Introduction

Yuli
Suharnoto
Ph.D. - IPB
University

Konsep Dasar

One, Two and

Introduction
Three
Dimensional
Flows

Viscous and
Yuli Suharnoto Ph.D. - IPB University
Inviscid Flows

Laminar and
Turbulent
Flows
February 9, 2021
Incompressible
and
Compressible
Flows

Steady and
Unsteady
Flows

Uniform and
 Kinematika Fluida
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Introduction

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N I A N
I N
Yuli B
O G O R

Suharnoto
Ph.D. - IPB
University

Konsep Dasar

One, Two and

Kinematika fluida berhubungan dengan mendeskripsikan
Three
Dimensional
gerakan fluida tanpa mempertimbangkan gaya-gaya dan
Flows momentum yang menyebabkan pergerakan. Di bagian ini kita
Viscous and
Inviscid Flows
akan mendiskusikan beberapa konsep-konsep kinematika terkait
Laminar and aliran fluida.
Turbulent
Flows

Incompressible
and
Compressible
Flows

Steady and
Unsteady
Flows

Uniform and
 Velocity Field
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N I A N
I N
Yuli B
O G O R

Suharnoto
Ph.D. - IPB
University

Konsep Dasar

One, Two and

Three
Dimensional
Flows

Viscous and
Inviscid Flows

Laminar and
Turbulent
Flows

Incompressible
and Figure 1: Velocity Field
Compressible
Flows

Steady and
Unsteady
Flows

Uniform and
 Velocity Field (continued)
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N I A N
I N
Yuli B
O G O R

Suharnoto
Ph.D. - IPB
University
Velocity field implies a distribution of velocity in a given region
Konsep Dasar
say R (1). It is denoted in a functional form as V (x, y , z, t)
One, Two and
Three meaning that velocity is a function of the spatial and time
Dimensional
Flows coordinates.
Viscous and It is useful to recall that we are studying fluid flow under the
Inviscid Flows
Continuum Hypothesis which allows us to define velocity at a
Laminar and
Turbulent point. Further velocity is a vector quantity i.e., it has a
Flows
direction along with a magnitude.
Incompressible
and
Compressible
Flows

Steady and
Unsteady
Flows

Uniform and
 Velocity Field (continued)
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N I A N
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Yuli
This is indicated by writing velocity field as:
B
O G O R

Suharnoto
Ph.D. - IPB
University

Konsep Dasar

One, Two and

~ =V
V ~ (x, y , z, t) (1)
Three
Dimensional
Flows
Velocity may have three components, one in each direction, i.e,
Viscous and
Inviscid Flows u, v and w in x, y and z directions respectively. It is usual to
Laminar and ~ as:
write V
Turbulent
Flows

Incompressible
and
Compressible
Flows ~ = u~i + v ~j + w ~k
V (2)
Steady and
Unsteady
Flows

Uniform and
 Velocity Field (continued)
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N I A N
I N
Yuli B
O G O R

Suharnoto
Ph.D. - IPB
University
It is clear that each of u, v and w can be functions of x, y , z
and t. Thus:
Konsep Dasar

One, Two and

Three
Dimensional
Flows ~ = u(x, y , z, t)~i + v (x, y , z, t)~j + w (x, y , z, t)~k
V (3)
Viscous and
Inviscid Flows

Laminar and Each of the other variables involved in a fluid flow can also be
Turbulent
Flows given a field representation. We have temperature
Incompressible
and
field,T (x, y , z, t), pressure field, p(x, y , z, t), density field,
Compressible ρ(x, y , z, t) etc.
Flows

Steady and
Unsteady
Flows

Uniform and
 One, Two and Three Dimensional Flows
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N I A N
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Yuli B
O G O R

Suharnoto
Ph.D. - IPB
University
Term one, two or three dimensional flow refers to the number
Konsep Dasar
of space coordinated required to describe a flow. It appears
One, Two and
Three that any physical flow is generally three-dimensional. But these
Dimensional
Flows are difficult to calculate and call for as much simplification as
Viscous and possible. This is achieved by ignoring changes to flow in any of
Inviscid Flows
the directions, thus reducing the complexity. It may be possible
Laminar and
Turbulent to reduce a three-dimensional problem to a two-dimensional
Flows

