(IilLegalese 42 Mergers and acquisitions 60

A Legal lnngungc A Mrrger, m d acqurirnonr

B I a r l n rcm1r B Dealmg d~rclorurcrcqolrcmcnrs
C Ol'lcr iu,rr1, ini1 modern "'lllrillenii
a Anti-competitive behaviour 62
A Cnmpcr"""' I a u
LAW IN PRACTICE B Lolllpcrlrloll Inqulr?
C L l f o m n o n gr,Lcns,I, h~,,.liik\, and
Business organisations 44 rciiicdlci
A hole rracier
B I'rrmcnhlpr
c llmlred i<,mpinier LIABILITY
Formation o f a company 46 Tort 1: personal injury 64
A llliorporarroll claim
B ~ \ l c m o r , ~ i d ua,lJ
n ~ \rnilca oi , i a r u i i , ~ n o n A 'lor,
B Cllcilr briefing nurcr - p u r r u ~ l dmjm! cluunr
Raising capital by 48
share sale Tort 2: clinical negligence 66
A >Ii.,," clplr.31 A CIlnicll n c g l i ~ m r pracricc
r
B Share value
C RLghghr, arrrihulg o, rhrrr,
CONTRACT
Debt financing: 50
secured lending Forming a contract 1 68
A Glrrlrllig iciunr) A h r l c pr,nnples
B Thc icr,.i oi i charge B F,,imirr"rr of r r u o n i i r

a Company directors and

company sccrctarics
52 Forming a contract 2
A i,,r,n ,,ic",~,r.lc~
70

8 Void or ro~drbleor ot~cnforceshlecimrsa~m

A Quallhclonnr and donrr 0,i cl?m,l.>ni
directur Structure o f a commercial 72
B Qurlificrtmon\ and dutme* ,,i 3 compm:
*ecretnry
contract

a Insolvency and winding up 54

A 5rroirurc lot r ci.mmrrai1

Express and ~ m p l i e dterms

c0,irrrcr

74
A Inn~lvency
B l n ~ c ~ l v c ~\rrnnrmi~\
nc~ A F\,"c'\ 'C"",
B irnplced r c m s
Alternative dispute 56
resolution Qif Exclusion, limitation and 76
standard clauses
A Sxclui~nni n d llm#nniinclauir<
B irr,,dard cl:i,>rc\
Corporation Tax 58
A <:,rrp,,rrnon Tax Ilrhlls).8" thc U h
B W<>dcnmhinrtaln\ ,virI, 'h,'
 Privity of contract,
discharge, and remedies
A l i l l r r ~ ! oI L,,ilrr,iLr
8 Dlichnrge of rilnrrnir
C Kernedles for hreach lot co,,irrcr
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LAW
Information technology 94
law and cybercrime

a Standard terms in the

sale and supply o f goods
A ilriils irrlldarli rrrms ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
B In',,rpor,%rin8 rcrn1r
Environ~nentallaw 96
Licensing agreements and A lilr"minon.ll cnilronmenril 11-
computer programs 8 Nsnonal cnu#ronmenrrllriv

> crumnrc
A ~ ~ c e ~and ~ * praducn C hpphcanon of mcnvnonmm~rnllirv
8 Lxclurlos and Ilnilrrroncllllrer

Commercial leases Answer key

A 1nrrrr\t in yruperr, Index
B Tcrrnr o f s carmncrclrl lcr,c
C O h r s ~ n ~ nlcarchnld
g inrere5r

a Buying and selling

commercial property
A Lommiraal '<,nicvlnanS

I B Sale by aucriox~
C Salc by pr~riretreat!

m Employment law
I A tmp1oymenr law
8 coarrrcr of rmp1oimcnr

I INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
@ Copyright and patent
a ic,,,ic,~lhr
8 Parcnl

a Trade marks, domain

names, and remedies for
IP infringement
A T r r h mirka rllrl dom.i~nnrmrs
B Rr~occlle.tixr 11' ~nfrxngemmr
I Introduction
Who is this book for?
P s o ~ ~ ; oEnglish ~ ~ / in l i i c i.nw 1s for a wide rangc of pcrlpir w h o need to use legal
tngllsh uc,cahulary in rhcir work, for cxamplc as lawyers or lrti~ators,paralegals or lcgal
rcrurrchcrs, legal sccrctarics ur traincc lawycri. English langaugc lcvrnerr may nccd to use
legal English to work w a h f ~ , ~ e ~colleagues
gr or clients to describe or expinan aspccri of
rheir own legal system; to find our ahour orhcr sysrcmi. The hook ii also for srudeno of
law w h o wlrh to develop t h e ~ rknowledge cof legal tllglilh ~ o ~ a b d a co r yassist thcir lcgrl
s n ~ d ~ cIts .w ~ l lalso help c a c n d rhc rcrcnhularvof huilness professionals who need some
kn.,wlrdgc of legal English vocabulary firr o,mmcrcisl agreements and rraniacrions. Tlx
book is suitable for learliers who have rcachcd an uppcrintermcd~rtcor rclvanccd level of
English. The book can be used effectively for indlridual m d y or hy a teacher in class, one
io one or m groups. If you are preparlng for the 1I.F.C exan !lnternononal Legal Enylish
Certificnte!, rl<s book will help you ro develop your vucabulery

Language and law

The hook alms to help learners develop rhelr legal lnglish v ~ c a h i ~ l a r lr y . IS not m e n d e d
robe an introducrion to law ia ingllsh speak~ngc u r ~ r ~ t r nor ~ e s to hc relied upon for
~nfr,iman<mnr rdvicc ahout law o r rile prac6cccuf law. It presents vocabular) in rhc contclr
of rhc lcgal syarcmi in rhc U K bccausi. the mcanxng of any legal reims md rhe concepiual
rrlarionshlp b c r w c c ~rcrrus
~ is b c a r d with11 s spccdic legal syrrem. Tile authors a s s u m
rhvr you will nccd ro talk and ~ i t uhour c yonr own legal systrm. Coniequenriy, same rvrk,
encourage you to rhmk ahour how tar your own ~ y s r e msharcr rhr same legal conceprs
or pn,cedurcs, and a, dcciiic w h c ~ h c ro, urc a lcgal rcrnl in En&sh as an equivalent to a
cuncupt in your own sysfcm or m umpll,y an nppmxlrnarion in dlicurrion or w r i t ~ n g(we
Un~r171.

What kind of legal English is in this book?

Thir book concenrrvrcr on rhe vocabulvr) arrslng from thc practice of cnmmerc~allaw
(including company Inw, contract formation, employmenr lam: r.de of goods, rcal prnpem;
and inrellectual property) bur also presents more general legal English vocabulary. The legal
1 r... .: : :. . . . . , . .:. .,., I I I I . I, il, n ., I I t . ..
, . . I . .. <. 11 . I I : > . ~ r I I . . I
,
8
.
,
.
I , I ? /. I I , , I I, .. .. .
I ~
, , . . I . , .., I .
/I
I I . 1 ~ 18 . 1 , .
legvl mnccpta in English in authcnric contcxtr.

How is the book oraanised? 2

The hook consisrs of 4.5 rwo~pageunits organired ins, four rhumsnc secnons: T h e legal
system, L q a l professionals, L q a l profcssinnals in practice, and Law in practice iincluding
I.iabilic/, Contract, Lntcllcmal piopcrty, infoma"on technology law, and Enlnronmental
law). T h r onm pnlceed from general legal roplcs ro more speclhc.

mnrc than one unit.

Thcrc is ail answer key ac rhe back of the book. Most of the excrciacs harc qucrtloni with
only one c a r r e n answer If there is more than one possible ansrvcr the exerrlie tells you.
Some of the e ~ e r c > c e s8ncludrng
, the Over to you acriririo a t rhr md of each unsr !see
below), are dcllgned for dircurrion endic,r writing ahnut thc k ~ a jurisdiction
l you work or
rn,dy I,,.
Whcre uppropnutc, wcbbitc addrcisea at thc burrom of the nghr-hand pager give links to
further intormarion in English on relared legal topics.
6 P,afesnunut Engl8rh m Use Law
Also ar the end of the buok there 8s ao index uhlch lirrs rlw key words and phrabcr w h ~ h
have been highlighted and sues ihc unit numbers m which rhcy appear Thc i n d c ~also tells
you how rhe words and expiesslonr are pronounced.

The left-hand page

The rcxrr on rhc l e k ~ h a n dpage vary in lcngth. Each text has a clear headmg. Sornc rexcr
are from spoken conrcxrs; orheis from wnnen. Some are from iorlnal contexts, for example
an exrracr fnxm lrg>ilarion, or conrrair rcirns, or a formal presentanon; m h d s are from
n p l ~ between legal cullcagoo rallang ahour
morc irdurmal interactions, for ~ ~ a ~ilxussionr
aspects of rheir w n r k Some unlrr draw y m r ancnnon ro characteristic features of lcgrl
language in Englirh or to d~fferenceibetwren lcgal English usage in the linrted Stares and
Englmd. All the "ruts highlight typical word cambinarrons.

The right-hand page

A range of exercises on rhc righr~handpage give pracr~cein the highlighted legal
vocabulary and exprcscloni from rhe leh-hand page. Somercmes the enerclrei provldc
,pr<_.: . . . .
% . \ . I , I. . .:. .
.I. . . , t . r r I .:I , . ~ .I
., . < I . ,I
,
I , . ,,l.I,i'I.c. .I. .I 8 1 . 8 , I , . , I . . . I . ,
I 1 ,1 I ,. . > , ' . I . . I . I I .1 I

'Over to YOU' activities

These ncrlvltlci ghe you the chanic rri practise osmng Engllsh Icgal Iangurgc m mrltc 0 8 talk
abour aipecrs o f a legs1 lur~sd~crion known ro !ou, sncl about your own work, study, ar
r s do these as a wrirren activity or set u p a computer blog to
krpmalns. Selfktudy l e a r ~ ~ rcan
shpru ldcar air11 others %,anringtn derclop rheu legal English ~ ~ c a h through ~ l ~ pncficc.
~ y
In rhe classroom, thc Over to you acrivirica can he ured a i rhe basis for discussion "I srnall
groups, wirh a ipokerpersc>n for each group rumrnar~rlngthe d ~ s c u s s i oand
~ ~ its ourcorni for
rhe class. Alrernatively, pairs can exchange uleivs, ideas, ar iiiforn~arionand rhen cornhxnc
wid, another pair ro rcporr on rhcir dircuriion. T l ~ crcachrr can monlror thr d i i ~ u s s i o l afor
appropriate and nccurare use of iocabtllary Lcarncrr can follow up by using che Ovcr to
you as a wiincn acnriw, For example for homework. l.e;~rnerr might d o more rrrr.~rchimn
language use by exploring the suggested wcb U.

How t o use the hook for self-studv

Find a roplc you are looking h,r h i referilng to the cnnrenrr pagc or rhc index. Quickly
write in !nore form in English what you already know ahirur rhc topic and any queirlons
you have. Then read t h o u g h the rents on the lcfr-hand pagc u i rlie unit. If you are unsure
of the meaning of terms, try ro guess the rnrnn~ngiron, the conrexr as you read. Dn the
exercises on the riglir-hand page. Check your a n s w r s in the key I f you ihnve made anr
mirtrkcr look ar rhc rcxt again and check the excrcisr. \Vrlre down urrful words in a
, arc ured in other rexm. If you arc rrdl unsurc of any rrordi, look
norehook; norice h o ~the)
rhrm up in a laivdicrlonary. Thcrr arc also legal glossaries odlne.

How t o use the book in the classroom

Teachers can choose the units that rclarc to leamcrs' partiiular ncrds and rnrercrrr,
or rhemei wh,ch the caursc ir tncus1ng on. Lesmcrs can ,m,rk o n rhe "nlrr in pairs or
individually, the teacher going m u n d the class lhircning and advising. Teachers should
cncuurrgc lcrrnerr to discuss why iwnc u n ~ w c ris porrlble a n d othci, arc n o t .
We hope you find thc bog& useful anti cab" u>use. \Ve \vould welcome :our commcnr, and
suggestions on using if.

Pmfeinanai Engiih 8" Ure Law

Im Legal systems
The structure o f the law

The l e g a l s y s t e m i n t h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m (UK)
The study of law distinguishes between p u b l i c offender. C l v i law concerns relafionshps
l a w and o r i v s t e l a w . but n l e o a orartice in between anvate oersons. their nohts. and

concerned ~ 8 t hlaws which govern processes

b e t w e e n the indivdual and the skate in areas

- an order made by the c o u r t However, each
,n~ocalandnatlona!gavernmentandconnicfr field of law tends to overlap ~ t others.
example, a road accident case may lead to a
such as mm,grat,on and sacla, recur,ty, cr,m,na prosecutlo" as we11 as a c,v, actron i ,
Private law is concerned wlth the relationships for compensailon.
h F O ~
1
:

between l e g a l persons, that is, #ndivaduals

and cor~arat8onr. and tnrludes family law. Substantive l a w creates. defines or I
contract law and p r o p e m law. c r , m i n a law r e g u l a t e s rights, liabilities, and d u t i e s I
deals wifh celTain forms of c o n d u c t far whlch in all areas of law and is contrasted wlth
Lhe state reserves punishment, for example p r o c e d u r a l law, whlch defines the procedure ;
murder and then. he state prosecutes t h e by w h ~ ah l a w t i to be enforced.
~ . .
.
..
..
.
..
.7
. .~. . .~ ~.. ..

The constitution
~ - ~

me headofrtateisthemonarch.cunent1ythe 8s belng carned out in rhe upper house. the

Queen in the UK, but the government csriler
the authoilty af the crown (the monarch). The
Wertm8nsler Parliament has two chambers:
the Houreaf Lords and the HauseaFCommonr.
which s i t separately and are con*it"ted
on different prlnclples. The Commons 8s an
elected b o d y of members. Substant8aI reform
House of Lords, where it 15 propoied that the
malorNty af members be appointed, ~ 8 t ha
minority elected, replacing the heceditaw
peers. There a no w r i t t e n constitution, but
con*itution.1 l a w ronr,sb of statute l a w
(see Unit 2 ) . c o m m o n l a w (see Unlt 31, and
constitutional conventions.

Jurisdiction

All share a l e g i s l a t u r e in Lhe Westminiter or farelgn policy, The UK's a c c e r r i o n t o the

! legal prafeiiion. Waies and ~ o r t h e r nIreland authorihl n the legal system. The UK i also 1
each have thelr own Assembly and s8nce a s i g n a t o r y of the European Convention of I
1999 Scolf15h M e m b e r s of P a r l i a m e n t Human R ~ g h t r a n d Lhlr has been i n c o r p o r a t e d
(SMPS) have r a t n thelr own Parilament. i n t o UK law.
Under an A c t of the W e r l m n i t e r Parlament,
1
I ~ - ~~~ ~
1.1 Complctc thc dcfinirionr. I.ook at A upposirc to help you.
1 law rclaring o, acts conimlrred arainsr the la>r \rhiih

2 concerned r l r h ihe const~iurionor government ot rhe

3 ruler which determine haw a case is adnunisrered by the

4 is concerned wiih rhe righrs and duties of individuals.

1 as companicl, trade onions, and chnririerl, us oppoicd to

5 8s coinlnorl law r r ~ dstnrure law used hy the courra io

1 .2 Cornplerc the sentences. Look ur B and C oppaiirc to hclp !uu. There a lllore rlian one
posi~hiliri.for onc ot rhc answers.
1 111 rnsn. rvstemr a president rather r h s a~ monarch I

s a parlvamenr with [wo. . .

icr, thc courts are orgrnlred in a of lerclr.
4 The Scomih Parliament has rhc [a lcglslare <rn \uhlccrs nor rciencd to
Wesim~nsrer
5 The EC ir an imporrant lcg~slarivc............................... in mrnr Eunlpcan coru~rr~cs.
6 h number of inrernlnonnl . . . . . . . . . lhnuc been lilcorporarcd ~ n r unational law

1.3 Coo~plercrhc table wirli words from A, B and C oppaiirc and rclnrcd forms. Put a stress
mark in f m n i of the srresred syllable in each ivord. The first one has been done far you. Then
complcrc rhc sci~rct~ccs helow with words trorn the rahle.

1 Thc .......................... is the hody ivh~chhas the fvncrlor of making law: rnorinally it is the
Parliament.
2 It is q~lirea lengthy process m ro fhc tvropcan Cr~rnrnuniej
3 Sometimes 3 C O C I case
~ can he dclaycd whilc o ~ u n s e argue
l over ....................... pn,hlcms.
W Sources o f law: legislation
BBackground t o making new law
, , ,,,,,
.
,,
~
, , .... , .. .................
u,r ...........,,,a>>..
....... ....

