UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE NUEVO

LEON

FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA
MECANICA Y ELECTRICA

ENGLISH CULTURE
HORA: M6 GRUPO: 014

ESSAY (ARTICLE) ABOUT UK

INVENTIONS IN THE MEXICAN
CONTEXT

JUAN JOSE MORALES MARIANO

MATRICULA: 1986889 CARRERA: IEA
SEMESTRE: 5
FECHA: 22 DE MARZO DEL 2021
INTRODUCTION

One of the first major breakthroughs in electricity occurred in 1831, when

British scientist Michael Faraday discovered the basic principles of electricity
generation. Building on the experiments of Franklin and others, he observed
that he could create or “induce” electric current by moving magnets inside
coils of copper wire. The discovery of electromagnetic induction
revolutionized how we use energy. In fact, Faraday’s process is used in
modern power production, although today’s power plants produce much
stronger currents on a much larger scale than Faraday’s hand-held device.
In the era of modern power plants, coal has always generated more
electricity in the U.S. than any other fuel source. In recent decades, we have
seen other sources compete for second place: first hydroelectricity, then
natural gas, nuclear power, and natural gas again.

Source: Energy Information Administration

Electricity generation mix by fuel type, 1949-2011
One of the first major breakthroughs in electricity occurred in 1831, when
British scientist Michael Faraday discovered the basic principles of electricity
generation. Building on the experiments of Franklin and others, he observed
that he could create or “induce” electric current by moving magnets inside
coils of copper wire. The discovery of electromagnetic induction
revolutionized how we use energy. In fact, Faraday’s process is used in
modern power production, although today’s power plants produce much
stronger currents on a much larger scale than Faraday’s hand-held device.

In the era of modern power plants, coal has always generated more
electricity in the U.S. than any other fuel source. In recent decades, we have
seen other sources compete for second place: first hydroelectricity, then
natural gas, nuclear power, and natural gas again.

Source: Energy Information Administration

 Electricity generation mix by fuel type, 1949-2011

We also use electricity to power an increasing number of devices. Our

modern electric world began with applications like the telegraph, light bulb,
and telephone, and continued with radio, television, and many household
appliances. Most recently, electrons have powered the digital age to create
what energy expert Vaclav Smil calls our “instantaneously interconnected
global civilization.” Technology expert Mark Mills points out that electricity
powers an increasing portion of our economy. The always-on data centers
that support the internet and “cloud computing” will continue to increase
demand for electricity, overwhelming the modest decreases in electricity use
in other parts of the economy, such as manufacturing processes.

The ever-growing applications of electricity explain the increasing use of

fuels like natural gas, oil, and coal in power generation as opposed to direct
uses such as heating or transportation. In 1900, for example, less than two
percent of natural gas, oil, and coal were used to make electricity. A century
later, 30 percent of our use of natural gas, oil, and coal was devoted to
electric power.[6] Smil explains electricity’s appeal: “Electricity is the
preferred form of energy because of its high efficiency, instant and effortless
access, perfect and easily adjustable flow, cleanliness, and silence at the
point of use.”

Increased electricity access has lit corners of the world that were once dark.
As international development groups and economists point out, access to
electricity is a hallmark of advanced societies and a basic requirement for
economic progress. “Next to the increasing importance of hydrocarbons as
sources of energy,” economist Erich Zimmermann wrote in 1951, “the rise of
electricity is the most characteristic feature of the so-called second industrial
revolution.” In recent years, people in countries from China to Kenya have
experienced rising living standards, as more people are able to use electricity
to keep their homes and schools cool during torrid summers, to refrigerate
food that would have otherwise spoiled, and to purify water that would have
otherwise been unsafe to drink.

There is, of course, still much more to be done. In 2009, the International
Energy Agency estimated that nearly 70 percent of people in Sub-Saharan
Africa lacked access to electricity. That means 585.2 million people remain in
the dark.

Source: NASA

Many parts of the world remain in the dark.