Incompressible
one, even an one-dimensional one at times.
and
Compressible
Flows

Steady and
Unsteady
Flows

Uniform and
 One, Two and Three Dimensional Flows (continued)
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N I A N
I N
Yuli B
O G O R

Suharnoto
Ph.D. - IPB
University

Konsep Dasar

One, Two and

Three
Dimensional
Flows

Viscous and
Inviscid Flows

Laminar and
Turbulent
Flows Figure 2: Example of one-dimensional flow
Incompressible
and
Compressible
Flows

Steady and
Unsteady
Flows

Uniform and
 One, Two and Three Dimensional Flows (continued)
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N I A N
I N
Yuli
Suharnoto
Consider flow through a circular pipe. This flow is complex at B
O G O R

Ph.D. - IPB
University
the position where the flow enters the pipe. But as we proceed
downstream the flow simplifies considerably and attains the
Konsep Dasar
state of a fully developed flow. A characteristic of this flow is
One, Two and
Three that the velocity becomes invariant in the flow direction as
Dimensional
Flows shown in 2. Velocity for this flow is given by
Viscous and 
Inviscid Flows
 r 2 
Laminar and
u = umax 1 − (4)
Turbulent
R
Flows

Incompressible
It is readily seen that velocity at any location depends just on
and
Compressible
the radial distance r from the centreline and is independent of
Flows distance, x or of the angular position θ. This represents a
Steady and
Unsteady
typical one-dimensional flow.
Flows

Uniform and
 One, Two and Three Dimensional Flows (continued)
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N I A N
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Yuli
Suharnoto
Now consider a flow through a diverging duct as shown in 3. B
O G O R

Ph.D. - IPB
University
Velocity at any location depends not only upon the radial
distance r but also on the x-distance. This is therefore a
Konsep Dasar
two-dimensional flow.
One, Two and
Three
Dimensional
Flows

Viscous and
Inviscid Flows

Laminar and
Turbulent
Flows

Incompressible
and
Compressible
Flows Figure 3: Example of a two-dimensional flow
Steady and
Unsteady
Flows

Uniform and
 One, Two and Three Dimensional Flows (continued)
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N I A N
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Yuli Concept of a uniform flow is very handy in analysing fluid B
O G O R

Suharnoto
Ph.D. - IPB flows. A uniform flow is one where the velocity and other
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properties are constant independent of directions. we usually
Konsep Dasar assume a uniform flow at the entrance to a pipe, far away from
One, Two and
Three
a aerofoil or a motor car as shown in 4.
Dimensional
Flows

Viscous and
Inviscid Flows

Laminar and
Turbulent
Flows

Incompressible
and
Compressible
Flows
Figure 4: Uniform Flow
Steady and
Unsteady
Flows

Uniform and
 Viscous and Inviscid Flows
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N I A N
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Yuli B
O G O R

Suharnoto
Ph.D. - IPB
University

Konsep Dasar A fluid flow may be broadly classified as either a viscous flow or
One, Two and an inviscid flow. An inviscid flow is one in which viscous effects
Three
Dimensional do not significantly influence the flow and are thus neglected.
Flows
In a viscous flow the effects of viscosity are important and
Viscous and
Inviscid Flows cannot be ignored. To model an inviscid flow analytically, we
Laminar and can simply let the viscosity be zero; this will obviously make all
Turbulent
Flows viscous effects zero.
Incompressible
and
Compressible
Flows

Steady and
Unsteady
Flows

Uniform and
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N I A N
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Yuli B
O G O R

Suharnoto
Ph.D. - IPB
University
It is more difficult to create an inviscid flow experimentally,
Konsep Dasar because all fluids of interest (such as water and air) have
One, Two and viscosity. The question then becomes: Are there flows of
Three
Dimensional interest in which the viscous effects are negligibly small? The
Flows