H o w are l a w s m a d e i n t h e UK?
he ~ r e d o m ~ n asources
nt of law n the united . ensure UK compliance w i t h International /i/
~ngdam

iariament
are:
~ r i r n a.r vleaislation.
. known as Acts of
or .tatUte., whch bey," ,re
. or ~ u r o p e a nu n l i n (EU) ~ a w ;
consolidate l a w s by brlnQlnQ taqefher info
one the
~~

on one
~
1'1
draitr called Bills (see B a n d C below): tooic:

A new act 8s passed n order Lo:

. l e g i s l a t e f a r new c~rcumsfances and

enforce government policies;
no anger relevant, and the courts must

Note: Act of Parliament and Bill are alwayr capitalired in legal usage; statute is not.
Statutory instruments are delegated legslation created by government mnistecs.
Bye-laws a r made by Local Government or public bodies.

I BrE: an Act; AmE: a Bill

Early development of a Bill

p p ~p
-~~
p~~ ~~
p - ~~ ~
- ~ .~~ ~ -

The government may proceed to i n i t i a t e a p u b s h e d iollovring consultation ar dlscurrion

8 c o n s u l t a t i v e process by the publlcalton of
a Green Paper in which its proposals are set
out a t an early rlage w ~ t hthe infenf~onof
ahradlng public response and comment. The
government's WhilePaperscontain t h e r m o r e
definite proposals, although these are often
Passing an Act
p-~
w#lhpresruregroups,professionalbodies,
or v o l u n t a r y o r g a n i r a t i o n r . A Bill does not
have to be preceded by a Wh8te or Green
p a ~ e r ,although if may have been presented
for p u b l i c scrutiny, that is, examination, n
draR form earlier.
I'

; A Acts must be ~ u b r n l t k e dt o bath Houses drafting of the legislation is u n d e r t a k e n

! of Parilamenf In the draft form of a Bill. me by Parliamentary Counsel. Flnally, a Bill must
i leg,~lat,ve process ~nvaives three readings rerelve ~ a y a~l s r e n tfrom the monarch before
! ~n both ~ o u s e s .~t the hrst reading, the title 11 becomes l a w on a specified d a t e i n fa*,
8s read t o Membem of Parliament (MPs); at this stage has been reduced to a formal readng
the second readny, MPS debate proposals. of the short tide of an ~ c int both nouses of
Then a rtand~ng committee w l l Ecrutinise Parllamenl and is now a formaty.
t h e p r o v i I i o n r n the 8111 and may amend if
Government Bills are introduced by the
en sure it the principles
recon* reading. Government; Private Members are
debated and approved a t the
pmposed by M P r 'Oth may
T h i ~ s r e p o r t e dbadfaMPs.Afthefhirdreadlng,
in Public Acts that govern the general Public.
! the Bill
:
re-presented, The B,ll then goes
through readtngs n the upper house, i h e actual
Acts pa'icu1ar lndv'duas Or :
InL,tul,OnS.
b ~ ~
1
Note: No article (althe) is neceirary in to becomc law.
10 Prvferrionai English >in Use Low
2.1 Find verbs in A opposite thvr c a n be used ro m a i c word comblnvrionr with rhe \vordr hc1011
There is more than one porribiliry foi rhree oi the answers.
Perllamcnf can
1 . A c s of Parliament.
2 .......................... new aarurei.
3 ................... existing iegislanon.
4 .............. obsolete l a w
5 ................... rrarure law, care law, and amendmenti into one Acr.

-
6 ................... law by repenlrng and re~enamngin one stature provisrons of a ,number of
statutes on the same sublect.

2.2 Complete the sentences. L.ook ar A, B and C opposlrr ro help you. Pay attention to the
~"mm'bl context.
1 An order xnade under aurhorirv, deleeared
,, to a 'envernmenr
,~
~ ~ ~~~~~ ~~ 1 1
nlrrlrrrer by an Act of Parliarncnr is known us a .....................
...............
2 A . . is made h r a local aurhorirv. or a .
aubllc or --
natnonal~redbody and b u s t ~be u.~.o r a r e dby cenrral rovernrnent. 1 1
3 (:hznt~csllku Oxfam and Help the Aged can acr as . . . . . .
............................. ,lobhying for law reform. Freedom of
4 m ~hcCL,MIU~~CCnccA M , cniule the BIII incorpomrer rhe Information
principler agreed i n they chcck ~r hy . . Act 2000

2.3 A siting Russian mllcaguc ir a\king an Englirh rulic~torrbuur thc lcgialatiru process. Replace
thr undrrlinrd words in ihcir cc,nvcr~snonivith a1rernarix.e irwrdr firm (: ~ o ~ ~ ~ Pay
~rire.
arrcnrion a, the grammatical context. There is inure rlnn one pursibiliry for two of rhe answers.
Narsshn: Hvm 1s nciv legi~larionenacced?
Charlcs: Well, inirlslly rhc 111 draft lceislari,~nhas rr, hr (21i,rurcnrcd o, both huuncs.
The d r a h is 131 scvcral rlmes. A commioce has the iah of checkkg
rhar the Rrll 141 lncnmorares the fondamenral elrmenrs (.TI a g d ar the
second reading. After this, rhe Bill is (61 shown aearn to rhe lower house.
Kararhn: Who doer the (7) formal w r i r l n ~of the legislation?
Charles: I r i 181 done hy qualified lharriqiers employed s? civil remano, knowii as
Parliammrar) C<runrel.
Kamrhu: Who can (91, w h w d Bills?
Charles: The governmenr and, less cnmmonl!; MPI.
 Sources o f law: common law
Common law in the UK
Penny Arkwrrght p r a d s c s in the High Couri. She 1s rpeaking a i an
incernarional clrnvenrion far young lawvrrs.

Bahamas. and Zambla. 1s

. .
based on common law. The common

cuhject to interpretation and rcfinrmenr in the courts.

Esscnmsl o~the common law is rhe hierarchy of the courts m all of rhc UK iurisdicrlons
m d thc principle of b i n d k g precedent. In practice, rhls mcanr that the decis~un"i a
111.'. 1 - .1>11.1.11.: 111 C l . . I,, i t -i... I I I. . L . \<J.l,l.,.,
I , .,.. 1 1 1 - 1 1.1:.11,.,r1Ir1 <..,,, I . I . .
. \ . , I I ^ , . _ ..,,. ld.1
. I . 8 1 . 0 . . . A < . . I , , 1.1. ..., ,
<.
\ . 8
I t~,~~~~~~ , lh%~",,.lt<f,>I.OU ,l..r, . I . c <..,
,
rule set by a courr of greater or equll stam. must be applied if it's to the point - rclcvanr
or pertinenr.
During a rnal, counrrl wall cite cares and nrhcr anelnpr fa dirrinnyinh rhe care a t trial
horn those referred to or, i r e n m t ~ i e i s argnc
, rhar the rule ar law reasoned and esiahhshed
in a previous cart. is appliwhle and rhuuld he h l l o r c d . Hence rile term 'arc law. A case
will inevitably invi>lvcmany tams and iwucr of evidence. The evenn~aldecirlon irielf
doein'c rcrually set rhc prccedenr. Tlic precrdcnr i s the rule o i law which the firs? tnsrince
p d g c rclied on m derurmm~ngthe care's autcornc.
Judpes in a case may xmake orher starcmmri of law. \Yrhilir nor consrirurrng blndlng
precedents, rhcse may be considered in subicqucnr cascr and may bc clrcd as p c r r u a r i ~ e
authority, if appropriare. Since the Human Klphri i c r a i 1988, all courts in the Unired
Kingdom must ,now refer ro rhc ulrimare aurhorrry of the Europrsn Court iof Human
Rights, including all previous deciai<mrm r d c by char court.'
Note: practirei - quaiifled to work profez\ionally

Law reports
'The development md application of the common law system plvotr upon the existence
of a comprehenslve ryarcm i o i repornng cases. The Law Kepom, published annually hy
rhe Co~mcllof Law Rrpurtmg, are perhaps the muat aurhoriratlve and frequently cired set
oi repom, differ~ng f m m other reties of law reports, inch as Bumnvorchi All England
l a w Repons /All ER] or specialist reports lhke Lloyds Lax\- Ilepc~rrs,in rhar they contain
rummarier 01 cou~isckargumrlirr and are rcvlsed by rhc i~~clpc sirrlng in cach respectwe
cnic hch~rcpuhlicarion. Carer n1cn.t in the year
rhsi die) arc declded so a case citation wdl refer to rhe volume
and ycar r r which
~ the care *,as published, for example Mrah
v Roberts, 119781 1 All ER 97. Developmcnri in elecriolllc
darahasea have increased puhlic access to recent cases.'
Note: Latin terms used far the legal principles outlined in the above
texts are:
$fortdecisk - principles of binding precedent
mho decidendi the rule a t law reasoned
obiterdicturn - persuasive authority
In a civil case citation, for examplr Mfoh v Roberts. [19781 1 All ER ;
97.v I b t n for veiiud is sad 'and:
HufferiunrlhiYll E~gI,l#idL.i* Rrports
12 PmfessfanolEnolgfiih in Use Law
3.1 Denny Arkwr~ghris calking abour her experience of court cares ro a Rurrlan colleague.
Replace the underlined words and phrases wlrh alternative x,ords and phrases h o m
A and B ~pporitc.Pay aacnrion to fhc grarnmrtlial context, V,ere is mare rhvn one
possihilit) for one of the anirers.

The courrs are ccm&d ro apply rhe

5
..............
Ir ls, howcvcr, rhc n,lr of counsel ro

n u r ~ n gthe court case rhe ludse i v ~ l l

or rearonmg, in relevanr prevloui

cited as precedent by counsel as m rhe declilon of an earl~ercourt

3.2 Cumplcrc rhc rahic wirh words from h a n d B opposite and rclarcd furmi. I'ut a srresa
mark i n front of ihe rrrersed syllable in each ward. The first one has been done for you.

3.3 Penny is working wirh n trainer hrrriircc Glmplcrc hcr scnfcnccr irirh rpprapriare words
from rhe table rboue.

Well, rhar decision of rhe Appeal Court C ~ case ........................... ?

Can ~ I C U~ C the
is going a,he. . . . . . . . . . . . oo the case Irhink rhe year's
we've gor st trial just now 1

Should wc add ro our argument rhur

We ,need to be able to cimrince rhe Edwards v Peck hi a ...................
iudgc char the rule m Meah u Roberts pircrdenr e v e n rile legal asucs.
.. to this case. alrhough the judge isn't hound to
follow it?
 Civil courts
Duncan Rir~hie,a hrrrirrcq is talkmg to a visiring group o f
yottng Eurnpcnn Irwyurr.
'Both criminal m d civil coulrs in England and Wales
p r ~ m a r i l yhear evidence and a m to dctertninc what exactly
happened m a case. B n ~ a d l yspeaking, rhe lower courts
den& manern of fac~and the u , n.~ u rcourt, no>nnaUv
deal x l r h points of law. I n England, civil actions, for exalnplc inmil) r ~ ~ . ~ i t3uch
c # s a,
undefended divorce, are normally hcard in earher the Magi~rrrres'Courts or rhc Counv Courts.
ludges havc differenr rirlei depcoding nn their experience, traimng, and livcl. A ritv,lc
stipendiary magistrarc or three lay magistrares sir in rbe Ms@iirare< O n ~ r rThere's
. no
juq i n n Mugistvoter' Courr. Family c a x s may go on appeal from the Magistrates' Courr
to the Counv Coum. The C o ~ n r yCourt also hears complex first instance clvd caica,

~. ,.
recorders w h o sit in the County Courts. us~vallywirhnur a ) u ~Juries
.
,
are now rale in mud
, "

actions, so normrllv the iudge corniderr both law and fact.

\I I<. , , . ' . 3 . , I . . . . . ! , r 1 .. 1.1 1%
. . . .: ' .
.
: . r I 1.1. . . rI
I . : . . , > > . c - i , I . \....I
first instance,
I .H I n I . .
.
. 1, 8 .I ! 1. . - I , . I c n*,ml. ,I 8 ...
and appellarc jutisdiction. From the H t g h Gnrr cases may go on appeal
,
.\' r. r.

ro rhe civil divislon of the Court of Appeal, whlch call rcvcrre or uphold a decision oi
rhe lower courts. Irs decisions hmd all the lowcr civil court^. Civil caics ,nay leapbog
fco~llthe H i g h Courr a>the Houic of Lords, bypasring rhe Courr oi Appeal, when pnlnts
of l a w of general public i m p o r r m i c arc i n i u l i e d . Appcllrnrr mnrr, huwcrcr, apply for

