diagram of a computer system implemented with a single system bus. This modular organization was popular in the 1970s and 1980s. For example, how does the computer know that the printer needs more ink? How does the mouse cursor move along with the actual mouse? And how does the speaker produce sound in time with the video displayed on the monitor? Data bus A data bus can transfer data to and from the memory of @ computer, or into or out of the CPU, Examples of pieces of information that traverse the data bus include files transferred from a flash drive to the computer’s hard drive and a document sent to the printer for printing. G mmo 57i in the Informati nology Ere ing in the Infor jation Techno! EI Livi e CPU to specify a physica, d other devices within the a given computer unit, there address bus is responsible fo, as a printer connected to it, kers, and, sometimes, even Address bus / n ‘The address bus 18 we 7 address for instructions, : = - computer system. For exa _ ta are typically 6 to 8 USB pen ae : checking which of the US| 7 oe along with the mouse, keyboard, sp external drives. Control bus A control bus is used by CPUs to communicate with other devices within the computer system. As the address bus carries the location of the data being sent and the data bus carries the actual data being processed, the control bus carries the commands or instructions from the CPU. It also sends status signals from the devices, identifying if it is ready or not. The typical read/write commands are identified through the control bus. For example, if one tries to save a file to a flash drive that is already removed from the computer, the computer will notify the user with an error message saying that the folder or drive where the file is intended to be saved is no longer existing, This is because the ori iginal destination or location can no longer be sent through often seen as an error message Prompt. The amount of dat, i lata sent on the size of the bus 1, throughout the system bus depends at however, the Majority silluse goer Sstems use a 64-bit bus; © a 32-bj 5 . : computer syste it computin ir computing sine ison ae nore however, that the tiie or softwere am a hardware level. Having an o, menti the hardware ig dimen iS 32-bit oF 64-bir in erating system are ts different from the software herent Asai * At is advised that i| Computers in Our Dally Lire |your computer hardware uses a 32-bit bus (hardware), use only |software programs running 32-bits, This is to avoid the har ar from overheating. Imagine a 32-bit bus computer working dou! le | ime to make up for the excess 32-bits from a 64-bit application software. A 64-bit bus, on the other hand, can process cither a 32-bit or a 64-bit software application. How Computers Connect to Other Computers The next step in knowing how a computer is able to connect to other devices is to understand how a computer connects to another computer. Earlier, computer peripherals using wired or wireless connections are mentioned. It is also similar when a computer wants to connect to another computer—with or without wires. ‘Computer Network Systems Computers are able to communicate with one another over networks. A computer network is an interconnection of two or more computers. This interconnection gives these computers the capability to share information and resources. There are several types of networks, mostly depending on the number of computers in it, how they are used, and what type of technology is used in its connectivity. Below are some of the computer network systems: ee Personal area network (PAN) - is a type of connection which is often limited to an individual person and his or her personal devices. Normally, these devices must be within the range of 10 meters with each other, For example, a person traveling with a laptop, a smartphone, and a portable printer could interconnect the devices without having to plug anything in, using some form of | wireless technology. =ra tnformation Technology é wean is a connection in which g twork aN) ied devices, such as networ, ters and or amunications line Within printers, share @ Ca apuitding or a small campus, a certain area such as | schools and offices to secure LANs are often found in ee This'isdone ‘through ¢ the ae sonich oer access may be restricted computer Sted ins For example, some schools use Cesta their campuses so that students can connect to the internet to do online research. Students are oe to login their information (such as their student ID) to connect to the internet. However, through the school’s campus server, restrictions to sites such as online games, pornographic materials, and the like are implemented, This means that students will not be able to access these websites inside the campus. + Local area ne! group of compl v Wide area network (WAN) - may be less restrictive than LAN as rules and policies may differ within its coverage. A WAN may be made of several LANs and PANs. A WAN can also be made up of several more WANs. This is why WAN is considered synonymous to the internet. Methods of Communication There are many differ used in contemporar i one another. Connections i are often catego; i two—wi, Le S0rized generally into ‘wire ft communication and Wireless communication. 