MAIN IDEA (DEVELOPMENT)

In Mexico, this development of 20th century technology is used actually to

obtain renewable energy, generate energy through gasocarbons and
distribute that energy to each of the homes of Mexicans.
In 1960 the CFE was created this commission was given the task of supplying
energy to the entire country. The Federal Electric Commission (FEC) has been
Mexico's company responsible for generating, transmitting, distributing, and
selling electric energy in the country, through which the federal government
manages the electric network in Mexico.
The installed capacity for this year was made up of a diversification of
generation sources, the thermoelectric centers being those with the greatest
contribution to the total power of the country (45.1%), followed by hydro-
electric (21.9%), carboelectric (5.1%), one nuclear electric center (2.7%) and
two renewable energy sources (geothermal electric (1.7%) and eoloelectric
(.20%).

The remaining percentage (23.3%) constitutes a special case known as

independent producers. The generation in the year mentioned consisted of
thermal electric centers with the greatest contribution (43.77%) through the
use of hydrocarbons (diesel, fuel oil, etc.); hydroelectric (12.84%) through the
use of carbon (6.23%) and nuclear electric power (3.58%); geothermal
electric (2.30%) and eoloelectric with only 0.04% of the national generation
of electricity. The remaining percentage of generation is provided by
independent producers—primarily.
In 1960, the Congress of the Union approved the modification of article 27 of
the Constitution, proposed by President Adolfo López Mateos, in which it is
stated that it is up to the nation to generate, transform, distribute and supply
electrical energy for the provision of public service.

In this phase there was a change in the scale that had been taking place in
the construction of hydroelectric projects. Unlike in previous years, where 41
relatively small hydroelectric plants had been built, which mainly took
advantage of runoff from the upper parts of the hydrographic basins, with
low water costs and large falls, large hydroelectric projects were started in
locations lower than the basins, with important flows and minor falls; But
this trend would have a deficit, since there was also a growth in terms of the
participation of thermoelectric plants, due to the fact that Mexico began to
enrich itself from oil fields in the southeast of the country, which in
appearance would be cheaper and feasible.
The first major hydroelectric project was called Infiernillo (strong
investments from the public purse began), in the Balsas River, which entered
service in 1965; To transmit the electrical energy generated in these large
hydroelectric plants, further away from the consumption centers, it was
necessary to resort to a higher transmission voltage of 400 kV (kilo volts),
which almost doubled the 230 kV that had been introduced in the early
fifties.

As already mentioned, in Mexico there was a significant growth of

thermoelectric plants until they even had them as base generation due to the
fact that the decade of the sixties in the world was a period of abundant and
cheap oil, with the rise of hydrocarbons as energy for the generation of
electrical energy. Mexico was no exception and, in this sense, the CFE gave
priority to thermoelectric plants, especially those that used fuel oil or natural
gas as fuel.
Thanks to the control that the Mexican government exercised from that
moment in the electricity supply industry to date (2012), it has been allowed:
"uniform planning according to national programs; unification of operating
frequencies; interconnection of systems; a single rate regime ( 168 previously
existed); national regulations; professional training; optimization of
resources; less and better administration; technical, economic and social
benefits; the industry expanded and served areas not previously covered;
electrification of depressed and rural areas; formation of a technical body of
experience; integration of planning, engineering, design and construction
departments; specialization in transmission and distribution ".
Since that time, little thought was given to promoting the construction of
projects that used renewable resources to generate electricity, without
imagining that these decisions in the field would take their toll today with
global warming. In Mexico, thermoelectric generation gained importance
since then, increasing rapidly from 48% participation in 1960 to 81% in 1987.
That same year (1987), installed capacity had reached the value of 23.15 GW,
and Regarding annual generation, a demand of 96.31 GWh had been
reached. Per capita consumption increased from 109 to 1,505 kWh per year.

Unlike those years when the electric power generating plants were
dispersed, today, the sources of electric power generation have been
interconnected through a network of high voltage transmission lines that
stretches across the country from the border with the United States to the
border with Guatemala, controlled by the National Electric Power Control
Center (Cenace).
Technicians in the Mexican electrical industry are internationally recognized
and to date are practically self-sufficient.