I
~~~
..
leave t o anneal. l>rcinons of thr House of Lords ZTC hlndine rm all orher alurrs bur
nor nrcrrrarily on itself. The oiurr of the House o f 1.ords conrlsrs o f tivelvc life peen
appoinred from judgcl and harr,srers. The quorum, 01nluluimuin number, of iaw loriis for
an appeal hearing i s normally three, bui gcneralll fhcre is a sirring of five iudgcr.'
Note: A rtipendialy is a full-time paid magistrate who has qualfied as a lawyer
A lay maglitrate is unpaid and ti an eirablbihcd member of the local communw
1 A circuit i5 a g~ogiaphicaldlv8iion for legal purposes: England and Wales are d v d e d n t o rx.
A recorder A Sa palt-rime judge w ~ t hten yeam standing as a barrister or ioicitor
See Unit 12 for more information about judge5 See B below for mare informaton aboutjuriei

'About 9.5% of all criminal cases in England and W a l o are tried i i rhe ~ .Migiirrares'
.
(:oarri. which deal w i t h o c m' mimes. rim xi. lusr serious oncs. Tn ccrrain iircurnsranies.
rhc courr may romm>ran accused pin,,, to the Crown Coun for more *cvere
oun~rhmenr.clther lhv war o f a h e or imo"sonmenr. Enccrrr i n cases of hornside.
,. ... , ",,,,,><~
I ., I s < .. ,-.
, , ., ,.I:
.?...I
, rr..
.', 5 -
,
.I .,

,..,
. 8 . 8 , VI \ . . ., .
,r ...I.. l I,,, llllll, I , , I L I
.
\ I , .,, .,
r.. <
I, I , 8 %. ? I1 .7 . ) 1'1
. III.II.,J~I . . *lil"...,.'* . I i . . r 8 . m
i .
such as rhek, assault, drilg dialing, and murdcq are cerervcd for t r i a l i n the C r o w n Court.
In allnosr all criminal cases, r h r Snte, in rhe name of the Cmwn, prorecvtcs a person
d c g c d to havc commirrcd r E n m c In England and Wales, a iuv of nvelve pcople decidcs
wherhcr rhe dcfcndanr is p l i l r y of the crimc she or hc IS chrrgcd with. Tile Crurvn Caurr
may !hear cascs in clrcuir areas. From the Crown G,urr, appeal against conriction or
senrcncc lies to the Criminal D i v l i i u n of the Couir cof Appeal. lf leave to appeal is granted
hy that court, carer may go on tc rhc Hourc ~i Lard,.'
4.1 Complete the diagram. Look at A and B opposire ro help you
The Court System in England and Wales
CRIMINAI. CASFS CML CASES
Th= 171 ......................

(Civil Diwnionl
AppeoL irii~allggo to
or inay 151 ....................
Thc 14) ......................................................
Queen's Bench Divis~on

Appmb ED iron, hire to

.Ihc ( I ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thc Cnunv Cuun or

I 'The Cuurr of Flrsr (2) ............ 1

4.2 Complete rhc table wiih words from A and B oppoiire and relared forms. Pur s srress
mark in front of rhc icrciscd syllabic it, each word. l'hc &st one has been done for you.

appeal
lhear I I

4.3 March the two parts of rhe sentences and cornplere rlie gaps with wards from the tahlc
above. Pay arrenrion ro the grammatical conrexr. There is ,nore than unc for
three of the gaps.
1 Thu ............................... cnunr can a a court a f first instance.
2 An appellanr must gee b normall) . ~nthe Crown Court.
3 in a a ....................... who rcvuric or ~ , ~ h decisionr
~ l d of lower
ha5 5uffered d harm or i"l"ry seeks a remedy
4 Magisrrarcs gcucrally ......................... e lcarc sr ........................ before raking a case ro
caici of pcrty crmc as a h g h i r court.
5 lndicrablr offences are
Criminal justice and criminal proceedings
l>uncan Iliichie, a harrirrec i\ calking to a visiting group of young
Furoprall lawyer*.

Criminal justice
'The scare prosecuicr those chargcd with a mime. Thc puLcc
investigate a &me and apprehend suspects and detain them
in custody. I f rhe police deciilc an offender shotnld bc pii,secuted.
P file on rhc case is sent ro the Cron.n Prorccuriun Servicc ICPSI
-the naii,msl nrosecurv,~~
~~ ~~~ ervice for Fnaland 2nd W ~ ~ l eThc
i.
CPS must considel u,hcrher rhere is enough evideoce tor a rcalirtic prospecr of conncnon.
and if lo, whether the pllblic inrcrerr rcqurrcs s pn,rccution. They c m decidc a,clrhir
go ahead wirh thr piosecunun, send ihc caw hack to the police for a caution, <>i take no
forrlicr action. Criminal proceedings cnn lx 5nitiared e)d~erby the wrving of a summons
setting our the nffcnce a n d icquirlng the ricuscd ro attend court, 05 m more srrlous cases,
by a warrant of arrest lrsued by a Mag>srrarrr' C:ourt. Larjcr\ fro") the CI'S may icr
as ~ u b l i cprosecurori. The Cril~iirlalDcience Service prov~dpilegal aid, whlc11 h ~ n d ihe
i
sernicei ot an lndcpcndenr dug solicitor who rcprocnfr the nccubcd m he pohcc srarlon
and in courr. However, a t rhr end ot a Crown C a ~ l ncasc rhe icldgr ha? the power o>
crrder the dcfeadanr a, pay somr or all of rhc defence coin.'
Note: If Green fi prns~rutedfor a crme, the ensuing trial wII be called the case of R v Green. R
s the abbreviation for the Crown (Reginofor a Uueen or Rexfor a King]: v (Latin far woud IS
s a d 'against' n a criminal rase.

Categories o f criminal offence

'Thcre are rhrec caregoner of crirnlnal offence. Summary affenccr, tried r l r h n u r a jar?,
are minor cvirnci <rnll triublc in the iMagistrarer' Courr. lndictvblc offences arc ser8ous
crime?, such an murder, ivhich can only hc heard in rhc Crown Court. Thc h ~ r m i l
document contaimng tire alleged offences, supponed hy facri, ii called the i n d i m c o t .
A cnsc which can he heard in eitlier rhc I\la@srrares' Coorr or rile Crown Churr, such
r i thcft or burglan; is triahic either way. l i t h e duicndror plcadi p i l r y , rhc A,lagirrrarer'
Colurr ~~~~.
-~~~ can e~rlwroroceed to Fcnrmce <orcommit m the Crown Cnun for rentcncc. where
more scvnc pendticr are svaiable. If rlicrc IS a nm r u i l r ~plea, rhc cmurr c m decide the
mode of n l a l The person ~ h a r g c may
~ l reque5r a r i a l b y jury. Tf p;mtcd, such trials rake
place in rhr Crown Courr.'
Note: indictable offencer are also known as notifiable offences in the UK.

Criminal court proceedings

'The Eilgllih sysreru of jusricc ir adversarial, which rnealli rlvar each s ~ d collects
e and
prerenrr their own eviiicnce and attacks rhiir uppo~ie~lr's iiy crorr-exaninarion, In a
criminal r r ~ s l rile
, burden of proof is on the pn,sccurion to prnvc beyond rcaaonable

-
doubt that rhc accused is gu#iry,h person accused or under arrest for an offe~lcemay
~ .
hc =ranted bail and remaorsrilr. rclcrsed. Howcrer. bail lnri lhr refused. h ~ examole
r
rhere are wounds for believing rhar the accused would tail ;o appear I& trial or c b m i t
ii
an offence. In the Crown Courr, there tnsy he a preparatory heating fix a complex
care before rhc jury is sworn in.Prair ra rhc rrral, there is a statutory rcquircmenr for
disclosure by rhe proiecurmn and dcfe~iceof marerial relevant tn rhe care, frrr example
derails nf an? aLbis - people who can provide of rhc accused's ivhrirahc,no :at rhe
rime of the crime - or wimcircs - people who m a y have seen somcrh~~,g relevcnr to the
cnme. Once r t r n lhar hegun, ihe deiendanr ma? hc advised hy cou~lrelro change h~
or hcr plea to guilr); IT, expccrarron uf a rcduced smrence. If, ar rllr end o i r h r rrial, rhe
court', vcidict is nor guilt), chcn rhc duicndunr ir acquitted.'
5.1 Complctc rhc dcfinifions. Look at A and 8 to help lou.
1 a .......................................... a court docurnenr aurhoriring h e pol~cero
detain someone
2 PO . s nrirrell sraremenr wlrh details of rhe crlmei someone 1s charged mih
3 r . . - a formal ordcr tu atrcnd courr

5.2 Make ivilrd combinarions horn A, B a n d C uypus~reuitnp words from the box. Then urc
approprlatc wnrd combmaiiom to complctu thc renrei~ierbelaw

criminal doubt sentence vldlcrahlc sewre pier realisric guilry

reasonable d r f r ~ l c c procecdu~gs costs rcdvccd prarpecr o f f c ~ ~ c c spenaltie

whether there's suificrunt cv~denccm p r o ~ i d ca ...................

1 The Crown Prosecutor mnq~dcri
. of convsrion.
2 l%erc should be no conviction wirhour root br rm
3 The croivn Court nlwryr hears
4 In senrenr~ngserwua cnmcs, ca
5 At rhr end of a rnal, s dciendan

5.3 Replace the ul~derlu~cd

wr>rdr and p h ~ a r c with
i alrcrxiarivc word, and phrases from .?,
R and C opposite. Pay anenrion ro the ginmmrr~calconrcrr. Thcrc is ,more than one
o o s i ~ b i l t nfor one of the answers.
a Ball ma)' be r e h ~ r c dand the detendanr m a r bc
Ill Md in pollcc custody.
b Alternuorely, rhc defcndint may bc ( 2 )
h ) thc courr and di5chnrgrd.
c Oncc prucccilings liave been ininarcd, rhc dcfendan
131 olmn hch,rc the courr.
d The pol~crformalll (41 accuie the iuipecr in thc
~ O I I C Cstation.
e if thc offcndcr pleads goiiry in rhc ~laglrrlrfe5'
Court, rhu court imposer a ( 5 )b.
f The pulicc inrc~rigarea serious offence and
(61 rrerr a surpccr.
g Tile surpecr may ask for 171 release from currndr
before the tnal.

Put rile sentences in 5.3 mr<lihc correcr order

chmnolr~gic~lly I ook a t A. B a n d i opposite to help
ion. Thc first rtrgc i s f.
1 Civil procedure
Civil Procedure Rules
i.m,,w , , -, .... ,..,",*,,1ryu."mwv?m
l ili s d r i r I m r h , hirrlrirr is a r a k i n g to a ~ i s i r v l ~

I
group o f Europrun lai"yerr.
young i
'All cvicr conier"ir1g goods, propern: dcbt
repayment, breach o f conmacr (ivlrh some
exceptions such as insolvency proceedlngr and
non-contcntiourlitigation), are subject to Civil
Procedure Ruler. The Rules, which came into
force m 1999 i n England and Wales, made radical
i h m g c r ra civil process i n rhc Cuunry Court and
rhe High Coun.
The judge performs thu role o i cnic manager The court rcrs a timetable for lic~garion,
w i i h rhe parries heing under m o h l ~ g a n o nto the court to adhere to timescaler whlch
conrrol the progrcss o f the cane. Procedure r s l r r are rupplemenred hy dcrailed inirrucrionr
madc h y thc judge rvhlch rupparr rhc rules, k n o w n as pranice drectionr.'

Proceeding with a claim

'Mosr claims are initiated hy the use o f 1 claim form, which funcrions as a summons.
The claun f o r m can bc uscd for dlfierenr vpes o f claim, for cxample for spenfied or
unrpeclfred moncrrry rums, ur for the claimant to ark rhc court tu make an order. Oncc
a c l a m has heen issued, a copy 1s served on, that is, delirercd to, rhe defendant w i t h a
iesoonse
, oack
, invitine rhem to eirher admir the claim..~ ..
usin* a form of admisrion. or m
defend it, using a form o f defcncc. The rerponre also contains an acknowledgemcnr
o f service f o r m a, confim?recclnr o f the claim. and n counterclaim form for the defendant
to u c ri they w i r h a, claim agslnrr the cla~manr.A dricndanr must \virhin
14 days o f service of rhc particulars uf rhc claim. If rhc dchndvnr doer nor respond,
iudgmenr may be given i n favour o f thc claimcmr. The dcfcndnnr may be nhlc rc, gct a
I time cxrension for fling areply on defence by using r h r parr of the acknowlcdgemenr of
serviic form which starer an lnrenriun to defend rhc clu,m.
Caicr air allocated to a regime or t r a d i by a procedural iudge accord~npro rhcir
monetary value. Claunr of 15,000 or lesr arc allacvrcd ra a small claims track ivhilc
claxms of u p ro £15,000 arc allocated to a fast rrack. Mare complcx claims w i r h a greater
I value are allocated to u m u l t i rrack regime. Fasr rrack dtrecrioni mhghr include disclosure,
where the claimant tells thc dcfcnce of any relcvrnt documents i n thclr p o s 5 ~ ~ i i o n .
.
This is iollowed bv. insoenion. inirlared h r a wrinen reaueir hv the claxmanr ro look at
relevanr documents held hy the defence, i n d an exchange o f wirners starements. Thc
mu16 rraclc icgime is i r e n d c d to be flexlblc md doer ,lot hauc a sta~ndardproccd~sc.In
all regtmes, parries are encour.~eed to s a l e their differences and for r h l i ptlrpore a stay
~ ~

i n proceedings, rhar is, a rcmporary halr, may be agreed. Case managcmenr conferences

Note: The ipforrnr t o the C#v#lProrpdure Rules led by Woolf in 1998 included the fallowing
changer in legal language:
claim form, formerly known a5 a writ of summons
specified, formerly known as a liquidated claim la fixed monetaw rum1
claimant, formerly known a i a plaintiff
6.1 Complete the definitions. I.ook a t A and B opporire to hclp yi>u.
1 ................ r h e procois by which s claimant nvng look at wrirrcn cvldence held by rhe
ilcfcncc
2 . the documenr in whlch the dekndanr ,maker a claim against rhc claimanr
3 rhe documma in which the defendanr a g r e e ro

4 the docunienr scarring a c l a m pr<xeedings

5 .............................. which the clsimanr is mquired ru i n h i m the defendanr of
documcnrr they bold relevant rc, the c l a i m
6 ... ............... t h e documenr giving rviduncc hy someone w h o raw or heard
sornerhnp critical to the case
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - t h e inrtructmns giice by a judgc on how promdurer ihould bc
c a r d our in a rase

6.2 Make word i r ea wuid from cach box. Thcn use

cnmhlnnrioni from A and R ~ ~ p ~ r"ring
rppiopnatc word comhrnanons and lniormannn in K oppoiire co answer rhe qvernons
bcloiv

a timetable

allocate to
enforee the praeerr
the judgment
a claim
a elam on
a regime

settle
 Tribunals
The status and range of tribunals

"
T r i b u n a l s in t h e "K
The system of cauns n the Unlted Kingdom of an ,ncreas,ngiy ait,ve welfare state
iS supplemented by a substantial number ~ 8 t h 1eg,siat,on cover,ng areas prev,ous1y :
of tribunals, ref up by A d s of Pariamenf. considered private Some examples are:
They are deicr~bedn the guldanre given to
90vernment depaiimenti as:
.. Social secvrlty Appeal Trbunal
EmploymenfTrbunal
-those b o d i e s whore funnlonr, lMke those
of roulfr or law, are eszenfially judicial.
independenlly of the Executive, they decde
.. Mental Heath Review Trbunal
Immiaralian Aoneal Tribunal
~and;~ribuna~
the rights and obigarions of pnuate citzenz
towards each other and tawardsa government
Some tribunais have a significant effect in :
the areas of law involved. However, they
department or pubic authority."
are nonetheless infenor to the courts and
RePo* of Councli on lilbonaiS
Lhe8r dec#s#ons are subject t o j u d i c i a l
The growth in the number and mpartance of
tribunals i closely related to the development
r e v i e w - examnation by a hgher court of the
decnon-maring process in a o w e i coun,
:

Composition o f tribunals and procedure

..~
A tribunal conslslr of three members. The fr8ei to b r o k e r a s e t t l e m e n t so that a
chairperson is normaily fhe only legally m a y b e w i t h d r a w n . Thecosts of the hearing
qualihed member. The other two are l a y are b o r n e b y t h e public purse, that is, paid
r e p r e s e n f a f i v e r who usuaiy have special iramfaxievenue, but legal representation i s a t
eipertiseintheareagovernedbythefrbunal, the cost of each p a e y w i t n e s s s t a t e m e n t s
galned from pracfical exper~ence. he tribunal are normally exchanged before the hearing
and a t the hearng bath parties may question
I wili also have a i the usual adminlrlrative
supponenjoyed by acoulf: hearlngderks,wha
are responsible for adm~nisier~ng procedures,
witnesses and address t h e ~ r i b u n a l . he
~ r i b u n acan refer to decisions o f h i g h e r
I clerical staff, and hearing accommodation, courts before making its decslon in a specfic
The lntentan of tribunals was to provide a less
formal Dioieedinq in which c l a i m a n t s could
l o d g e claim. and respondent. d e f e n d
claims. and ultmalel" re..l"efherdir.uter
W8thoYf the need f i r legal represen;atlan.
However, procedures have become more
complicated and u s e s b r o u g h t b e f o r e
tribunals are offen presented by sollators
and barristers. For example, a case a i u n f a i r
d i r m i r r a l - whereanemployeiappearstonot
be acting in a reasonable way in removing an
e m p l o y e e c o u l d be broughttoan Employment
Tribunal. Procedure at that Tilbunal ma"
n c u d e a stage where a g o v e r n m e n t agency
7.1 Cumplere this lcrrer which a lawyer has wrtrren o, 111s cltenr shout a case corning ro an
EmL>loymenrTrlhunal. Look at R oppositc ro help ~ o u .

Woods & Pankhurst Solicitors

3 The Old Forge
West Cambourne
Cmbs
CBO 7AB
hlr I) Jolmron,

Managing Dlrecrol pmcc Lfd

DC*" nwrt
Claim fllr l l n l a i r Diami.sal b r AJ. Blackrvood
M ~ h Yk s for rmed lcner nfyeserda), anachsng LC copy ETI in rcspcct of the ah>vr ~ccordinglo my
records. Fmce Ltd ham not had an 11 1 .......................... claim mrde lgrinrl it prcv~ousiys>I
lhou@l I< ~ o u l bc d helpIul t i 1 em.c you a hrlcf ouillni ufihc \ u ~ o uslugrr
i o f f l ~ cprocedure l n u n l d for you
to 12). .............. t h e claim.
lrcclpf orlhr ETI. the company. as (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . h a s ZXday$tocomplcfs m d refurn
on film ET3 ThTnbunrl will arknmvlcdge rccvlpt of flus and will iun-ord a copy l o Mtni
Uluckunod !he (4) ........................
Thc T r i h u d appoillts an olfrcer offlo ( 5 ) . ........................

......
lhe Arhlmrlon Conc~lhnolland
Advirorv Sewncc IACASI. to *a rrrr i l c or she %rilli.ct in touch iiilh hati, vau and hllbr Blrchrond for ihc
pllmoic or offcruis usrir~nce . broker a ~
l ~ t i ~ c~llm~ an I= ~............................
tilc t ~ ~ ~ ~
Obiiously ifrhir li p0"lhlc then Chc corts " f l l t i h " " l l hcrnng i.iil he ii,"d. The cost5 14r hcvlng u r
(7) ................................................ Ihcpuhllr .p.. altIlou@loh\.lourly you xlll be responslhlc for h hr
rinn's iccs m ep~zscnrinpyou irrequmd.
. . . . . . . . . ,,\,.. ..........
r.: ::,..
I I
.............
I . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I.,.i

. , \." . . ,
..xl

*,nrtcn wi1ncsr na<en>cnrsm adiancc or the hearing

n
. I . I . " .' I .

..... . - , , . . . . . . . . . . .
.. " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
:-I . . , j r \ \ , n l

I, ' I ..,I
ill.

I I I..
I
AL rhc hcume, ivlmca~Fi> V ~ Ihc &,ked to or arrm liui the cont~nmor chrli (IIII
........... arc true. Both p m e r mdrhc Ttihunal XTII h - e h e c h m c to question the iv~mcnei.
rolloiumg Ihr. MISSBlncku<~od axd you u i l n bchdf offllc cumpuny (or ynur reopcclnc legal repicicnrrrlrerl
may (11) .................... I h e Tnbunrl uilh an r w m e n l ahout rlv yourevidence m d care should hc
rcreplrd Thc Tribunal ma" olio convdcr p o u ~ irhmt i thc rcleiasl law rl llus pa% wld purribly
declslonsmadr at a hlgher l e i 4 rlfthcTribvna1 iyrtem, nlch nr <he
of ~ a o n lthe . iiourc o r ~ o r d scnrcrcn
, the Eurun.di? coun ofJus<icc.
 European Union law
Wh.fis, t h e EU?
.- -- - . . . .--
. . . . ....... ...

I : ~ -
.m
........ .
a!'c t + nam
..............
. .
/*mu-aoorewan
. . .
..
a.
............. ..--rinn.'.

-, ,. .
, , 'I
The European U n i o n (EU) was created in 1992 by the Treaty on Eumpean Union
(theTE"),genersllycalledtheMaa*nchtTreahi.The t"cDnsist.ofthreedifferentComm"nibes.
the ECSC (~umpeancoal and steel commun~w),the ~ u r o p e a nc o m m u n i t y (the EC, f o r m e r l y
k n o w n as the European Economic Community Treaty, o r the EEC treaty - also known as the
Treaty of Rome), and EURnTOM (European A f a m r Energy community Treaty). The EU has
what are r e f e r r e d t o as ' t h e three pillars'

The Eumpean Union

,
,. - F ~ ~ ~ - .-
ECX
~ .

I ..
I Common Foreign and I lurticeand Home 1
Security Policy
.--I
' EC
, EUR.@rnM
/I _
~ f f a i r sPolicy
....
-..... . L-

put simply, the oilginal a ~ mof the communrty n which ail members agreed to i m p o s e on
war economic i n t e g r a t i o n : to create a goods cam,ng into the area from "on-member
c o m m o n market, later defined as a s i n g l e states a common level of duty [the c o m m o n
I n f e r n a l Market, In whch therecould be f r e e Customs Tariff, or CCT).
I m o v e m e n t of goods, persons, services
and capita,, Th,s fa be by the
The three sources of EU law are the Treaties
(EC. TEU. etc.). secondary l e g i s l a t i o n I
creal,onofafreetradearea, whereMember
s t a t e s agreed to remove a11c u s t o m s d u t i e s
by the EC (such as regu1ations
and directives), and g e n e r a l Principles.
I
(,mporr taxes) and quotas ;
'nclud~ng fundamental human rights. !
on of goods ,mponed
Member frontiers, or borders)
subsidiarity, and c i t i z e n s h i p of the EU for 1
Of a State'
between themselves, and a c u s t o m s union,
~ .. ~~ .~ ~ .., ........................
Nate: subsidiarity - the Communihi may only take legal action where i t has exclurive competence
that is, power to govern, and where an action cannot be arhieved by member states acting within
I , exampie a trans-nat~nnalactlo".
tlhtir nalural i m t i l u t ~ o n ifor

, I
How does t h e EU impact on Member States?
-

The t C
i n eve",
-

Treaty
Member State. Accession to
(membeOhlp of) fha Community lhmltr fhe
power of nal~onaigovernments and affects
~~ ~~~

1s d i r e c t l y applicable

n a t i o n a l s o v e r e i g n t y - the power to govern.

community law has s u p r e m a c y over, that
is. overr~des, nat~onallaw.T ~ , Ssupremacy
was eafabl~shedin the case of costa u ENEL
(Case 6/64) ECR 545. The Single European
Act 1986 made p r o u i 5 i o n r (legal cond8tions)
r r e a f ~ n ga n o b l i g a t i o n on the comrnunlty
.
~~~~~~~~~~~

