 Psychology
Psycholinguistics – study of psychological and
- Came from the Greek word psyche meaning
mind or soul and logos meaning the study of.
- The study of mind and soul.
Elements:
 Science – use of the scientific method.
 Study of Behavior – associating the way of thinking
of an individual to his behavior.
 Mental Processes – ways of knowing including man’s
perception, attention, and ability to remember.
Different Types of Behavior
1. Overt and Covert
a. Actions which are observable.
b. Actions which are not directly visible.
2. Conscious, Unconscious and Non-conscious
a. Actions within one’s awareness.
b. Actions done by an individual but he is not
aware of it.
c. Bodily activities that can be detected by
instruments or apparatus.
3. Rational and Irrational
a. Actions with a reason in doing so.
b. Actions without apparent reason and explanation
in doing.
4. Voluntary and Involuntary
a. Actions done with full will and discretion.
b. Actions which are done automatically.
5. Simple and Complex
a. Actions which uses fewer neurons.
b. Actions which uses more neurons.
Other Sciences:
1. Biopsychology – application of biology to the study
of mental processes and behavior.
2. Physiological Psychology – study of neural
mechanisms of behavior through direct manipulation
of the brains of nonhuman subjects in controlled
experiments.
3. Psychiatry – branch of medicine which exists to
study, prevent, and treat human mental disorders.
4. Psychotherapy – application of psychologi-cal
methods to the treatment of diagnosed mental
disorders.
5. Psychotropics – deals with pharmacological agents
e.g. anti-depressants, anti-anxiety.
6. Psychosurgery – involves surgical severing and
chemical alterations of brain fibers.
7. Social Psychology – application of Sociology and
Anthropology.
8.
neurological factors that enable humans to understand
language.
Aims and Goals of Psychology
 Describing – a detailed characterization of a certain
phenomenon.
 Understanding – organization of facts about behavior.
 Predict – enables psychologists to anticipate any
future actions of an individual.
 Control – alteration of behavior of the individual.
Psychogenesis of Psychology
 Ancient Period
Animism – it is the gods and spirits who were
attributed to be the direct cause of events and
activities of man.
 Greek Period
 Democritus – the human mind is composed of
atoms.
 Plato – the elements may tend to be dominant to
the person resulting to a certain of personality and
goal in life.
1. Element of Reason – in the head; highest
level of value.
2. Spirited Element – in the heart; expression
of emotions.
3. Element of Bodily Appetites and Desire –
in the diaphragm.
 Aristotle – father of Psychology. He introduced
the three functions of the soul:
1. Vegetative – basic maintenance of life.
2. Appetitive – desire and motives.
3. Rational – reasons.
The brain is a gland and would perform minor
functions.
 Hippocrates – mental disorders arose from natural
causes.
 Galen – temperament to physiological functions.
1. Sanguine (Yellow) – cheerfulness.
2. Phlegmatic (Green) – sluggishness.
3. Melancholic (Black) – sadness.
4. Choleric (Red) – irascibility.
 Medieval Period
 St. Augustine of Hippo – the individual tries to
describe his own conscious processes.
 St. Thomas of Aquinas – when the body dies, the
soul separates and becomes a spirit.
 Pre-Modern Period
 Rudolf Göckel – first used the term “Psychology”
on his writing.
  Francis Bacon – psychology should be treated as  Edward Titchener – developed the idea of
a natural science; naturalism. structuralism.
 Rene Descartes – idea of dualism and the concept  Contemporary Period
of reflex action which indicates that the mind and  Sigmund Freud – psychoanalytic process;
body interact. psychosexual stages.
 Thomas Hobbes – the human body should be  Carl Jung – theory of the origin of neurosis;
seen as an instance of its physical operations. importance of collective unconscious as the basis
 John Locke – An Essay Concerning Human that affect the behavior.
Understanding; all experience may be analyzed;  Alfred Andler – importance of superiority and
Tabula Rasa. inferiority.
 George Berkeley – the idea of an individual  Karen Horney – human beings have the basic
becomes true to himself because this is the level of need for love and security.
knowledge that he believes in.  Karl Pearson – statistical evaluation of human
 Christian Von Wolff – theory of reality which is behavior.
divided into two parts:  Charles Spearman – first systematic
1. Ontology – treats possible things. psychometrician.
2. Metaphysics – treats actual things;  Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon –
universe, soul, and God. Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Test.