The power generation of any CFE power plant is based on a very simple
physical principle, it is based on Faraday's law of induction, where electrical
energy can be generated by moving a magnetic field in a selonoid and it is
the basic idea of a motor electric, also an invention of Michael faraday.
This is how the electric generators of any CFE generating plant operate either
with air, water or gas. The energy that these materials generate must be
converted into mechanical energy to rotate the generator and induce the
electrical energy needed.
FURTHER IDEAS
Sir Charles Babbage was the ideologue of "Analytical Computing", and his
studies theoretically put a 'machine' that could do arithmetic operations
automatically using perforated cardboard. Although he never saw them in
life, the calculating machine became real in the 1940s, just as he designed it.
This idea currently revolutionized the whole world, it is very difficult to find
a part of the world where there are people without a cell phone, in Mexico
the era of information technology and computers arrived in the 70s and
began a too slow evolution of this field mainly because of the disinterest of
the Mexican population.
However, the private sector and a few privileged people managed to see the
potential of this technology and developed it for their companies and
businesses.
The Creation of the Computing Department

The separation of our master's and doctoral programs naturally led us to

propose the creation of the Department of Computing. The motivations were
similar to those indicated above, although in this case independence in
budget management is added (considered of great importance to be able to
define development policies totally independent of those of our colleagues
in the Department of Electrical Engineering), as well as the power to have
greater visibility before the rest of the CINVESTAV. This interest led us to
present a new document in 2006, in which the creation of the Department of
Computing was proposed.
The destination of this document was similar to that of its predecessor: the
proposal was sent to the CAC, which authorized the creation of the new
department. Subsequently, this decision was ratified by both the General
Directorate and the Board of Directors of CINVESTAV. By the end of August
2006, both the Computing Department and its own two programs (master's
and doctorate) were finally a reality.
It is more than evident the euphoria that invaded us after having achieved in
2006 a goal that took 23 long years to achieve. On September 18, 2006, a
toast was made to celebrate such an important event, with the presence of
Dr. Rosalinda Contreras Theurel (then General Director of CINVESTAV), Dr.
José Mustre León (then Academic Secretary) and Dr. Isidoro Gitler (Head of
the Department of Mathematics), as well as a large group of researchers and
students from the newly created department and the Department of
Mathematics.

1983-1987. Beginning of operations. During this period, important projects

are carried out with the Mexican Institute of Communications of the Ministry
of Communications and Transportation, with UNESCO and with the
Telecommunications Management of PEMEX, among others. It should be
noted that there are few researchers from this period who still continue to
support us in the current Department of Computing: Drs. Guillermo Morales
Luna, Sergio Víctor Chapa Vergara and Ana María Martínez Enríquez.

1988-1992. Slow growth of the Group. In this period, about 50 master's

students and the first 2 doctoral students graduate .

1993-1999. This is possibly the most critical period we have experienced, as

it was when our indicators showed a dramatic decline. This was due, to a
large extent, to the low number of researchers available.

2000-2006. This is the period of consolidation in which our research plant

experienced significant growth, which allowed us to reach a point of stability
in our academic productivity and in our indicators.
greater clarity the possibility of having the necessary indicators to make a
master's program and a doctoral program sustainable that were
independent from those of the Department of Electrical Engineering, as well
as the very possibility of becoming a department.

However, these proposals were seen as acts of supreme daring by various

members of the College of Teachers at that time. Skeptics questioned the
robustness of the good figures at the time, and asked for a little more time to
be able to make sure that these indicators could be sustainable in the long
term.
By 2005, the indicators of the then Computing Section were already quite
solid, clearly showing that a period of stability had finally been reached in
terms of productivity.
For example: of the 12 researchers at that time, 11 were in the SNI (92%), the
average number of publications in international journals with strict
arbitration per professor had been higher than 2.0, the number of master's
graduates per professor was also higher at 2.0, the terminal efficiency of the
master's program was over 50% and the terminal efficiency of the doctorate
was very close to 50%.
Lines of investigation

As a result of the creation of the Plan for the Establishment of the Computing
Department , a review and update of our research lines was made, which
were constituted as follows:

Fundamentals of computing and artificial intelligence.