.
Regulations - have g e n e r a l application
and are b i n d i n g i n t h e i r e n t i r e t y on all
MernPer Stafes and have d i r e c t effect,
meaning they aufomaf~cally become iaw in
Member States.
~ i r e c t i v e s- are binding on Memberstates
as to meir but do not bind ndivduais
untli they have been t r a n s p o s e d i n t o
n a t i o n a l l a w Implemented)
Decisions of the European Court of
l u s t i c e (ECI) - are bindlng on those t o
I!

:'

t o t a k e the necerna", m e a s u r e s t o achieve

the Internal Market. Under A r t d e 249 (ex An
189) there are hue Wpes of legal act whtch the
. whom they are addressed.
Recommendations and o p i n i o n s - have
no h i o d i n g force but may he perruesiue, .!
i
communwma" use: that l. have nnuence.
 8.1 Find five phraacs in A opposite uicd to indicate that a rcrm has another name. ior

I
example 'formerly known as'. Then urc approprinrephrases to cornpicrerhe renrences
helow, There i s more than one poriib>llr~for one of the answers.
I Under EC law, sanythlng which c m be bought or sold i

!
4 Thc third pillar of rhe Eunrpcan Unlon,
m d Hainc Affairs pillas is inmrporutc

8.2 Rearrange rhe undcrllncd letters to make words in the extracts below. Look ar A and B
opposite ro help you.

*I:II ron r8.%.

I .I: I l * r o ~ ! ~ml.rh.l
111c ; u' \*n~mnc~cc
rl

4.. ~r.l.,s.r 111111 11; 1, n

,a<,:,
.A,. i r : ~r I I ~ W11 .n':ulnl I ? , r l c n r o ~ r ItI I .~hl:I?
.I\ per. n ~ .: c ~ . r ~ ; e <m i . ~ p ~ c1 %%
w 1 i l h . ' ).rrrc
ens l I I
I . . .
from Article ?a me Singie Eurapeon Act 1986
---, ~ .~ ~

Member (8) s%& shall take all appropriate (9) n e whether general or particular,
to ensure fulfilment of the (10) too lisnabi arising out of thisTreaty or resulting fmm an
action taken by the instiions- .- They shall fadlitate achievement
of the Communitys tasks.

from A r W c 5 the ECTnofy

A (12) d c g a a i shall have general (13) pintilapoia. I t shall be binding in irs

(14) reentrvi and directly (IS) caabeiloiv in all Member Scares.
1
I
A (16) veicriide shall be binding, as ro rhe result to bc achieved, upon each
(17) heermm Statc to which i t is addressed, but shall leave ro the national
aurhorities rhe choice of form and methods.
II
. - !
fmm A#?de 189, the imiy o f Romc

8.3 A r e rhe following srarernenrs nut or falrc?Find reasons for your answers in A and B
opponie.
1 .Member irares are required to inoxporare F.uropean legelarron inro national law and ro
recognix thc luridictioa of the Europcnl Court of Jusricc in rnarteri uf EU law.
2 The national lc~slsiionof Member State5 inkcs aver Camm~niiymlcs.
3 The Common Currums Tariff applies ro all goods imporred by countries llke lapan and the
USA iron" the EU.
4 EU law prevents Memher Srarei from charging imponvri for bringing goods into that Srare
from anorher .Member Srarc.
9.1 A porenr~alPolish client is talking to an E n j i r h iolicaor C:omplere rhr rolrclror'~rrarenicnir
11-31.1 nok ar H opposite ar hulli p,u. There , i more rhan cine porrihili~-tor one of the
answers.
'-/ I'm loixkmg for a lawyer ro help mc
buy somc land hi a business.

No, I'm a ................ hut my firm s,ould instructs

9.2 Complete the tablc wlrh ivordi from A, Band C copposire a n d relsred ioimr. Put J irreir
mark in front of rhr ~rrrsscdsvliahle m each w o r d The firsr one ha? heen done for uou.