Viscous and
answer is “yes, if the shear stresses in the flow are small and act
Inviscid Flows over such small areas that they do not significantly affect the
Laminar and
Turbulent
flow field.” This statement is very general, of course, and it will
Flows take considerable analysis to justify the inviscid flow
Incompressible
and
assumption.
Compressible
Flows

Steady and
Unsteady
Flows

Uniform and
 Laminar and Turbulent Flows
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N I A N
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Yuli B
O G O R

Suharnoto
Ph.D. - IPB
University A viscous flow can be classified as either a laminar flow or a
Konsep Dasar
turbulent flow. In a laminar flow the fluid flows with no
One, Two and
significant mixing of neighboring fluid particles. If dye were
Three
Dimensional
injected into the flow, it would not mix with the neighboring
Flows fluid except by molecular activity; it would retain its identity for
Viscous and
Inviscid Flows
a relatively long period of time.Viscous shear stresses always
Laminar and
influence a laminar flow.The flow may be highly time
Turbulent
Flows
dependent, due to the erratic motion of a piston as shown by
Incompressible the output of a velocity probe in Fig. 3.11a, or it may be
and
Compressible
steady, as shown in Fig. 3.11b.
Flows

Steady and
Unsteady
Flows

Uniform and
 (a) unsteady flow; (b) steady flow.
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N I A N
I N
Yuli B
O G O R

Suharnoto
Ph.D. - IPB
University

Konsep Dasar

One, Two and

Three
Dimensional
Flows

Viscous and
Inviscid Flows

Laminar and
Turbulent
Flows

Incompressible
and
Compressible
Flows

Steady and
Unsteady
Flows

Uniform and
 Incompressible and Compressible Flows
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N I A N
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Yuli The other classification of fluid flows separates flows into B
O G O R

Suharnoto
Ph.D. - IPB incompressible and compressible flows. An incompressible flow
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exists if the density of each fluid particle remains relatively
Konsep Dasar constant as it moves through the flow field, that is:
One, Two and
Three
Dimensional
Dρ
Flows
=0 (5)
Dt
Viscous and
Inviscid Flows This does not demand that the density is everywhere constant.
Laminar and If the density is constant, then obviously, the flow is
Turbulent
Flows incompressible, but that would be a more restrictive
Incompressible condition.Atmospheric flow, in which ρ = ρ(z), where z is
and
Compressible vertical, and flows that involve adjacent layers of fresh and salt
Flows

Steady and
water, as happens when rivers enter the ocean, are examples of
Unsteady
Flows
incompressible flows in which the density varies.
Uniform and
 Steady and Unsteady Flows
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N I A N
We have noted previously (see Velocity Field ) that velocity,

I N
Yuli B
O G O R

Suharnoto
Ph.D. - IPB
pressure and other properties of fluid flow can be functions of
University
time (apart from being functions of space).
Konsep Dasar If a flow is such that the properties at every point in the flow
One, Two and do not depend upon time, it is called a steady flow.
Three
Dimensional Mathematically speaking for steady flows,
Flows

Viscous and ∂P
Inviscid Flows =0 (6)
Laminar and
∂t
Turbulent
Flows where P is any property like pressure, velocity or density. Thus,
Incompressible
and
Compressible P = P(x, y , z) (7)
Flows

Steady and Unsteady or non-steady flow is one where the properties do

Unsteady
Flows depend on time.
Uniform and
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S T I

N I A N
I N
Yuli B
O G O R

Suharnoto
Ph.D. - IPB
University

Konsep Dasar

One, Two and

Three
Dimensional
Flows

Viscous and
Inviscid Flows

Laminar and
Turbulent
Flows

Incompressible
and
Compressible
Flows

Steady and
Unsteady
Flows

Uniform and
 Steady and Unsteady Flows
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Yuli B
O G O R