7) : © > Wired communication — \/_/ Different types of cables are n Ctwork. There are Coaxial cables, cables, and trad: i used to connect to a given : fiber-opti Monal telephone lin Ptic cables, Ethernet wrest in later chapters This che, {ese will be discussed alone compute; ~ us chapter focuses nd- that Puter system and the type. is oa are available, YPES Of Wired connectionsComputers in Our Daily Life Computer systems have different connections which usually depend on the motherboard’s form factor. Popular wired connections nowadays include the following: [use FireWire Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a connection or interface that allows the computer to communicate with system peripherals such as keyboard, mouse, printer, etc. as well as other devices like digital cameras and portable fans, It is a type of connector that can transmit data to and from devices which have typical high data rates, such as external hard drives. The transfer speed of a FireWire is faster than that of a USB. Ethernet | An Ethernet cable transmits signals cable | between a computer and network devices such as a router, switch, or other_ — computers. HDMI | High-definition Multimedia Interface ‘ (HDMI) is a connector for transmitting — audio/video data which are compatible to computers, projectors, and digital televisions. 1 Older computer units have connections that include the following: [ VGA Serial CH The 15-pin Video Graphics Array (VGA) connector has been provided on many” video cards, computer monitors, laptop computers, and projectors. It is now slowly being phased out in favor of the faster and more compact HDMI connector. An RS-232 serial connection was once a standard feature of a personal computer am used for connections to modem, printer, Ze mouse, and other peripheral devices. Now, it has been replaced by USB connections.ra Living in the Information Technology E ep rial connection, parallel connections were used before to connect herals such as other computer perip! : printers. It has also been replaced since then by the USB connections. Parallel | Similar to the se The PS/2 is a 6-pin connector used to connect the mouse and keyboard to a computer. It is color-coded to identify which peripheral will be connected to which port. Purple is for keyboard and green is for the mouse. PS/2 Audio | The audio jacks are the 3.5 mm jacks jacks used for microphones (as input), and speakers (as output). It uses color codes as well to indicate the type of input and output lines. [ora | Pink: Mic in , = Blue: Line in ae Green: Front speakers out : Black (or dark blue in some older boards): Rear speakers out Orange: Center/subwoofer out Gray: Middle speakers out These connections are now being replaced by USB and HDMI connections. ~> Wireless communication Wire! os satiate satellite cone include microwave and radio transmission weg sation, Cellular transmission, technologies differ hun senaas, WEL Connectivity, Wireless iiler bugely from one another, but the sest Popular types are Bluet ie Coth and Wi-Fi El - 3 = i-Fi. Th i f ‘lectrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE ; peepee i technical association with ®), @ professional identified standard 802.11 for Wit, vt 2FO88, the globe, in the wireless standards, i-Fi and 802.15 for BluetoothComputers in uur vony oom => WiFi 1 Wi-Fi uses radio waves to wirelessly transmit —_ information across a network. Wi-Fi’s signals are transmitted in frequencies of between 5) 2.5 and 5 gigahertz (Gi1z)>which are higher than radio anc ~~ ‘TV signals to avoid interference. Wi-Fi is often used in schools, companies, and business establishments, among others. This is to provide network connections to multiple users without the need for cables. Majority of Wi-Fi users use mobile devices, such as tablets, laptops, and smartphones to connect via an access point or Wi-Fi hotspot. Bluetooth ‘Ve Bluetooth uses radio waves to connect to other / devices. The connection via Bluetooth is called | 3 & pairing. Once paired, devices are able to send and ws receive information provided they are within a given range which is typically 10 meters. ‘How Humans Communicate with Computers Reading a long string of 0’s and 1’s can be very confusing and taxing. As such, people who invented the computer identified two areas in computer systems—computer hardware and computer software. Through computer software, humans are able to “communicate” with the computer. Computer Software The computer software is a combination of instructions, data, and programs that the computer needs in order to do a specific task. Another term used for computer software is computer programs. Everything the computer does can basicallyvin grams. Programs are a Set of code, y designed or wrines by compute, ming language. © Mos structions Wl ific program) t in rs using a specific Pri Tnguage used PY Programmers pe of progra yogramming. This programming ject-oriented Jes 4 (pronounced as ‘see-sharp'), Sun os icros' i les Micre ein open-source programming language, java, an Preprocessor). P 7 hese PFO! be controll EF are usuall: ori programme! common ty A is called obj language includ Microsystem’s J PHP (Hypertext >a <& ( a8 Php = OS Java a Programmers have developed two types of computer software—the system software and application software. People might be more familiar with the application software as most of the day-to-day tasks done in front of a computer involve the use of application programs (e.g., typing a school assignment using Microsoft Word, editing a photo using Adobe Photoshop, browsing through Facebook using Google Chrome, or listening to music using Apple’s iTunes). The system software also called an operating system (OS) is the most important software running on a computer since it manages the computer’s memory and instructions and has the ability to control all the connected ‘ardware and installed software applications Person to interact with the computer—from nts and peripherals to all the installed S and files one h, i ‘as stored T occur in two ways: on the compute By using a comma: in which the nd . Hine operating system (e.g., DOS) y computer command that ig