PracTlCc
~~~cialise 1 I
9.3 Ana Garcia is ralklng ahuut her career. Complcrc whar ,he iayr with words from rhe table ahuvc
and 6 and C oppanrc. There is more rhan onc p n ~ ~ i h i tor
l q one of the .~nswerr.

I'm an ohiigada, a l a y e r in Spmn. 1 ohtmncd "7"

law 11).................... ~nB~n-elom.In the ~urnmrrs.
as u student. I did r vacrr8on 12) ................. i n
my uncle's law I 3 1 ................. I141 . . . . . . .
from unirerslry SLYycsrr ago. Bccao,c my Engllah alnl
"
French are good l got 1 . i ) . to rhc s c m
York office of my firm. \VhlIe I war rhcrc I was
161 ........................ hg rhc lnlcigrn and acquislrlonr ream.
I've . ~ l h s yenioycd
i wlrh large companies so
TIOW I wanr ro 171 ~n1x1 . . . . . . . .
10.1 Match thc two part? of the definitions Look a t A opposite ro help yoa.
1 Sorneone ivlio works far his or herself is a provide represenranon.
2 If you speak a n behalf oi clients 1x1 coun, you b lay clienn.
3 Non-professional clienrs are known as e self-employcd / a sole rrader
4 Bnrr~stcrrworking soicly for a u,mpans z c called d insrrucred.
5 Thc governing aufhoritius of barrirrera are e i n ~ h o u i ecounsel.
6 Whcn a nilicia~rgivcs a harrihrrr rhc f pracrxse ar the Bar
derails of a casc, rhc lbarrisrcr is g rhc Bar Council and the Inns of Coun.
7 When rou work as a barrister you

10.2 Complete rhe enuvcts iram a rrainee barrirrer describing her prufnrional life. Look at A
and B opporlre to help you. There is more rhnn one posrihiil?, for t w r , of the aniwrm.

I rook a f
irsdepree in Modern History, then did the
in law a t City Uniucrsin;

onm. During char m c

experred to be able to suggest how rhe case rnighi hc

approached. In a week 1 mlghr draft a ( 6 )....................... ,
prepare norcs far u coderence wlth cllmts, commcnr on draft
wlrneri r n r e m e n r , and research legal po~nrs.

c,f opportunity to (10) ................

in rhc chamhers, ahrr six m i m h s you
would be told discicctly
Working lives
A company commercial lawyer
S o p h e Rrerrlc i s rallGng about hcr work ar Melron Deans.
'i'm a partner i n s medium~sizedregional law firm, working within rhe Company
C o ~ n m c r c ~Deparmleni.
d I hcad up s rcaln oi e i ~ h ccomprising
, six lawyers alld rwo
- legal rrrcarcherr - undertaking projects ivurk for Public Sector chcnrs. Our
main clicnr ir a Goverilmenr l>epamneni. \Ve're insrmcred by rhcm ro adriac atid act on
Privstc Finrtrce Initiative Projects, also known as rhr Pn. Thi, i ~ ~ v o l v nrgoriarrng
es wxrh
a number cnt other parries comprising rhu hndcrr. thc huilding conriactori, and iaciliries
nianagemrnr and ensuring rhai rhe client'? a i n ~ rand ohjccriver are mcr and thew hcrt
inecrcrtr protcctcd.
A signilicanr proportion of my rime is spenr in all partier meetings. As these rraninninna are
~ ~ r n pand ~ ,meetings are arrendcd by all iidcr and rlirir lcgal r d i a e n , I have ro make
l ~ rhu
sure comprehensive notes are raken hy a n asslitant solicitor tollowing a mecrmg, documenn
rcflccrmg rhe tcrms aprecd are prepared F
and circvlared for
Wtthin rhc pracicc, I'm a member of
rhc Executirc Commirtce and havc
rerpanrlbility h x arpeco of finanrlal
managemenr within rhc depamncnr. I
also dcvl wirh rccruirmcnt, training, and
duvelopmenr within rhc depamnent.
Uunng a wurklng day as a fee earner,
I havc ra comh~nemy chargeable work
~ t s sdminiirrar~ved~ricr.' nn r
ior c l ~ e ~wirh il,irtci mcr,,ng

A legal secretaty
An arrlsranr rohcia,i is iniriuct~ngMaric I.aporaire, the Commercial Depnrmenr's legal
secretary:
Soliciroi: rue lustrelic you some sound files with the m i n u t e on irom yescurday's
meering. Is rherc any way you can rypc those up bcfixe anything clsr? 1 know
gra a mhstantial amounr of work at the momcnr.
Maric: No problem. Do you wax11 me a, circulate thcnl hy email as soon as I'ru
finirhed, get r h u d copy and put it on the hlc?
Sollciror: Picase. I'm golng to hr running hcnveen meenngr h r a largc pan of rhu d r y
bur if I ger a mmurr, I'll h a r e s quick look at rile hard copy and mark it up
w ~ r hany ch;~ngei.Don't wait fur me ro d o thrr heforc gcrting the draft our
-there are action points char rhc paralegal< nccd io be getting on wirh.
Maric: Fhc, i ' l copy everyonc in. Anyrh>ngelse? i'wput all the documentanon ior
Pmiccr Ailgcl on yotlr dc&. 1don't know if it's ready to go our vet!
solsmrr: I saw char, thanks. No, 1 need to make sure that rhc cllenr is happy wirh rhc
latest claurer the funder wanrs. Also, I rhlnk thry may h a r e ncpnriaied more
cancerr~onsso I'll hare ro gct back ro you on iliilrc.
Mane: OK. Ky rhe way, I think your our of office meqragc li still on, vlthough thu
dare's wrens. Uoo't worry, I'll change it. Your callc are still conlirlg through ra
my phone so I'll i u r q on taking mcssager.
11.1 Makc word combinatims from A opposite urlng words from the hux. Then u a appropnarr
word combinations m complcfe Sophie Rrerrlei seniences h c l o x

fee rcrl; inrcrcsrs ruork comprehellnive best

rhrrgcahlc notes meeting earner qqccd all parties I

claurc. It's nor in the ...................... ............ march rlic nares

rikm from the meeting wall the

on rhls It's nor ....................

11.2 Find three erpresslons in 4 and R opposite which can he vied in the o,mh~nari<,nshclow to
lnean 'a lor of'.

my rimc 1 my ""cck i my ivurklold

11.3 Marie lsporaire ii talking about hcr warktng day. Replace rhe underlined words and phrascs
w ~ t hrlrcrnrrive words a n d phrarci f n ~ mB opporifc. Ply arrcnfion to rhe gnmaricnl context.
Therc is more rhan one posrihiltry for ,me of the answers.
- .

I,
In addition o>vping up (1) recorded notes
f1um meuimgr, (2) rcndinr r C,,"" to cvcnonc
m, and i.3) &f emaili, mosr days
I'll he given various orher rasks ro carry out,
L such a\ d<,'ument gcnciotiun. If thc solicitor
141 indlcsrer changes con a draft ccxr, I'll (51 d
m. rocesn rhcm. I sumccimo havr ru gcr addresics
-4
..,

, , Snd ronticc details from rhc Internet nod make

kv, "' appoinrmenrs for meerings or conference calls.
i,
'
. : ,L
\
Obnously, I also take incoming calls when r11e
,, ,
. fee earners aren't availahlc and 11ct rhu callcr
know rhc >ollcm>rxr.111 (6) call hem hock. I'll nlsn
(7) conrlnue wirh any o i l ~ r raks
r she\ givcn ruc.
. * Oncc a month I m e n d the iccrerarinl cnmrmrrce
, as rhe repreienrarlve for my department.
,,,a,,
, , ,
,,,~>. ,,
 Judges
Judicial appointments in England and Wales

Note: Remrderr generally hear less complex or serious cair, than Circut Judges and start by
sitting in the Crown Court. Aftri t w o ycaa they might sit in me County Court.
Number ofjudger lhited in above table correct a i of 27/11/06. See www.judicarygov.uk/.
An Act of Pariialnenr lays down rhe mandatory requlremcnrs for most judicial offices.
Candidates ,must hsvc p r a c n ~ c das a lawyer or judge for a specifid rime a n d musr mcer other
srarurary requiremeno for rprcific porn. 'The hicrsrchical structure of rhe courts informs the
process of rclecr~onto rhc Judiciary. Expcrlence gained as a judge in a lower coun is one of
the qualificar~onrfor ippolnirnenr to n highcr court. Scnlor appc,inrmenr, rn h e Court of
Appeal and the High Courr are madc by the Queen fi,llowing rhc recommcndarion of rile Prime
Minister currenrlr, on rhc advicc of the Lord Chnnccllor - a scnior membcr o f the eovernmenr
a n d head of the jiid>aal syaim.

-1 The training of judges

TheJudicial Srudiei Board IJSB) ir reipons~hlefor the rrarnlng of judges, lay magisrrarri,
and memher, of Trihumls in England and Wales. Tllc JSR would normally organirc rhe
f<lllowitig for an appointee Rccorder in rhe Cmwn Court an i n d u d o n cowre; visits to
penal atahlishmcnts, for example prison and young offender insrirurioni, meewns w t h
I per\onnel from the Probation Smice, which dcalr wirh criminals, often young offenders,

I who are nor renr rc, prison unless ihcy reoffcnd, bur rvho are under the rupciviiion of u
probadan oificer.
The appoinree would experience 8 purled of siring in o n the Bench - the i u J g e i area
of the Court - wirh a Circuit ludge. In h>sh r r week a h r appolnrmenr he w o ~ l dbe
iupewiied by a C i ~ c n iJudge.
t Praikal gnidelies lor judges are set out in Bench Bwkr.

W Civil courts: sentencing and court orders

Judges m civil courts can h e , commit to imprisonment lnormally hrnvrrn 18 days and six
months] or give a iurpended ssntcnce whcre imprisii~alenrdocs nor rakc place unless rhe
offender commirr another offence. An applicant c a n rcck an injunction - a n order - against u
~espondent.The courr may graor an interim injun&on, rhar s,a temporary one, to stop the
defendant from d o k g xrrnerhmg beiorc the h c z i g of the application. The judgc can grant or
refuse an injunction against a legal person to d o or not d o ipcc6ed acts. Thc judge can,
altemarively, require an undertaking, or promise, from rhe relevant party at the hearing
proceedings,
12.1 March the ludicial officcs in rhc bux ivith the requ~redquulrficufiom below 1141. Bear in
mind rhe hirrnchicsl rrrucrure ot ihc coumr. I.nnk ar A opporire to help you.

l o r d of Appeal in Ordinary Lord Justice oiAppcal

C i r c u ~Judge
i District Tudce IMucircruces' Court1

1 mucr have been quahfied as a lniv-cr for at learr reven years

2 must havc hccu qualified for ten years, alchough t h e e "earn' service as a full-dine Dtsrrlcr
ludgc is rllowcd
3 mvrf have heen qual~ticdas a lawyer for ar least IS years and is usually drawn from judger i n
rhe Courrs o f Appeal in England, Walcs, and Northern Ireland, and in rhc Caurr o f Session i n
Scotland
4 the rrarurory qualification is a t least r e n years m the Hlgh Court as a lawyer and, i n pracrice,
ro be n High Court Judge

12.2 Complete the defininoni. l.ook at A and B opposite to help you.

1 collecfwe word for a p o u p of pdges and rhe nvsne of rhe place

2 e word for all the ludgcr m rhc legal syrrcln

3 thr spccitic pair of a judge [for example, a High

4 puce wl~ercpcoplc arc hcld a, a punislunenr when canvlcred of

12.3 Cnmplerc the srntmrca. I.ook at C apposite to help you

5 An applicant may reek a n .......................... m prevent 3 hre3cb ot cnnrracr.

6 Ifan applicant claims rhar the defendant s abour ro do sornerhlng rhar 8mfr1nqeshnsiher rrgho
hefurc therc w n he r hcrring ( h r example, ro dispose of dirpured prope~r)l, the judge mu?
g'""" . .. .. .. . . . . . .
A law firm's structure and practice
A law firm's structure and practice
Anchor Rohbms, a large UK law firm, 8s submining a render for the proviiinn of legal
services to a local r u r h o r i v . In the fist section of rhc render docwncar, rl>rfimb
srmmuri a n d breadth of cxpmtire ii scr our. Tvpicsllb dercriprions of lh>u finns' practice
areas and cxperrlse arc i n srioi~giyPOSYIYLlanguage.

P~rn0""d Commifmenl:
282pmomelineluding38pamers,62solicitors, We are conetted to anticipahg our elicnb'
I 2 other lawym, 14 l e d executives, and 10 necdr and meeting thcm. FundamenW t o this is
min~roiicifors.ioadditionmclencal.serrwrial ihecommirmeniofeaehtemleader~omdddtand
and ruppanslSIT tllomghly the e p nori and buslncss of our
f
clienb.
Sflflenenen
We have Ulreo specialisl m a : Infbmbtion Technolw:
Commercial Property ineorponter Public Wc have made siplfievnt investment io our
Sector, Consruction, Planning and Emimmnenl. i"formati0n tech,01ogy systems i n o d n to grw
campany commereis1 comprises Bank- the w p m and raounes that ow la,"y"m need.
.
Pmiect Finance. Pmcurcmenf. F m o l.m m t and our w t e m s enable L S i n transfer know-how
PeNio~. into a serrchablc datababae "sing I& to case3
Plirafe Client offers W~lls,T r u e and Frobale, ;md legislation, m monitor worklosdr, messurn
Tax Planning, and Residential Conveymcing. oulputut, and plan ahcad more effectively The
t v a n dsecuriw of omsvsiem is ofmdcular
s ~ b i l i,
Dedicated specialkt dispute resolution services
impormce to our clients and to u.
are provided withbi each offhe ~ e g p n t i t i tm
i .
s<m.cm
Pmjecrs orAnchurRol~b,ns:
ThcPmjectsteamis headedupbyJanslephmwn
Wepmvidc allthe selvices you re*. The hevd
and brings together specialiss in i n m f r a m u - ,
construction, emw, planning, aod public inmr
teampmviding legal s
n
~hcteam are able m d m on m l ~ v s nelrpedw t
1.1 ProfaionmlInd m m clswherc in thc firm when re4lured and
h a w uclurive acress to ddededtedFroFf iinal
suppOT1u w w .
pmfemioosll indemnity cwcr in our Pre
Qoaliheadon Queptioonsim (PPQ). The rerms The team have had ntensive uperienrr in
o ~ o areu reviawed
~ ~d o ~u a ~ ~l y . handling PPI (Rimff Finance Initiative) since
its very bo*g and lhave bccn iowlved I n a
1.3 Rrsovrcm ondSpeziiI1.nK n m ~ I ~ d g e
cons,derablc range of accommadatlon nmjectr
EipartL~e~ ~ ~ S ~ ~ C I U I U : including schools, hospitals, coum a d hght rail
Each o f our depsrrments contains spwidikt ~mjcar.
pannrr-l"d ,ran,. crr .,lop ',C r: up l l l c I >
re>aourrr h#&hq ~ s l i Q3p,riali3t Lnmledy., P.
omsidc a ~ n m o r r l ~ c n~~r in~l ec etu u. . # w : i
r u r t h a details o f ow Pmjcct~Teamarc ief auf at
(3) below.
-
Note: legal executives are qualified t o aoirt i a i c i t o n but do not practise as iolicitorj.
procurement - proredurer, which may n c u d e u r i of a PPQ, by which public authorities award
contractr for the provision of public wurkr, ruppliei, and icrvtcei to accordance with ruler and
regulations.
Private Financt initiative [PFI) - collaboration between government and private sector
companies tn fund and develop major public infrastructure such us roads, ichoor, and hospital5
13.1 Complcrc the sentences wich verbs from A opposac. I'ag anenrion ro rile grammancal c o n r e v
There is marc than one pl,srlbilicy for all uf the anrwcir.
1 The c a ~ n p v n y. . . . . . . . . . . . . a wide rangr of services nr inrcrnar8onrl corporare clienrr.
2 Kurrigan'r emplujmcnr practi cc ..................... six purmerr, 14 eiroiintes and 11 other lwal
and suppon s t l i t .
3 Our outstanding commeicral irrigarioi> pracricc area ............... lr~iuranccand reinsurance
licigaric>n,recuricien and coinmodticr d#spurer,partnership Ian: b a n k r u p r i i and business
Tons.
4 Our finance dcpsrrment ............. lawyers w h o excel in cross-hoider riansscrV~ar.
5 Our ~ ~ ~ c r i e n mergcri
ced and acqu~s,nonstcam Wgi~uelO A r ,
who gradoared in law st che Uniuerrlty Complu rise I LLM iinln
ESXnE.

13.2 Find verhs in A opposire rhst can he used to make word c o m h ~ n ~ r l o nwith
r rhe phrnies in the
box. More than one vcih may rorncrlmes be possible. Then usc appropriate word cornhinations
to cc,mplere rhe rentcnces below [Pay attention to the grammaricJ canrexr.

rclcvant experrirc CXCIUSLVC BCCCSS exreriaivc exper~encc

a omprehensive sclvice sipiiicinr inrerm~cnf rpeciallrr knowledge

1 The Ittigarion real n handling a,mpiex

n nowledge managcnienc systems,

3 Cllens are ahlc tu

5 V n ................................................................... t a domestic and

clienri, with panicular rxperrise m corporate and finance.
mi~lrii~arional

13.3 Complete rhc definirionr. Look ar A apposite to help you.

1
2 - pur io a formal proporsl to win 1 cc,nirncr wlrh

3 -insurance to prurcn your business against

i damage caused by mlsrake or negligence hy an
employee of y o u fimm
4 move r p ~ i a l i r rknowledge
5 evaluate work dnnc
Explaininq client care procedures
Greg Spenser is a South
f r r c a n lawyer raking
part i n an ~ ~ ' h ~ n g e
programme wirh
Kndgeman Banks, a sisrcr
firm i n London. Dur"1g
his tirrr w c k , John
Coleman. rhc partner
sup""1sing hi,",
is explain~ngrhe firm's
clienr care procedures.
'One of ?he tirrr things
you'll need ro d<ioa any
new matte, is a climt
a r e letter. As most ,>f
the dienrs you will bc
acting for will be existing orrpo8,~rrc h ~ n ~rro.o ivuil'r ncid u, carr) out any idcclriticar~on
procedures, you should he ?,VJiC oi rhzm T h c y l call rcr out in thc ufficu
manual, in rhc risk rnanagcrnenr secrlon.
A clienr carr lener should rcfer to rhe matter on which you are lnrtrucred to act and
slmuld ser our the brsic alms and the agrccd target chmescale, such as rhrre is. In rile ierrer

.. , ~~ ' ~~ ~~ .~~~~~

a partner who rhcy can conracr i n rhc event that &cy have a complajnr which they feel
cannor hc dealt wirh hy rhe person \upelvising thc 61c, although obviously we hope rhut
that evcnrualiry ulll nor arise.
The lcrrer should provide a fee estimate for work hy sraff and should rlsa give rhe dcrnilr
of any anticipated disburrements, such as court fees. scarch fees. and ocher costs. liit irn'i
to gtvc u quarc at thc outrct, or start, af a nwrrcr you mas fnr cxarnple, rugegerr
char you obtain rheii approval heiore any work in cxcerr of an agrced limit.
You n u s t agree to provide an csrimare at thc rarliesr opponunicy and in the meantime let
rhc clienr know whvr carts arc beiug ",curred.
T i m e are preccdcnr letters in the depamnent manual rhar you can access vls rhc lntraner.
I would refer to chose rarhcr than the hard copier, as rhcy'rc ~ p d a t c dregularly un rhe
iystcn~.Your rccrerav should he familiar x ~ r theh lerreii ro you need only give hcr thc
iiliormarion ipccitic to rhis marrer in order for her to prepare the first drafc.
As a firm we're 1.excel c<,mpliant. Basically this men, wc conform to a standard
approicd by Lexcel and have ~~lcorporared their requirrmcnrs into om rysrcms, includ~ng
those for 6lc rnsnagemunr. As well as giving .rrwance to our clicnts, our
arrrediration does make a difference to our indemniry insurance premium. As far as the
insurers arc concerned, rhe risk of a claim is lesiencd by rhe ism char we can demonstrare
ro an external auditor that we have cffecrive risk managcmcnr proccdurcr in place.'

I
,
'"8
, t :
" t - 7 . , 1 .
Note: identification procedures - reguat8oni controlling identity checks an client5 (see Unit 151
1'111 1 .,. 1 ,
1 . .c , ,'
, 8 , I?,,
, 2." ', ,,,.,* , , c ,,.
1. I I . .
. .... , ,., ., ., 1 . ',<<. : L . ' ..,.:"-.'
.c,
<.
.I 1
. ..,
14.1 C o m p l ~ t cthe d e b i r W n r . I ook ar A ioppurite to help YOU, Thrre 1s niore rhan onc posiihil~rrfor
one of thc nnrwen.
i handbook of inrrrucriuns ~n "our placc of work
2 lodels of standard correipondcnce
3
4 - fce h r prorecri,~nagainst compcnsarion awsrdi
for damages
5 ............. . . ......... . . . . . . . . . . ourslde assesan w h o checks proccdures comply wirh standards
and regulunons

14.2 Match the highlighted clsuscs in this exrracr irom a client care precedenr Irrrcr la-fl with ihe
instructions ior rvriring 'lient precedent letter givenby ihr rupervirlng parrnrr in A
opposite. The firs one has been done for you.

[ 1
p r I
"'1 refa to [ ]whenyoueonfiod our insb.uctions to act for you in *is
pleaxd to do so on yourbehalf.
I INSTRUCTIONS
1.1 Your insrmc"on8 arc [ t o . . . I.
IZTh1s will involve :-
0i.w #.?suesdace o&n lo belaten arsernur in rhc file note an cliortl

3.1 (*I W+ll deal with thismatterpersonalty and I am a mlicitor wirhtheflrm.

4110ho~01manm b e the unlh O V C ~ I iI e ~ ~ ~ ~ i a supervk~onoftt
lifyf~~
If far auy Elm" i am unauailabiepluae a* i01ormy mscm,Aida Muzoz.
4 COSTS i

. ~ ~ . ~ t i a ~ ~ ~ d ~ f ~ ~ m ~ ~ ' c ~ ~ ~ * ; ~ ~ % ~ f i '
I will monitorour chmges and when coax m h E l. . .I pluVAT addisbwsomem oofumcrwork
will hc done w i m ~,u t w ~ enn.pnt
~~60~
~C ~~ ~~ ~~

~ O A E som axirbeiomes practicableto do so, I willpmvi~ryouwith a s t i m a t e arm the lik~ktatal

i
charEs snd expenses. I
__I
In a client care letter you should ...
(a) - . refer ta t h e m a t t e r on which you are instructed t o a c t .,

14.3 There are many ways of u s k g 'as' in E8nglish and it chcurr iirquenrly in lcgal tcxn. It can
t~incrlonar a preponeon, rr a ianiuncrion, and it can inrroduce a suhordinaru clause. March rhe
irnderliiied cxamples irom A o p p o r ~ t e11-81 wirh the appropriate rynonynl for iu use m the rcxi
iil-fl.

.~~....
A u d h pivrng quality sssurnncc to our client? .
~

4 d on rhc basis char

5 ... &the insurcis are concerned, rile rhsk ... c in rhe cnnrexr of being
 Money laundering procedures
1 Money laundering procedures
Relow are e n r a m s from a smrurop inhrmmenr rhrr has implicnrinna for law firnms.

svtcrn, r n d mining ucr. lo percot ruonrylauodo"":

P r n I,
OBLIGATIONS ONPERSONS WHO CARRY ONMLEVANT 811SmLSS

3 I I l Every p~rronmu? in thecaw% ufrclo%nnlhvs~ncrrelmell an by hxm m iheUnltrd Klngdum -

rI
la) romply with fllc nyu~mmcnts" ~ r g i I 1 t i i i s 4(id~066cstionpm~ldure).
6 (rword *reping p m e e d d d l md i
7 onlernal mportinp: pmrrdurrs): 1
Ib) wabiirh 8u.h othc.,,n"nnd"dd d f i i i i , II"""~ and Cd"""""d"ddd"" dd,W bb b,,.onPPPP fff Ih~hPPrnrnrnf ;

(?)A po,wn whocontrsrenrs this egulstion is mllV oivl n0cnie md lirblc-

( a ) o a c o m u i n i u a o o ~ ~ l ~ e u i .imp".momco~
lo a 6oc ortobod.
IUratcrru~totcrcred~~Lycm.lo
lbl on summrryranuicllon, t o a 6nc no?e r i e d i n e the snmiorylnlnimum
-
15) ~npro<r=lfingsa u u l ~ c r n yprian iilrm ofrenw under tbls royulation. h 1s a delmcefar illnr iieovnm rhm
that he'go* all m..onahle .b,,.."d erercirc* dl dYC d i l i ~ t"~ "linliic""""i"l"g
~ ~ the 0RCnCE ii
C ..

(31Anlrn~malolain idcntifics0on procodumr whrrh-

,a1 Kgulre ihstas 8""" rr i. n.mn.bl) pmcticsblc rflcr Ennlirl ,,%st l n r h b r m m * ElldR -
(I) B ma, prodUEE '.tisf.tl~.l.~dd.Ocl Olhl.id.."R; 0,
I,?) ruchm~arurcrspecifled in "lc pnx-rduzs m,,s, henken in oiderto prducc . l l r h i t o O . ~ - i d m c r,,in'.
ilimnv:
(b) cake inlur<couot Ihr yrcaicr prrnilal for money laundcmguhich ailsrsrhm R 18 nor phjiically nrerenl when

.,
beioeidenlificd:
. . .
,.., , . .:.
. ,.,..,
.1 1 : n , \ ,n
. , .. , . . ,.,.,,
. I . . ..I I >( I~ ' . , .
';. " ,
, 7 . 3,. ...
Ir..,ihh.",.'?
.