 David Hume – gave the difference between  Ivan Pavlov – first experimental model of
impressions and ideas, and between created learning, Classical Conditioning.
images and direct sensation.  William McDougall – human behavior is
 Franz Anton Mesmer – hypnosis. determined by both instinctive and intentional
 Immanuel Kant – the mind is capable of strivings.
acquiring knowledge through sensory experiences.  Edward Thorndike – father of educational
 Johann Friedrich Herbart – he made psychology psychology; The Law of Effect.
as a science.  BF Skinner – operant conditioning.
 Ernst Weber – ideas that can be stimulated in
order to be able to gain sensation.
 Hermann von Helmholtz – the eye can only see
the basic colors and the other colors are the
product of mixture of the different colors.
 Charles Darwin – On the Origin of Species;
theory of evolution; natural selection.
 Gustav Fechner – October 22, 1850; the law of
the connection between the mind and the body can
be found in a statement of quantitative relation
between mental sensation and material stimulus.
 Paul Broca – Broca’s Brain; people who suffered
from damage a specific area of the brain’s left
hemisphere may lose their ability to speak
fluently.
 Francis Galton – father of behavioral genetics.
 Modern Period
 Wilhelm Wundt – first psychological laboratory
in Leipzig, Germany; father of modern/scientific
psychology.
 William James – founder of American
Psychology; wrote Principles of Psychology with
Wundt.
 Emil Kraeplin – bipolar disorder; father of
modern psychiatry.
School of Psychology  Personality Psychology – focuses on the patterns of
1. Structuralism thoughts, feelings, and behavior that make a person
 Edward B. Tichener – focuses on breaking down unique.
mental processes into its most basic components.  Social Psychology – seeks to explain and
2. Functionalism – function of the mind rather than the understand social behavior.
structure of the mind.
 John Dewey, William James, James Rowland Applied Fields in Psychology
Angeli, Harvey Carr  Clinical Psychologists
3. Behaviorism – the observable behavior was the only  Cognitive and Perceptual Psychologists
reliable source of information.  Counseling Psychologists
 John B. Watson, Ivan P. Pavlov, and BF  Developmental Psychologists
Skinner  Educational Psychologists
4. Gestalt – human beings and other animals perceive  Engineering Psychologists
the external world as an organized pattern; founded  Evolutionary Psychologists
by Max Wertheimer.
 Experimental Psychologists
5. Psychoanalysis – developed by Sigmund Freud as a
 Forensic Psychologists
form of psychotherapy, a theory of personality (id,
 Health Psychologists
ego, superego), and as a theory of development
(psychosexual stages).  Industrial Psychologists
6. Cognitive Psychology – a theoretical perspective that  Neuropsychologists
focuses on the realms of human perception.  Quantitative and Measurement Psychologist
 Jean Piaget – students learn better when they can  Rehabilitation Psychologists
invent knowledge through inquiry and  School Psychologists
experimentation instead of acquiring facts  Social Psychologists
presented by a teacher.  Sports Psychologists
 Lev Vygotsky – emphasized the role of social
interactions in knowledge construction. Method of Psychology
7. Existentialist Psychology – a human being cannot  Controlled Experiments – laboratory.
exist as an intraphysic being but through  Animal Studies
phenomenological interactions with the world;  Qualitative and Descriptive Research
Brenato and Husserl.  Survey Questionnaires
8. Humanistic – an individual’s behavior is primarily  Longitudinal Studies – particular population over a
determined by his perception of the world around certain period of time.
him.  Neuropsychological Methods – healthy individuals
and patients.
Branches of Psychology  Computational Modeling – lie detector.
 Abnormal Psychology – abnormal behavior.
 Behavioral Psychology – all behaviors are acquired Principles of Heredity
through conditioning. 1. Principle of Reproduction
 Biopsychology – how the brain influences behavior. 2. Principle of Variation
 Cognitive Psychology – focuses on internal states. 3. Principle of Dominance and Recessiveness
 Comparative Psychology – study of animal 4. Principle of Chance
behavior. 5. Principle of Sex-Linked Characteristics
 Developmental Psychology – development
throughout the lifespan; how and why people change
throughout life.
 Educational Psychology – concerned with schools.
 Experimental Psychology – uses scientific method
to research the brain and behavior.