typed responds according to the text 2. With a Braphical user j, (8, Windows) saat 8€Hface (GUI) operating system as pictures ard entries mouse clicks and keybo. and buttons throughComputers in Our Daily Life system Platforms Desktop systems differ how each platform treats the from mobile systems in terms of application software installed in an the system. A desktop or a laptop computer usually iene toa application program to run a certain application on it, oF Poss! 09: multiple ones at the same time. A typical example is tha web browser capable of running multiple web sites with different “applications” all at the same time. In this scenario, Google Chrome is open as the user waits for an email from a friend via Gmail, while another browser tab has YouTube open as he or she watches video tutorials. Another browser tab with Wikipedia open is possible as the user is also researching on different computer peripherals. All of these websites are accessed using a single web browser. A web browser is considered to be an application software. However, this scenario is typically played within a desktop platform. With today's trend leaning towards mobility, more and more mobile devices are now capable of doing things which typical desktop computers can do. This is why companies that develop smartphones, for example, have identified specific system software and application software for these mobile devices (Hope, 2017). Using a smartphone in accessing the same websites is a different experience. Instead of using a web browser to access all three web sites, mobile applications are used. Mobile applications have the capacity to run directly on top of the operating system without using web browsers. Facebook, YouTube, and Gmail are typical examples of desktop applications that have mobile counterparts, System Software ‘Two of the most popular desktop system software or OS nowadays are Microsoft's Windows and Apple's macOs, 1 mobile devices, Apple use: vere But while Microsoft i ; ee stem software. also using Windows for their mobil. obile operating system, not the leading mobile OS in theLiving In the Inf ed to i world, com| i Dat ternational Inte stem as of 201 DC, 2017). operating, s global market (1 formation Technology ts desktop ta Corporation ( Era counter) 6 is An part. According to the IDC), the most popular mobile droid OS, acquiring 85% of the hart table 2.3 Smartphone OS Market Share cl droid ios Windows Phone | Others Period Androi 5% 0.4% 20161 aaam% | 15.4% 98% 9.4% 201602 87.6% 11.7% 9.4% =~ 201603 86.6% 12.5% 9.3% 9.4% 201604 81.4% 18.2% eae a 201701 85.0% 14.7% \- Applications Software ‘The table below identifies the different types of application programs and their corresponding software that are available in the market. Table 2.4 Different Types of wy Application Programs Application Program Type Examples Word Processing Software Microsoft Word, WordPad, and Notepad Database Software Oracle, Microsoft Access, etc. Spreadsheet Software Multimedia Software Apple Numbers, Microsoft Excel Real Player, Media Player Presentation Software rosoft PowerPoint, Keynote Enterprise Software Customer Relationship Management Systems Information Worker Software Educational Software Simulation Software Documentation tools, Resource Management tools Dictionaries: Encarta, Britannica Mathematics: MATLAB Others: Google Earth Flight and Scientific Simulators Application Suites OpenOffice, Microsoft Office Software for Engineering and Pros duct Development _| (need Development Environments IntegratedComputers in Our Daily Life Online Applications Software As previously discussed, application software consists of programs that are designed to perform specific tasks for users. Specific application software products, called software packages, are available from different vendors. Usually, these software packages cost money although a lot of application software is now being made available for free. Often called shareware, freeware, or public-domain software, this software can be downloaded for free but usually with fewer capabilities compared to the ones sold. As such, online application software is now introduced with the improved internet speed being made available to consumers. There are various products available including software tools that were previously identified only as computer applications. Office productivity tools such as Microsoft Office Suite were only available offline, but now, Microsoft has developed Microsoft Office 365 which has been made available to students and teachers for free via their Office 365 Education. Numerous web and mobile applications are also made available to users which oftentimes feature the same functionalities as the Offline version. Google introduced its online applications capable of doing the same thing as Microsoft's Office Suite. Google Docs, Google Sheets, and Google Slides are the online counterparts of MS Word, Excel, and PowerPoint, respectively. Other online productivity tools are also available for Organizations, such as data collection and analysis, especially for those in the marketing industry. PCMag.com has listed down available online survey engines for 2017 and analyzed the top contenders. Included in the list are Zoho Survey, Survey Gizmo, Campaign Monitor GetFeedback, Checkbox Survey, Fluid Surveys, SurveyMonkey, WorldApp KeySurvey, Outside Software eSurveysPro, SoGoSurvey, and SurveyPlanet. Survey Gizmo is the Editors’ Choice getting a 4.5 rating and is said to be best for Yard?Era Living in the Information Technology jindler, 2017). Not only can an ts survey questions to its clients utomatically done by the i Sel small to midsize businesses (S¢ Sreanization easily disseminate put