~~~~
I..
,.,
I,,>

~~~
i .r,i
- IP1
.,.,
,,- . lhrrpn," I , . ,r . n r l . . I * . . ,..*c. '., P

-
Regul8tion 7
1"tCrn.l .",,ortin. pmEcdurcr j
~ ~ ) ~ m ~ t m i n n irnni tnEi n r ~ r r p n r t i n ~ ~ ~ m a w hi q, m
~ he t h a ~ -
(a1 a penon m X s orgrni.anonisnnlninslcd to receirrdbdowrer vlllior Ullr rrgulatlunl'lhe nominated officei').
41)

Note: Headings in the above document appear in bold in the original statutory instrument
5.1 G ~ m p l e t crile de6nit~oni.laok at h to hclp you.
procerh hy which hnsricc ~rbralnedr h m u ~ hcrlnle ir used ~n

nor carnerl nut in ihe course at

a ihasineir ~ c r i i i r y

as

- a,ri c r e r ) cam and carried our

6 . . confidential inf,,imar#oh madr puhiic

5.2 iceplace rhe undcrlmed irordi and phrases m rhc memo heiow ivirh airernati,'e word5 and
phrases from A upporire. Pay artcntion ro the gl-amrnarical omtext.

-
BRIDGEMAN BANKS INTERNAL MEMORANDUM I
To: All Parmers and Fee Earners Date: 23 April 2007
Fmm: Peter O'Donneii
Subject Money iaunde"mg p ~ ~ c e d u r e s
YOUWill no doubt be aware of the serious implicationsfor legal firms and their employees offaiiing
to (1) obsenrethe (2)PrafitsCrime Act and the Money Laundering Regulations. Given that
it is possible to bewme unintentionally involved in a money laundering transaction lnihe course
of, for example, a propeny purchase, or in asitvation where you (3)-out activities on behalf
of someone else, the firm is anxious to put in piece systems and to provide training to ensure
that there are effective procedures so that employees do not risk (4) hm&ng the regulation.
me penawes foiiowina criminal orneecution and conviction ma" camorise imprisonment and a
(5) money ~ m i weneedu to beableto demonstrate that we is) did what was aassibieand (7)
carried out ail formal reaulisments to avoid committing an mence. The main offences under the I
current ieqisietian are: I

. . . . . - i
Evidence of i d e n t i
As vou know, the orecedent form of the Ciient Care letter for new clients and the firm's standard j
,
1 0 1 ~ 13 1 0 _ : . r ~ 5 ~ : 0 - 1 : n -l>rr>a'nnioma\e ? F. 1. ' 1 conrc?..s<,f .r ..o ~ i t c n s. n w ' . e
~ 3 r ' a l o nA, $ 8 r . ~ 1 1 - 1x v J ~ ~ I I . ' I ) . C C B ~ . ~ F ~i 1 . c ,eq. ? ~ 6 1 1 1L IJ'JJ m 11 $.I. F I ~ I ~ ~ O O ~
"I usr.,, 1.on ncn c = , , < a ? soo- as r .el~nnaol o r l c l c ~ ,r 0.. 0.3. ,"?re .rP"llrrrnl
requirements (for example, appearance in person, passpolt, driving iicenci. eic.1 for different
'
Wpes of client and the relevant guidance is set out in the m i c e Manual.
Wnet t o d o 01 you are ~ ~ . ~ i ~ ~ o ~ s - ~ mponlng r n e r n apmeedJres
i
i
~ ~ . l t n c I rr n' 3 ~ I . V . . C > h'o-el .a,. i..rrg2ecor,~ 9 : ~ ; e r I .o. I i . r a n , - . g ~ - o ? r m
i , e ~ r e r r o ~ , : ; r n n ? c . a r c n . ro- rsowt > l a 1 1 o s n z r r 3 3 -. .I\ o r ~ s ? ' e a re..^
:3":1:,I,. I inn, Me,i.c.,.,ro,er,n*,.i,,!',o're , i t ,,,a C r n n a we "el,." ;en r r '
e m , . , . . .
r 0 sr. e to n'.,m# .,c c en1 - I! r : > n?rrc.nl ' 0 I pi, .#i: io" if hC 5
IC;aFSil " *? M P A 9 I r a <..>,?, i n r e r,iacwr r ' - ' - F c
 Client correspondence
Conciscncrr can be a feature of legal correspondcncc i n English. This is panly acllieved
h y using w o r d r or phrases n, rcfcr to regmcnts o f earlier text (ruhrt~rurion!or by not
I complenng a phrase and ornrning words icllips~s!, assuming rhc rcader c a n recover rhc
mcaning from the preceding rcxt. Arlorhcr fcarure of legal rrxr 1s rile use of caplrals m i d
sentence for key rcrnmr which may he defincd or mrerpreted cbuwhcrc i n rhc text or in
anorher documeor. The lcaer below ir from s sequence of cc>rrerpondence hcmemi a
and hir cllcnr. It collccrns rlie final stages o f the p ~ ~ r c h a socf a company
sol~c~toi-

JENXLNS X'ATSON
Strictly P6-Lo and Confiden6a1
Mr e Srnbbwd
Mannpmg Director rcpi2lZZ~IX14
I ~ r n ~ ~ h l " , " ~ , ~ ~ t ~ ~ i ~ d
a~ndirS L ~ ~ ~
Bnr".

hinihcrrrr 23 Frhiurw 2W7

Dcw Cnlrd""

I P."jortlvorv
h q e l Company -XrnnWio R d Limited IXRLfd)
Foilnwinu ll"rm~,,ng"" Monday p,mw Snd rnc,nrpd 'he tu"h~ram.nd.d ,,l.ud,\ , f 7 m l S r . , r i i n g t o ~ icr
yOY'"pp'"\~"I.
AT previously dirrusxd. you will8.1 me hauc hmhrrinsliunro~uin damn Lo oundifio>!slo ivhlch Cczmplriioll will bc
aubjmlYou will acclhal1 hnveirR thiJa.oerta\~~rig~ndly dr,dtcdfor the timeking.
I shnvld k gntciul >+youwould rcrdth.cmhllelully nnliiiln&m lhal you ur Dopy u i t h t b o , or

I ~ > o w;ray furtheCchanpn r r c r r y u l ~ .I W ~ I Ikenraped

-
~ ~o l~e ~
d t c m n i irt inmocnngicm
~ h momlngbut
~ ~
rm in the orfir. *re. apart tmm ih.?.
re* ofthe r r ~ k
1 look i l w a r d l o h-anne lnlm you.
Youn rlnreirly
<LC< rm,W
nl.lPalne
1
'I Note: Encll. - an abbreviation far 'Enclosure', used to indicate that other documents are 8neludcd
Heads of Terms - document setting out the prncipal agreement pre-contract
completion - financial eloiure of the deal; when n is completed

II Standard phrases for starting and ending r t t e r s and m a i l s

1 Stating the reason for writing Offering further assistance

rl Iam w t i d n g m i n f o d a d v i s e you that ...

Please find enclosed
Wc act for Ion hehalf of
...
Pleaic lcr m e k n o w if you havc m y particular
I Iam pleased to cncloie ... concerns
...
...
Plrvre lct me k n o w if wc can he o f further
UIe ace inrrmaed hy the ahovbnamed client assistance ...
in rclarion ro ... lfyou have any questions, pieare d o nor

I hesitate to givc me a call ...

- .
Referrina ta orwiour contact
Further to our recent correipondence ...Referring to the next step
1writc hrrhcr to m y letter / our m e t i n g of ...
Is h o u l d ~ w o u l dbe s a t e f u l if you could ..
A? preYio~slydiscussed ... Could you ~ l c a r cconfirm that ...
FoUowing our meeting on ...
Thank you for y o u I c t r e r l e m d of ... Ending
Il o o k fanvard to hearing kom y o u shortly I
as soon as passihle.
Il o o k forward ro our meeting I your reply.
' 6 March rhc wuidr and pluaicr f m m the lerrer 111 A opposite 11-61 wrrh the qnonrmi la-tl.
1 a p a n ham a for now
2 for the rest of b changed
3 enclosed c herider
4 further d for the remainder of
5 h r rhc time b e k g e additional
6 s~ncnded f together wlrh rhu lcrrer

' 6.2 Decidc whlch of the following u n d e r h c d in A opporire is a n example of suhir~rurion

and whlch i s an example of ell~psns.in rhe case of suhmmnon, make a note o f the phrasc in rhe
lerrer which ir rcfcrs back to. In r l ~ ccaie of ellipsli, make a norc ,of the mlssmg woidlsl. The fimr
one has been done $01you.
1 ... for the rest of r l ~ ewcck apart from b.
5ubstkurion of 'that' for Thursday rnornini
2 ... r e l a r l n ro the...
3 ...I have leh ar originally drafted ...
4 ...
rend rhe encioredcaruivlly ..
5 ... and confirm rhai YOU arc happy i v l r h r h e , or ...

6.3 llead A opposite then say ~f rl~eiestrrement, arc rnle or false. Find runrnna tor your answers in
rhe lerrer
1 Thc Heads of Tmms havc been changed ieveral rimes.
2 Alex Paine has madc no changes to rhc amdirions for Complcrion.
3 Alcx Pnine is not cxpcct8ng his clicnr to give h i n ~more msrrucriuns.
4 Alex Paine doer nor rxpcci bas clienr to reply if he is ratistied with rhc cnclured documenr.

16.4 Coinpiere rhii lmmci f r o m Alex Pvine to b r rlicnr with approprirrc phrrrcr from R appoilrc.
There is more than onc possihlliry for rhrec of rhe answers.

6 Aptil2007
De8, Oordun
Prujecf ivory
Taqef C o m p a n y Franklin Rod Limiad (CK 1.M)
uii the rra.on/or Apeme", in respect
W r i i l l r ~ , the
changed rmce h e la%,vcrrioli
*I" iap,"?v?"ur <~~mf<,'il
fhl"X thcic aremy rurpores

i""O ,he ner,rt<~p)

f e d Plcac bring

?Ler Pal*
Alex Parnc
 Explanations and clarification
Explaininq a procedure

F"rr ..., thcn .... ncxi ..., nhei that ...,finally ...
Other pluerer you might me include:
7 h e next thine/step is to .., once that's heeo done ...,heforc that happcni vou/wc .... the
last step willbe to . .

Approximating and comparing

When ralking to or writing to a c l l e n i or collcnguc from rnorhcr legal system, you may necd
o, explain or descrihe ieaiures of y o ~ sysrum
r w111ch are diiiercnr or hroldly r~inilerTlic
phrarcr below can be uscd to compare sspecrr of your system. It may be ipl>ropnaie to u\e
key tenns in your own l n n g u g c ,and then c,ffcr a c o ~ n p a i i r i r ecxplsnar~on.for example:

( in Scotland 'dclcr' arlres from che law of uhligmoni. Thi? is comparable ro 'rlrrr' in England.

You havc X, that's whar wc could call Y.

We don't have X, instead we ...

m y rhi, is 1 how0
/ as

slightly [+I
" m d ~ t o.''
This is rather [r)
like ...
horn [your) Y in the very 1-
This is equivalent ax ...
( procedure / 1
T h a c is no
comparable

m Rephrasing and clarifying

When you are explaining sornurhing which 1s ncrv or complex, it h i lmponsnr ro check rhar your
llscrners undersrand whar may be ncu. terms or conccptr. You can help thcir comprel~casionby
rephrasing your words and help your own c o ~ l ~ p r e h ~ n s <of
i o nwhat rhey say by rcphrniing or
rummarising rheir wordi. You cm ns r h pluales Lxli,ru to signpl that yon are ~ ~ p h i a s r norg
asking for clanficarion.
In England w e have a itiinmon law
system, rhsr is, iarcr arc ...

... rorr, in other words. a cwil

... call to the Kar, rhii (ncruaily)

m w n s qi~alifyas a harriscer

explain k ~ r h c r...
Let me arguing
put it nnother way ...
40 ~miessiond€ngiiih rn "re LOW
17.1 Explain the diiierenr stages in :erring propmerary righrs for an lnvrnrlon rs i i m a ciienr. L.ook
ar A u p p m ~ r cm d use thc lnforznorion hdow to help you. The first part of the rxplanarioo has
heen done h,r you.
r consider ~uhmirringa n rpplicrrion to chc parent officc in the research phase
r don't publicly dsclore rhe imcnrion becalrsc this inlghr be inrerprcred .is prior puhlicarlon
Irhmk ahaur osini: rhc servlcei of a icgisrered psccnr agenr to help prepare the specificanon
lthc lrgrl document) requued by rhc parent office
Icornpiere rhe form 'llequert for grallr ot patent'
r take or scnd rhe dncummrs to the parcnr office
r the parent officc dccidei whuthcr the invcnnan iulfilr rpccSlc ir>ndirioni before ir granrs a
p3ccnt
You warted me fayveyouan purliv.oi.~he.s~a~e?.!n oar" ppropriei;iv.r8ag~. First, c~n.elder..... .
?ubm%tnaan a v g l ! c a t ~ n w t r l . g ? ~ . c t . . ~ .n.tk,eresearch
~ce pha54 .............. . .................. .~ ....

17.2 (irmplere the scrirencei with words and phrases from B ,oppr,sice. Ure the ,"dux to look up any
unfamiliar turms. There is mure rhun one purllbllin ior 6,ur of the answcis.

5 In Scorland, jotie- may m c h onc of rhree rerdacn: goilry, nor gullry or not pro,cn, 'I%
England where only nvc >.erdlcrs are ~ , I ~ S I / Ig~iilty
IP:

17.3 Complete rhe rcnrcncei with wordr and phrases from C <rpp,,s,re. There i s more rhan one
p m s i h i l i ~for two cni the anr\vcr,.
1 The clause cxcludcs 2ibnornmal u,earhcr condir~o

useq such as what rhe applrcahlc law will be and

pcrfirm an obligari,
the interpretation of
- k g a l language
Legal writing in English lhrs dcvelopcd over hunilrcdr of years and is chrrrcrcri~cdby rpeclfic
fean~rei.some of w h ~ c hcan makc r diHiculr for ihe n a n ~ l a w ~ ro

- scc llnlt 81, ",ing

of words with a reciprocal relar~unsh~p
e r undcrsrind. Characrerirr~cr
of legal wrirlng include: using Larin rcrnls (scc rrxr B belowi; uimg rechtlical rcrms ('iubsidiai~t)
old~fashioncdwords nor much i n pencral usc (scc rcxr C below); using pslrs
~lcsulr'i'leisee' - see Unlr 39); using lcgal jargon f'wirhou!
prejudrce ro') 8nclud8ng the use of pairs of words ('terms and cond~tionr'),or rriplcrs ['budd.
erect or ionrrruct'i; hrulng > p c ~ i amrani
l ngi for words in urc rrhu judge deterrmincd rhc
facrr of rhc carc', whcrc 'dcrermlnr# means 'decided'); uiillgvague w a n l i ('provide a sufficient
rcrvice'); using long senrences wlth ltnle puncrurrlon; ii~vcrringword order ('title abiolure'l; usmp
capital lerrerr to signal hporrvnr or defined rerlns ('thu term, of the Lease ...') avoid~ngpcrr<mal
pronouns ('you', 'we', 'l'j: the specific me of the mndsl vcrh 'shall' m lmpaie an oblsg.~non inr du!
irn \omcone ['The rrnanr shall nor sub~lerrhe whole ,or parr crt rhe premses.'i; rhe [use of 'ahall' m
a ilircirory rcnsc ('Noricc of a n appcal shall bc filed iwrh8n 28 diy5-li.
There is a movemerlr ro drah legal rert III srandard. modem. 'plain' E n ~ l s h
bur 'wr chanrc
will bc dew.
Note: Snmr legal draftes argue that the use of 'shall' n a directory renie is to be avoided because
of confuron. Note also the genen Engllrh use of 'shall' to refer ro future lntentionl('1 shall w r t c
to hm?, although this use r increarngly unrornrnnn

Latin terms
There are many I a r i n rerins in ivrlrrcn F.ngli511 lugulr n r , zlrhough recent reforms ~nrhc
English jusrice sysreln have eeccouragcd rhc usc of Engl~shrarhcr chin 1.ann. Somr Larin
terms are used so frcquentlr that thcy arc in p,cncral English uic icg., ad hnc, bonv fidc,
pro ram, ctc.). It is usefui to he nhle ro recogllirz thetr m e m n g and a d~cnonaryor orlline
I glossary will help. Forms o f pronunclarion iary.
ad hoc - for chis purpose i n sim - ~n irr orlgtnal riruarlon
affidavit - wimcscil, signed Eracement inter alia - among orhcr things
bona fidc - in good farth ipso fact" - hy rhc f a ~ t
caveat - wlrnlng per pro - o n hchalf of another
de fano - i n facr per sc - hy lrsclf
dc jnrc - by nghr prima facic - Jr hrir right
er cerera ierc.1 - and so on p r o '8" i l l prOpOrllOn
exnnpli mana ie.g.1 - for example quasi - aa i f ir u,ere
u; parte (ex p.) - by a pain wlrhout nurlcc sub judicc - m rhc courrc " i rrlrl
i d s t ( i . ) rhar is ultra virei - h e p n d the power
i n camera - heanng a case IT, prsvarz ridcliccr (vizl - namely
111 curia - UI open coun
Older words and modern equivalents
A number o f lmkin!: rrons arc used in older sriocn lcgal r c r o [case rrporri, lrgialaiic,~l.
I court dacumeonrioo. coarrrcrr. eri.1 to rcfcr rcl cnrhcr a.~rriot the satme TC\T. o~d~ffcrvnr
legal dncumenrs. or to relsted cnntexo.
the nforcmentioned 1 the foregoing - set our i h o ~1rivnrrun a b o i i nom+rhiianding - dc\pnr
the undermennoned - qer o t ~ rbelow I mrirren hcliriv rhereaher - ahcr char
hcrerhcr - akcr rhti thereby - in tirat ivn! I by rhs
hrrcbl - in rhia may 1 hy r h ~ thcrcin - i n that [documenrl
herein - in chis fdocomcnri thereof - of char
h e r e o f of chis rhcrcro - lo char
hereto - t o r h s therewith - *ith rhar
herewith - a ~ r rhiq
h