Suharnoto
Ph.D. - IPB
University It is needless to say that any start up process is unsteady.
Many examples can be given from everyday life- water
Konsep Dasar
flow out of a tap which has just been opened. This flow is
One, Two and
Three unsteady to start with, but with time does become steady.
Dimensional
Flows Some flows, though unsteady, become steady under
Viscous and
Inviscid Flows
certain frames of reference. These are called pseudosteady
Laminar and flows. On the other hand a flow such as the wake behind a
Turbulent
Flows bluff body is always unsteady.
Incompressible Unsteady flows are undoubtedly difficult to calculate while
and
Compressible with steady flows, we have one degree less complexity.
Flows

Steady and
Unsteady
Flows

Uniform and
 Uniform and Non-uniform
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N I A N
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Yuli B
O G O R

Suharnoto
Ph.D. - IPB
University
Flow is described as uniform if the velocity at a given
Konsep Dasar instant is the same in magnitude and direction at every
One, Two and
Three
point in the fluid. If, at the given instant, the velocity
Dimensional
Flows
changes from point to point, the flow is described as
Viscous and
non-uniform . In practice, when a fluid flows past a solid
Inviscid Flows boundary there will be variations of velocity in the region
Laminar and
Turbulent
close to the boundary. However, if the size and shape of
Flows
the cross-section of the stream of fluid are constant, the
Incompressible
and flow is considered to be uniform.
Compressible
Flows

Steady and
Unsteady
Flows

Uniform and
 Steady uniform flow
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N I A N
I N
Yuli B
O G O R

Suharnoto
Ph.D. - IPB
University

Konsep Dasar

One, Two and

1. Steady uniform flow. Conditions do not change with
Three
Dimensional
position or time. The velocity and cross-sectional area of the
Flows stream of fluid are the same at each cross-section: for example,
Viscous and
Inviscid Flows
flow of a liquid through a pipe of uniform bore running
Laminar and
completely full at constant velocity.
Turbulent
Flows

Incompressible
and
Compressible
Flows

Steady and
Unsteady
Flows

Uniform and
 Steady non-uniform flow
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N I A N
I N
Yuli B
O G O R

Suharnoto
Ph.D. - IPB
University

Konsep Dasar 2. Steady non-uniform flow. Conditions change from point

One, Two and
Three
to point but not with time. The velocity and cross-sectional
Dimensional
Flows
area of the stream may vary from cross-section to cross-section,
Viscous and but, for each cross-section, they will not vary with time: for
Inviscid Flows
example, flow of a liquid at a constant rate through a tapering
Laminar and
Turbulent pipe running completely full.
Flows

Incompressible
and
Compressible
Flows

Steady and
Unsteady
Flows

Uniform and
 Unsteady uniform flow
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S T I

N I A N
I N
Yuli B
O G O R

Suharnoto
Ph.D. - IPB
University

Konsep Dasar

One, Two and

3. Unsteady uniform flow. At a given instant of time the
Three
Dimensional
velocity at every point is the same, but this velocity will change
Flows with time: for example, accelerating flow of a liquid through a
Viscous and
Inviscid Flows
pipe of uniform bore running full, such as would occur when a
Laminar and
pump is started up.
Turbulent
Flows

Incompressible
and
Compressible
Flows

Steady and
Unsteady
Flows

Uniform and
 Unsteady non-uniform flow
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S T I

N I A N
I N
Yuli B
O G O R

Suharnoto
Ph.D. - IPB
University

Konsep Dasar

One, Two and

Three 4. Unsteady non-uniform flow. The cross-sectional area and
Dimensional
Flows velocity vary from point to point and also change with time:
Viscous and for example, a wave traveling along a channel.
Inviscid Flows

Laminar and
Turbulent
Flows

Incompressible
and
Compressible
Flows

Steady and
Unsteady
Flows

Uniform and
 The End
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A
S T I

N I A N
I N
Yuli B
O G O R

Suharnoto
Ph.D. - IPB
University

Konsep Dasar

One, Two and

Three
Dimensional
Flows

Viscous and
See you next week...
Inviscid Flows

Laminar and
Turbulent
Flows

Incompressible
and
Compressible
Flows

Steady and
Unsteady
Flows

Uniform and