data trends and analysis idii esults. tool, providing faster © P has also listed down several popular in the App Store and Google Play that can increase productivity, improve efficiency, and provide convenience, Below are just some of the apps on their list: and reminder notification app Tomsguide.com applications available i 1. Any.do —a scheduler 2. Microsoft Office Word, Excel, and PowerPoint — available for free download in both Android and iOS 7° 3. WPS Office — another office productivity suite that does the same as Microsoft's Word, Excel, and PowerPoint 4, Adobe Acrobat Reader — a PDF reader and annotation app which lets you view and sign PDF forms * 5. Microsoft Outlook - for reading emails, managing contacts, and calendar 6. Newton Mail ~ for accessing all email accounts in one ‘unified inbox” 7. Forge ~ a mobile drawin, @ app that all sketches and edit photos canbe Lastly, people who 1 . have no their own blogs and web: IT background can now create content ae online tools which provide management. They do not need although some knowledge in layout. to further customize the web agem, Programmers d. ent syst Of the CMs, ue to the sim, em (CMS). Users do not ple and easy-to-use designComputers in Our Daily Life ication for Table 2.5 Comparison between WordPress and Wix Appli Web Development WordPress LL wix ] Programming | Uses PHP, HTML, and Uses HTML5 language used_| css - Development —_| Uses web templates and | Uses online drag an | process template processors drop tools How Computers Impact Everyday Life The advent of technologies specifically .the development of information and communications technology has changed the lives of people. Computers, for example, permeate everyday life as they are used in various fields—in schools, malls, and hospitals, among others, The following areas show how computers have made such an impact. Education Today, most elementary and secondary schools (public and private) and higher education institutions (HEIs) have computers in their classrooms. ICT in general has made things convenient and efficient for teachers, students, researchers, and school administrators. With the use of computers, teachers can do research and enhance their teaching materials, They can join online forums and conferences and gain new ideas and learn from the latest research findings and trends. Students use computers with internet access as one of their reference tools. They can communicate and collaborate with their Peers while working in their own homes. School administrators use computers for administrative work to ensure that the entire operation of the school runs proficiently. An access to all school documents is made casy and always available with the use of a so-called server.|, jnnology Era p Living in the Information Tec! Jearning (e-learning) is the newest teachin, in which students and teachers can communicarg h other through online discussion of d examinations. Such examples are 1 Electronic methodology i and collaborate with eac their lessons, activities, an ' Blackboard, Edmodo, Moodle, etc. Banking The computer has made all banking transactions around the world easier and more secure. It manipulates the entire banking system as it includes 24-hour electronic banking services. The services include: + Automated teller machine (ATM) + Cheque deposit + Electronic fund transfer + Direct deposit * Pay by phone system Personal computer banking/internet bankingComputers in Our Daily Life workforce Industry 15 benefit from ICT. Workers, researchers, and administrators ° dicoatiol Computers are used to expedite production planning an alice systems, to support chain management, and to facilitate pr fest design in the industrial sector. Machines that are fully computer- operated are now used. Researchers use computers to gather and analyze data for hypothetical reference while administrators use computers to manage the entire operations of the plant or factory to detect or anticipate explicit errors or deficiencies that transpire in the process. Some of the large industrial companies that implement ICT include Toyota Philippines, Honda Philippines, and San Miguel Corporation, However, the use of ICT can be perceived as a threat to assembly-line and factory workers as robots or machines take over their jobs. ee Figure 2.4 Computer-operated machinesTechnology Er io Living in the Informat NYY , re Electronic Comme! ; simply e-commerce helps boost ommerce © internet, and shared Software Electronic ©’ rmputers, shar the economy. With ‘ed puying and selling aotiyitics ere made as the main tools rend faster. Customers, sellers, and Supplier, easier, more Coen capabilities of ICT. Some o ne known all benefit from ts are Zalora, Lazada, Shopee, etrodeal, e-commerce market ior iD Booking.com, iceman Takatack, Amazon, OLX.ph, Air * , and many others. / Customers or clients use computers to communicate with sellers. This method can save time and cost as consumers do not have to go physically to any outlets or department stores, Suppliers, on the other hand, use computers in keeping track of their transactions which include the monitoring of inventory. Hospitals The use of computers in hospitals offers many benefits to both doctors and patients. Hospitals are creating patients’ databases of health records, treatment records, and medical records. Also, with the help of ICT, doctors use computers and various medical applications not only for Tesearch advancement but also for faster diagnosis of patients’ illnesses. Through computing and boeoring technologies, tests administered in hospitals such as ood test, urine test, brain testing, ultrasound, echocardiography, mammography, bone density complete blood count (CBC)