 1 Underline rhe charanernrric features o f lcgal writing rnrnrloned in A opposirc I f o r cxaniplc. uxng
<,Id words) in the fullowing consulner conrracr renns [I-31. Then complete the reriqed versions
i n plain rcr~ns/a<) w i t h approprirfc wordr [or forms oi words) iroln rhe origlnal
rcrms (1-3). I'ay arrenrion o>rhe gr~nlm$ricalconten.

'
1
This Agreement and the benefih and advantages herein .............................. is not
contained we personal t o each Member and shall not be transferable.
sold. assigned or transfened by the Member a

~~

~essorshall nor t+ liablc for iusr ofordamrge to any propem. Wearconly .............................
l e t aorrd, or k p o n e d b y Hirci or my lither p n w n in for ............................... or damage
orurn" Vclucle eithcr b e k a or nRrr the renrm thereof to to .............................. hh io the
k s m c . H i x r hcrchy r m s tohold Lcssor hum>lessfrom, and s or
indemnify Lessor against all claims br%d on m arlrln$out of tam
~uchlossor dumagc ulllesr cawcd by thc negl8gence of Lmsor
d.*r--
/ .~
our .......................
~ ~~ ~~
I
I

18.2
-money due horn the curtaker to the Company on any other
account ha5 been paid in iull.
~ ~~
i
F
March rhe ncnrences canraining Latin terms (1-71 with the i c n t c r ~ c ewlmch
i have ,lnular
I

~ncanlng(aj;]. Look ac R opporlre rrr help you.

1 Thcre is a prlma facie case ro answer
2 Thcy have cnrered a caveat.
3 Their acrion war ultra iirer.
4 The newspapers cannot repan derails
o f rhc case hecause n is sub iud#ce.
5 An ex parre application w a r lodgcll i t
r h r court.
"u -8 ,,It L U C ~ hI x t ' ~~l ~a ~ ~ ~ e r a .
7 An a d hoc committee w a i formed.
a Thcy acted i n a way which w r i beyond r l ~ c i r
lexitinmate powers.
b A n applcarioa for a n inloncrion was niade ro
the court hr one p a r w and nu notiic ,,?as given
co the orher parv.
c Thc case %,as heard in private, with no me~nhers
o f the puhlrc piermr.
(I ~ n e navr
y warned us rhry lhave m rnfcrcrr III
the care, so thcy w i l l need nnrice beiorc we take
any tunller steps.
e h coninllrree was set u p for rhc pairicullr
plvprrae of inrcrtrgar#ng rhc issue.
f The acrion should proceed hccvure one sidc has
shown rhrrc srrnls ro he suflicienr evidence.
g 'Ihc case ca~mc,tbc menriu~lcdin the lrrciiia sf i t
i r likely to prcludice court
Business organisations
5olc trader
Andcr,on. a partner in rhc commercial depsrmlenr of s law firm. ii o>mmenong o n
the C ~ O I C P Sfor different wading vehicles for hu5incrs.
.I
' A clirnr wvnrlng ro opcratr burk~cssh r pmfit might select irorn a !number c o i drfferenr
trading cntitier. Each has diifeienr l c g ~charncrerirrici
l and i s rubiccr ro dliicrunr roles

~r . . "
from a company i n rhar rlic ownership and msnagemenr ir uioally icsfed in rhc r i m e
l c dchts ol rhc hua~nesr,aud lrvay chus risk
i b rhc
pcrson, whc 2s periunrlly i c ~ p ~ ~ ~ ~ all
hccoming banknrpt. F~nance-arc confirlcnrial .~ndh r m a l i r i c ~arc tew, aside from Value
Addcd Tax. o r \TAT rcgulaoons.'

Partnerships
' A commwn form u f srrunorc h r crrrr8n kindr n f huskcis, for exnlnplc ricounranrs,
ar,liaroo. and ;archacco, is a partnership. Thlr needs to havc a t lean i n c , anembus and
nurrnrlly a maxilnurn of twenty. There is an exemption on iizc for some vpes ot hrm,
such as i o l ~ c ~ nand
~ r s aca>onmntr. All the partners may hc jointly m d rcvcrally lirblc
ior all the dchrr of rhc husrness. The relanonshlp hcnveen rhc pirrners i n U S ~ drakcd
~ I I ~
~nrhc I'rrmcnhip Agrccmenf. This can scr ouc rhc durarion of the pnrmcrih~p.Ins name
and h~ilneiq,how pr060, losica, and rnnnini: cortr are to hc ,hered, h u u moch c a p i d
cach partner 1s ro i-onrrihure, ivhar rules ivill apply ro the capltal, what grounds %ill luud
~ resrrlcrronb are imposed on panncrs.
to a partner being c x p d l ~ d6on1 the i o n ~ p a nwhat
and a,on. 1c's also porslhle ro havc n L'imitcd i.iab'lliry Prrmcrihp, or LLP, r u h ~ c hhas a
legal ldcnricy separate horn ins memhers. I n chis sense n ruse~nblein I~mtredcompany lrer
ten Ci. I t l parrrblc h r all rhc parrnura except unr, know,,as rhe ~ c n c r aparmcr,
l robes

Limited Companies
.? Pnvatc Liril~redCon~pany(Lcd) 1s a separate lkxal en"y shlcll cn quc, and h i \ucd,
in ira oa,n rirhr.Tl~cGrrnwmy. ~
i s ldenrlhed by as ririsrerrd ni~mbei,*hhcl> iv8ll remalt,
the same irrerpenivu of any changerof nanie. A huswncrr can start ldc a, a limired
company and rhts may he particularly spproprlatc where h~gh-riskprolecrs are ininlrcd.
I n iomc in\ranccr, liirecrors ivill bc aAud ru guarantee thc obligations o i a compsn!: for
eaamplc hy y v i n q wcurifv avcr personal asreti o>g~~:urr.intcc ompany horrowkg. Thtr

~ ~~
, .
maikcr ro raiic share cupiral. I r i lmandirory for a PLC ro havhir lcarr'nuo rhaieholders,
two dircciois, rnd a prufr7aionsUg qualihcli C o m p u ~ ySecret-. The mioimuln
authorired sharc capital 1s t50,000 and 2.5% must hc plld up. Buforc rlic ormpan? can
r r a h ur borro\u moncy, a Trading Certificate ha\ a, he oht?>nrdtrnsn rhc ilegirmar of
Companies lsuc Unit 201.'
19.1 hlarch rhc two parts oi the sentences then replace rhc undcrllncd words and phraier w r h
nlrurnar~vcword< m d phrurer from A and B opposite. Thcrc s marc than one p ~ ~ ~ ~ b i l ~ ~
for one of rhe undcrl~ncdphrases.
I . I

* . , , I ~
8, :8 .>r. > r , . . , l-~ . I.
, ,r,
.. 8; J . . .#.I
,I * \,I
i.,r, . I " ,
,.
p,n,,.n,,r

? \I
rradc if
n.. I. I., .. 1.
I
I<. .\.I . *, . ,,
c set our
,
r,,,.

in
-1. I,,
, ,,,I p3m,vr,n.<,

rhc rlu;rlr [fc,mal documcnni of rhe

3 A small enterprise where one person bears d.
the rerponribilicy and rakes rllc profits d hcr bcmg forced m leave rhe partnership.
4 In an rordinary parmeiship, all rhe e hecausc c , < from~ rhc nonnal provision
p a r m c ~ sarc under rhc l a w
5 I n n Llrmrrd Parrncr,hlp, r rnecificd f rerooniiblc collccrivclv and individwllv fur thu
n s m e i bears the rlrk iinnnclal losses a f r h e business.
6 Parrnrrr need ro dccidc o r coun declares the busmessman rs incsoahlc of

rwenry mernheir bi~iineir2nd the need ia lhmir liability.

9 Mlsconducr by r parmer mnghr lcad a,

19.2 Make ward combinari,ms from C ormg words from the box. Then use
appropriate word ormbinanons ro arirwer rhe quesilons brloiv.

llegisrrar of Public auihorxied csp~ral over personal asreri minimum

case guaranree Cumpanics securrcy share capital
rhc <lhligntic,ns enfiry legal Limitcd G,rnpmy

1 In r private limired cornp;my, u h a i guarantee may a director have ru prorlde in order ro

hurru,v capicni?
2 What v p e oi business orgsnlsarion musr have tlL.500 of rharrs paid up!
3 Which official keeps a record of all incorporated companici, rhc derallr of their directors and
then financial starer?
4 1c is nvandatory for s PLC o, have 25% of what paid up?
5 What is the purpose of a PLC acllillg shares ro rhc p i i l i c ?
Formation o f a company
Incorporation
lam^ Anderson, ;I partner
in rhe a,mmercial drparrvnenr ot 1 lam iirm, a dlrcu\rlng the
ionnation of u company in rhc UK with an overseas clienr.
'The regulations for incorporation, char IS, forrnlng r cnmpany. I r e icr our in the
Cumpunk Act 1985. Thrre are a n u m k r of $reps tu br l~~llowed i~ this procedure.
We offer rhxs service to clients, rr do accountatxi r n d othcr privatc accror formation,
or repisnation, agenrs. Firstly. ir's rnecesian to choosc a name for rho company r v h ~ c h
ir lcgally acccptvble. Tlx name to he regirrcrcd isn't neccisarily the asme as the wading
name. T h e applicarinn fur repstradon wili be rclccred if the name can't hc diaii~guirhcd
eaally from a cunlpany whicil already cxlsrs as a regirraed company. The urc of c e m i n
, example 'Rririih: 'Inrer~mri~,nrl'a d 'Eurupean', may requrre prior approval
~ o r d s for

ot icgirrrarrnn, rhr ,>err company will hc g ~ v e na company numbcr, also h o w n as a

repsrcrcd number, which rcmalns consrant rhruughour its Ihh, and <:ompan~rsHouse ~ 1 1 1
l ~ begin trading as a companv b)
issue 2 Ccrtificarc oi Incorporation. In lait, it's p o i r i l ~ ro
purchasing a shelf company, whlch is already regamred, and haring its sharer nanrfcrrcd.
'Ibis is a rourc il~o,enhs cllenrn where speed 15 a prercqnlrite.
A c o m.~ a n. vmusr lvare an ofhre in rhc lorirdlci~onar M-hlihII C A be
~ in-cd mirb i n r
lcgal process. n ~ statutory
e books. or official company rrgerers, musr also be kept there
and be avallahle tor mipccrion. Uccailr of any regirrercd company - ita rLgistercd ofice,
company number, accounring reference dare, dare of lir financial year m d , and birron a i
previoms ~ ~ a m-c cani be found kee ,of charge ar Companies House.'
'For compania registered in England or Wales - Companies Houir In Cardiff For rompanlei
registered in Scotland - Cornpsnlcs House in Edinburgh.

Memorandum and Articles of Association

'\Vhcn a comoanv , .
. i\ inc0morated. sr must r d m i Memorandum and Amcic\ of
Association, also known as rile 'Mcm and Arts'. The M e m u r s ~ l d u liers ~ ~ our the
C o m.~ a n. r ' sobiens.
. or ouroorcs. and it's imoormnt trr cnrurc that thcre oroucrlv
. . rcflccr
the company3 lorcnrions, tor ex3mple the a'hilln ro martgage company p r o p e q f i r the
purpose of raising finaniu. The Arrlclci scr o o r the rclsri,,nrhtp benvccn rile compsuy and
irr ihsreholdcrr. The rcquiremrnrr for dircco~ri'and rb~rcholderr'mcetsngs arc alho set
our here. as are resrncnons on share rransfer and a l l o n c n r of new sharer, and regularions
~ ~ n c c r n directon'
in~ powers and dunes. M,isr companies rre h i r e d compsnics wlch
rhc liabslity of mrmhcrr lirnircd m rhs n o m ~ n a lv a l ~ ~I*u rhc iharcl thcy hold or, lcrs

msri~lnu~>r
. , . . .
amount o t sharc capiralwhicll can hc iksued, known a5 ihc authorired share
capital. A company need nor issue all its authorired share capiral.'

LBrE: Articles of Arruciat8on; AmE: Bylaws

BIF: Memorandum of Artlrler o f Arinriat~on:AmE: Articlcr of lnrurporaton

N ~ t cFor
: more nformat~anabout shares. I P P U ~21I
20.1 Jvmlci clicnr has renr an email asking mure about shelf compaiuci. CamplcrcJamiei repi<.
1.ook at A 0pp0rire to help y<,o. There is ,nore than one porilhiliry f,li one c,f rhc anm-err.
-
............. . .... ,,... .... ........... , G??

Ma.-
A
mnm 'o,o"m %"*mo.am
(11 I
. .
Fmm: l . a n d e r s a n @ h a o v r e w a n d d d , ~ ~ o ~ ~
To m lynch@buchan r o uk 1
- I
sublea A shelf company
A

Dear Michael, ?
8:. enq. r-n .:rout ;neI . . I p s n d , 1rc:c ,rr -ompanes .\I r - ale a'eil,,
rrg%w.e: R T 1 ompan ?s I:..%, . -cn n -n ;n n r c n - c n I ~ < C CIC i r c

1
I~ I -, , 1°C e*dmC C A * 1cn: % ' I < <. A ' r .,s . ,
1'
~ 7~~ ~

of the solicitor's hrm. The shares of the c o r .n ~ a. nare ~. ( 2.) .............................. to the
1 purchaser, who normally urqently requires a ( 3 ) .................................... The b
.1 >
.,. .,
-7arzP: ,r0 in r n En?,, n f T),l'::c.5
11:) .. 'x I T , l p p n r - e l - - re?;re we n: 3 Rcara a m
5e,,ctaf\ ...no .e5 I trcrv.f. r 5 - r - z c r r i r ei a .;. .
e : : e ' ~ ~ d~ r' :~. . ~ . .
1
~ ~

i f ~ s k c ' i t i o n The
. purchaser acquires the ceriificate of (6) ............... :
. .
20.2 ~ ~ undcrlxncd words m d phraseswirh
Jamie shows his clicnr r rrlnpie Memorandum. R c p l a thc
appropnare legal ccr~nsfroin A ;lnd B opposite.

Na. ofCampany SC125513

Thr Com~ani.8 Act I985
PRN-ATE C O M P A W ( I ) m U Y S W S
MEMORANDUM AND 12) REGUL;inONS OF ASSOCIATlOh
LANCFr.07 L I M m D
-2. ...U.:ILIq "'.!:"?
\.."lr- I I I L.... n < : m . ..,- . s , c " ' : . , , .
.,.. , r>, , \ r r I x ~ : \ ~ . ~ ~ : ~
" I ..I.....
I
:
3.
'.< .
m. Cnmpn"yl(41
<,"#8",
,.Id . , .%.LO
nriE-.
-.n 1 I,.

m myon i Y r z : c r r t lmducs~YY
y o r wbclhubY ilrelrorthnlvgh ,uhrimarl m i a t c d a r ; l ~ ~ l a i r ~ p ~ e a
or ms inthe "",led Klngdnm o r e l ~ h C 7 e i nall 0, a"yvi,r bmchcr my bulmc*, und~UXing,pr"jfflm '
en,m,,""of"y d~.rnpfionwhcfhnotrpnvnlEorp*,ir rh.rrctrrund a,, or my ha*.. p m i n r . and rtt"srC3
ronorribl'dcrcwlUi ur anidsri or mmp,irn~nmQ,tienu.
(h) TO raven anyolhermd. or bunnesi uhateveiahichun inthe.piiunof UleRovd ofDvsto"bt
a d u r n ~ ~ u u srarricd
ly l maw
nn m romcmon w i ~or . to nnv. o f i h bul-ei ul UIE c ~ ~ ~ . . 1 ~ ~
ICI TO pwihar or by any ocher hmesm ncglulum d tde OPPPPPPPPPPY pmwm xmaxmaxmaxma. md my Y ~ orSPPP~IISS
o f any klndowr or in m g r t of~mpcm,
I
...........
" nE(@~Of'bcmemkheiilirm,d

-
5 . T h s C o w y i iharrli)mc!xhvalves fl0OW dbidedinro l0,WO nhrrpr off1 each.
 Raising capital by share sale
Share capital
--

,*
~3LzFP:,,wwwl
-.*
~ .....~ .
~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~

1 A compan;
sna C i A L L 7 1 , ? 1 ,
V " .Derhcrnr.+.-crr:
balan<erherr .
limited by snares may raise capitai by barrown4 money and through the sale of
.
- .re--il.,. e r r a r r > 1 ~r ,
, e s r - <?>,.>,!.,,
< , a com03n.
I:!

-
.I <e,a2l?r<.#..',:: C,<C*T"%?, 5
.
capitallsed. ol T., anc:i n, . ? . 1 7 ) : i . ,, ii ,e:.. m: i >i,~ c l n ; C r p r'rc'+rs:o
. .
!re lhabilit~o r t - - < c v ~ a > >to s w ~ . ~ > ... :er o 97 L.., .<> . A rr ' r a n ~ e :7 a *rnc.r-rm
/
i
basis. A company 1s ab~igedromaintain ifs share capital in order to pmtect is creditom,
and funds mav ~~.
. onlv. be taken from the caoital follaw#nocomolex .omceduml rules, The Alficien
o i A ~ % cnrr 3 - p!o, .1 rn, poner 16 i r r v c s h a r e r -nc. v e m l a l l . n acrr o i ire nominal
1;
capltal- 11. :1111Or,,'.fa..value. I,, re, :neac,<,rrc : a ctme<ndr.ir " l C , cne

I
1
mmo.'", r a n . n l o .s.s . \ n n r c n % " l i r < a l ' .,C',,+U -,
allotted, to shareholders -that is, mey are a~hocatedamong appiicants who subscribe fa.
shares. A shareholder is a member o f t h e company and holds a share cenmcate.
.
in* c j l " p l , ,re, arc c i . i o .
1:
Share value

All shares have a nominal value, generally offl, also known as the par valve. This value is
setout in the capital dause of the Memorandum. Sharer can be issued a t a premiul- -
sum greater than their nominal value - but they cannot be issued afa discount - less than
- --
nominal value. Contracts for the sale of rhares may pmvide for deferred payment, that is,
pa* may be left outstanding until the company maker a call for, or requests, the u~ "paid
amouot. The market value of a share depends upon the prafifabliity of the compao, rand
the sum of cu asserr. The legal nature of a share for the shareholder will depend upon the
-
contractuai rights attached to the share, which is a chose i n action a oersanai tiaht which