Databases and information systems.

Programming of systems, operating systems, distributed systems and real-

time systems.

Cryptography, computer architecture, and reconfigurable hardware.

Graphing, visualization and image processing.

Currently, the Computing Department has a staff of 15 full-time researchers.

However, it would be desirable to be able to grow to at least 20 researchers
in the coming years, because there are lines of research of great importance,
which we do not currently cultivate due to the lack of specialists in these
areas within our staff (eg, compiler layout).
It should be noted that we also have the generous support of researchers
from the Department of Mathematics, since there are courses offered by
them that our students can accredit in our program.

Likewise, we frequently share courses (via videoconference) with the

CINVESTAV Guadalajara computer group and with the recently created
Information Technology Laboratory of Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. It is also
important to add that we have collaborated (and we will continue to do so)
with colleagues from the Bioelectronics, Mechatronics and Communications
Sections of the Department of Electrical Engineering, as well as with other
departments of CINVESTAV and other national institutions (e.g., UNAM , UAM,
IPN, CIMAT, CICESE, BUAP, etc.) and international (eg, the Joseph Fourier
University, the Tulane University, the Polytechnic University of Catalonia,
etc.).
CONCLUSION

The modern world is what it is thanks to advances in science by several

British scientists who were very prolific during the last centuries and have
contributed to a better world. They shaped the world of electronics, physics,
mathematics, and computer science. creating a network of virtuous
complexity in these areas and our world today. Although in Mexico these
advances were slow to arrive, but progress breaks through any barrier and
gives its light to the darkest corners.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
50 Años de la Computación en México y 25 en el CINVESTAV
La generación de energía eléctrica en México (scielo.org.mx)

3] Varios autores, “Propuesta para el Establecimiento de los Programas

Académicos de Posgrado en la Especialidad de Computación”, CINVESTAV-
IPN, junio de 2005.

[4] Varios autores, “Plan para el Establecimiento del Departamento de

Computación”, CINVESTAV-IPN, marzo de 2006.

[5] Arturo Escobosa, “El Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica”, en María de

Ibarrola, Pedro Cabrera, René Asomoza, Eugenio Frixione, Augusto García,
Miguel Ángel Pérez Angón y Susana Quintanilla (editores), El CINVESTAV.
Trayectoria de sus Departamento, Secciones y Unidades, 1961-2001, pp. 189-197,
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México, 2002, ISBN
968-5226-13-X.

[6] Aquiles Cantarell y Mario González (coordinadores), “Historia de la

computación en México: una industria en desarrollo”, Colección Hombre
Digital, México, 2000, ISBN 968-5215-01-4.

[7] C. Gonzales, “A computer engineering degree in Mexico”, in Papers of the

SIGCSE/CSA Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 48-52,
ACM Press, New York, USA, 1978.

1 En 1999 el CONACyT indicaba que existían menos de 150 doctores en

computación (o áreas afines) en México.

2 Aunque el Instituto Politécnico Nacional comenzó a ofrecer, desde 1965, las

carreras de técnico en computación electrónica y técnico en mantenimiento de
equipos de computación y electrónica, la primera licenciatura en computación en
México (Ingeniería en Sistemas Computacionales) la ofreció el Instituto
Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey en 1968 [7] (en [1] se afirma
que inició en 1969 y en [6] se dice que inició en 1967).

3 En 1965, el Centro Nacional de Cálculo (CENAC) del Instituto Politécnico

Nacional creó la que parece ser la primera maestría en ciencias con especialidad
en computación de México. Para la creación de esta maestría se contó con la
colaboración del Dr. Harold V. McIntosh, quien, a la fecha, aún mantiene una
estrecha colaboración con el Departamento de Computación del CINVESTAV.