can be enforced or ciainled as if it were propem/.
-
I
m Rights attaching to shares

: A company may issue different clarrer of rhares, which have different nghis ottacht
them. The usual rights inciude:
, A tight t o dlvldend, that Is,a share in the prohis. A company may only declare i

. dividend if ~thas made a profit.

A iiaht to vote on resolutions. fore
of directors'c~nt~ack,a t the compar
ais on matters I.elating to the a
leva1 meeting (AGM) - a me

. a,, the sharehold- with Vle director

A right to repayment of the invertmen t in the event that me mmpanv is wound u
rlnred.
Other rights are given as a matter of law by the Comp +-.-.There fighis are
generally only given to shareholders with voting rlghfs at company meetings. The Act provides
that shares must Rist be offered to shareholders in propoman ta their existing shareholding
on terms a t least as favoomble as those offered to potential new shareholders. ~ h i isr the
right d ple-emption. Members of the company have 21 days in which to exercise t h e
right. It does not apply if shares are issued for a non-cash consideration, that is, the price,
nof necessarily money, paid in exchange for the shares.

48 Prafeirional Engirh in Urc Low

!1.1 March r11c rivo parts ui the renrenccs then rcplace rhc ~ u ~ d c r l i n eivordr
and piuascs i u r h
d
alrrrn;lf~re wurds and phrases k o m A opposite. Pay artcnilrm ro rbc grammatical ronrcxr.
There a morc rhsn onc posi~brltryfor iunc of the answers.
1 Sllares can only he ~ s s ~ ~ c d
2 The company Arrlcles ma" allow dlrecroii
3 If morc rharcs arc applied lor than rhc company h r r to "fier,
4 Some""" w h o owns shares i s
5 Thc owncrshlp ui sharer rs
a the company can dlvide ourhc shares.
b known a s s rharcilolder
r to equal the total facc value of all thc shares 01 rhe cornpan); as 5cr our in the Evlemoiandum
o f Association.
d gcncralls evidenced by a m .
e to n i x e cvplral by d h g 5hnrcs.

'1.2 h l a k c w u d combinations lr<rm B a n d C opposirc uiiiig words from tach box. Then use rhe
word comhlnarions ro repl.~cirhu underlined words m d p h r ~ r c rin i h c rentcnccs hclo~v.

declarc the right

defer at a premium
exercise a reiolutloo
a dividend
payment

1 Thc C;c,mpan~er Act requires 75'10of the ~ h a r c h o l d e rto

i show rhelr onmi,,n ahour ispecla1
&t u change the company Articles.
2 The company will announce n u h l i c l i rhar shareholders arc going ro be p a d a oroaornon ~ , i
the c o m w a m i oroflo.
3 Current holders of \hares ,nay LISC thuir cnrltlemenr to bu) ncwly lasued shares bcforc rhcy arc
oifered ro new shrreholderi.
4 You canposcmmc oai,inil in lull for rhr shares until rhc company requesrs rhe unpaid ruin.
5 The company c m ,ffer r l x ~ r e lor
r 5rlc r r u hieher o c i ~ ct h r n their war v ~ l u e .
2.1 rhe definirions. Look ar A opp<isicco, help you.
C<~mplere
agree to secure rhe changing assets of a

agrcu to aerurc r prrticulvr usier, for

gree o, a document in which a company

or rccurl over he compvnyi vsrerr speciBd in thc
document
4 grant .................. - agmu o, guarantee repayment of a loan by charging assets or properry
r rhe lender
~n f a ~ o u of
5 giant ........................................................... a g r e e ro r document n a n s f e n ~ n gan
inrcrcir in l a n d o r bulldings us security for the paynlenr ot a debr

2.2 Complete this extract from a law firlnb ivebsire wirh words f n ~ mrhc hox. Look at A opposite ro
hclp you.

iccurcd mortgagc floating chargr dubcnrrrc repayment insolvent

defaults creditors charge charge lholdcr airerr fixed charge
-
- ~ ~~

I
A company may be funded by a loan, for example f m m a bank, an which !t pays interest and for
which repayment may be guaranteed by a (1) ........................... or a (21. ..................... on one of
the company's ( 3 ) .................... for example a building or land owned by the company. This is
certified by a document generally called a (4) ............................... Debenture haldem are
( 5 ) ................................ of the company. 1f the company becomes (6).......................... , that is, unable
to pay 11s debs, debenture holdeis are enfitied to pdority over nan-secured ciedtors to receive
(7) ............................... Debenture holdem are normaily (8) ................................ by a (9) ................................
................................ aver speciilc p m p e m . ~ s i e whchk are
vehides, cannot be secured by a fixed charge, so a (10)
used. 1f the company (11) ....................... , its assets may e seized by fhe secured
; ( 2 ) ...............................................................
~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~

!.3 Complete rhe rahlr wirh words from A and R npporac a ~ l drelated forms. Put a stress
marl<in front of rhc srrcsscd $).liable i n each ward. Tllc first one lhaa been done for you.
Then complete the delinitinns hclow rvich woidr from the rrhic.

'm,!rt,gagr 'lrl-~"Y;
~ -~
~Illrgor -- ~ --
g'""l
I lessee (rennnrl
1 4 agrees ro a charge over their piopery as a rccurtv f o r s loan.
i has a charge over the mortgagor's propen).
2 A ........................... icllds xnoney ro the m o ~ r g a g o and
3 A ................... g r a n t s n lcrsc a n s property.

Pmiei*;onoi Eng,,sh in Use Low 51

Company directors and company secretaries
Qualifications and duties o f a company director
H,,apprew
1 1.
,,
c o m p a n y directors
These are no mandatory qualihratlonr Lo
became a director of a private ar public llmlted
company (PC), although the followng persons
are disqualified and are not allowed to hold
the positan:
. an ""discharged bankrupt, who has "Of
been released by the court from his debts.
unless leave, or permission, #a obtained from
. the court;
a person dliqualihed by a cou* from abing
as a company drector. I f leave IS g~ven
by a court, t must be for the person Lo
be appointed as a director far a specific
.
company;
In Scotland, a person under Lhe aye a t 16;
anyone over the age of 70 in the case of a
PIC. This age requirement may be wavie,.
or Ignored, In the case of a canddate named
bV a senera meetns orthe CamDan".
Although "carporalion 1,mits i,ab,l,ty, the
drrectorr retarn persona rerpansib~l~tyto
ensure the company complies w i t h the filing
of document^ a t companies ~ o u i eon fme,
as required by the Companies Act. Fatlure
to do so is a crim,na offence and may result
n rhe im~osirianof a fine together with a
criminal recod. Persistent hllure to fulfil these
Qualitications and duties o f a company secretary
c o m p a n y secretaries
The quaiiiicalionr required Lo be a company
secretan/ are set out in the companies ~ c t
1985. As a company officer, the company
secretary may be crimrnally lhable for a
default committed by the company, for
example faiure to file the company's annual
return with Companies ~ o u s en tame A"
employment contract will usually specihi the
r e m i t of their duties. that 8s. the areas of
respanrlb~lity,which normaiy include:
. . For our
--.dm 1
dufles may lead to disqualification f r o m
holding t h e office of director n the future.
The dlrecfors m u r l ensure that:
. a c c o ~ n f s for l m l t e d companies are
delivered t o the Reglslrar of campaniez
w i t h i n the r e q u i s i t e period, normally
w # t h # n ten months of the a c c o u n t i n g
reference d a t e n the case of private
m i t e d companies or with!" seven monfhs
n the case of a plc, although the requirte
per~odmay be amended by egisiation. he
defaulting company may be charged a l a t e
filing penalfy in adatton to any other hne
. imposed by a court;
annual returns are s u b m i t t e d as rpeclfied
by the A* in the evenr that there are not
submitted, and the Registrar believes that
the romybny s no longer operating, he may
strike it O f f t h e re.i*er and dissolve it.
Any assets of the company a t that p o ~ n f )' ,'
may become the p r o p e r t y of the Crown;
notice of change of directors or t h e r d e t a ~ l r
1s provided to the Registrar;
notice of any change to the reglatered amce
is pmv~dedto the Regrstrar. I f this 4% not
I
;
done, rtatuto", notices may be validly :.
sewed on the regsitered ~ r n c e .
1
~~p~
. m a i n l a n n g the statutory reglsferi, for
!i
. example the r e g s t e r o f members;
filing the statutory form., for example ,
. n o t h i n g changes among the direbors;
s e r v i n g members and audltari w i t h notice
. of meetings;
~ u p p l y ~ nag copy of the accounts to every
. member of the company;
keeping m i n u t e s of directors meetings and
general meetings.
.;
23.1 Fhnd answers m the F A 8 helo,". Look ar h opposite to help vnc

1 creditors
. . .
1s he ooailfied m hold the office of comoanv director for Gecko o b , W h." ./ Wh" not7
1:'
director and the appointment of ugh ~ n t a n - ~ a u e s
can vou advue the d~rectoisan che,istuation'
3 The annual returnsof Monocles LLd have not been rubmltted for Lwo yearsand correspondence
sent to the. reg s t e m office 8" England ha5 been returned
What may happen to the company'
, I

Thcrc i s more than onc p~,,~~biliry

fur rhrcc of rhc ans,rcri.

Hrlcn, can I jusr quickly check what's

been done? Whsr's lhuppcned ro the inform rhu Kug!srrai
;~ccounrs?

Yes. I've hrxwded rhc dciaiir ahour

licr on the osoerwork to the Kegiariai

You remember we lost Eva No problem, Sirnun. h e ienr a

Frlberg as a Dlrecroi? noncc ri, rnemhrrs and included the
rccord of rhr lsrr AGM.
4
And we're going ro change the locari<m
d
of rhe con~psnyhregisrercd office. Don't worry I rent rhcm in eood rime.

5
Wc're got the annuel general meeting
' I xn thcm o?rhe Krgisrrnr
corning up sooil.
Insolvency and winding up
Insolvency
Charles Snnl~y,an insc~lvcncy
lavcl; is advising a Bent.
'Insolvency desuihca the financial srsrc of n tonipany when its debts or iiahiliries excecd
its assah and available cash. As soon as u company i s inrolvnt, it must rake action to
resolve rhc riruati<m. This may include renego"anng debt, realiiing assets to dischuge
dcbt, or cven borrowing rnure moncy and mcrcasing rhe liahilmes. Thcre's a weslrh of
ieSlslatioil chat lmpnses obllgltionr o n company ofhccri i n rclation to rhu interesrr of
creditors. There are secured creditors, whose lelldillg I S prnrccred by recunv over rhe
catnpvnyi rrserr, fur exvmplc banks, and there are uniecurcd crediton, aftcn suppliers,
who may inlrisre action to achsuc repayment. Therc arc also prcfcrcntial crcdirors, ruc11
as rlhr compa~~y's own employees, for enample in caics where wagcs haven't hecn paid.
and occupational pension schcmcr. The options vvallahle ru an inx~lvenrcompany will
he rffecred hy rhe pnsiriun r.ikm by its creditors, and the vnnous parries may rcck legal
advice. M y colleagues and Ioften work on hehalf of clients wlrh a rpecial~sraccountant,
m insolvency prrc"oncr, also known as an P.'

Insolvency scenarios
Look ar rhls exrracr (rom a leaflei dnrribmg ptnnble insnlvency icenanoi

..<
'~rhangcholden
- I
.1 1 7
, . ' ,8 j
1, 1 . I c.
is.
.
-
.8 ' ) )

I-.,
-r . I -.:
, 1 .
',r '(c.,, s f . , .$'I. o ! r : c . ~ rv ,pr.'#,,b ,(,
adoni~~i,lrdtorI ' i w .< i n ' .
rompany dhscton i n r I<I > - r h n i ., going concern in-
."
11 il:nn, ..
,,(31
file n u t i ~ cat tourt
t c . t r
x l n n ,!lac :.r ir

or: ..,t,r i,,,..rpr s.\r., 2"": dp.. . , ? t i an

a
.
I"< ,e<.
..
-
.-.
m.n e l
.
,. I.~",> ir I %, I I. D . in ddmlnlrtration
m i ,<+,I.
' r e ' a,,Sr.i,~,cI.,.v..c'
,.
.fI'l..r'l,.,;"
.q.,n- -.

adminirtnatwe receovcr i n \ <. . nr .I-, in, I 0.t f . r n , . ~ ~ n s t a l l i s c?no

~ ,

raid to be'in receivership'.

court I vlare 1 wonding u p , 'arc ,

- ~ l r y ~ d n , 3.1 rompulrory liquidation
',r < *
111

.
A li."iddt~l
~~ ,,
cornpanfr assets.
I I L L < , ".-.I .r lllr

- - - -
Sharpholder. ~ r c l Io:~put the company I Members'voluntary liquidation
inloliquldalion nhrn i c :. r rr
,",,
501ven,
J > >ncge ir..
5 ,,*, *
npa
<
<'+,,5
.-
<\<V'5,
, . .:,,, - I
s,c,e,,<> < ,.is ae< o.. 1.: p.r t,," <. mpa, , ( Creditors'voluntary liquidation
"to q. ,:,<n f , l l r c l l n p a l ) 5 n,, e l l !
Creditors accept the liquidator
Company directors, with the assistance d
an authorired insolvenor, ,oraditianer. aoolv
, , to . ,,

,
the court for approval of a formal arrangement
with creditors, ar set out i n a proposal to pay
creditors under the supervision of the IP. Ii
24.1 Choose rhe correct word m hrackcn a,complete the sentences. I.ook a t A oppor~rcn, hclp you
1 A jdchmdcrcdirorldirecrorl is a person or hody nwcd ,money by a company
2 Thc cicdaon may rake dcrlon in relation co alan ihankrupda~ivendi~~oiventj company rhar
will rcsult in rhc company becoming subject to onc of several invilvcnq
3 Suppliers are ahen (unsccuicdpreferei~t~aI1iiiiiidj crediron.
4 Employees and occuparional prxlalon schemes fall wlrhln rhe class of (rolvc~~riprcferenriaii
secured) crcdirorr, who am cntitled tu reccive cerrvln payments i n priority to iccurcd crediton.
5 A liquldaror is appointed by the credirors or the memhers to jexcerdrealirridisch~rgejasserr
which may fhcn bc divided up among the crediron.
, ' has iniufficicnr arscts to ldirchurac/rea~ie/e/e/ce/e/dlits debts. crcdirkrir m a i
6 I f the comoanv
decide to pur the company inm lhquidation

24.2 Answer the questions. Look nr R opposite to help you. There may bc moru than one poir~bic
answer
1 Who can initlare
a volunrsry liquidati~m?
b u company voluntary airangcment?
e compulsory liquidation?
d a company going inro adminisrranon?
2 Huw c m r c17rrgc holder obrvln a n udrninirtraticm order?
3 How may cu~npanydiiecrors obtain s winding up order?
4 What rcrm dcrcilhes the srage ar whlch a floating charge descends upon rhe assets and
bccomcr ri though it werc a fucd charge?
5 How could you deicrihe a company char is acrlvely trading?
6 \Vhar term dracr~besthe process of ei~dlngrhc carrying on of a company?
7 Whrr icrm dcrcr~bcrrhe scare of being able to pay all dchta or clr~ms?

24.3 C ~ ~ n pthis t ~ from an emall about an insl,lvency proceeding with preporirions

l ~extract
from H and R opposite.

. -
%,"a ma< A".<"
-
Md.- en"-
Fmm: chai.itanley@dsbsolicifors.com
=do"-* " e e o . a ~ ~---
I
To: o ~ s o b e d h r d - a v c o m I

Further t o our phone discussion, I'm writing (1) ........................... behalf

( 2 ) ............................ my client whose interest in 1.l.T Ltd is set ( 3 ) . . . . . . . . . in a

1
document I've sent under seoarate cover. The document was drawn uo
(41
~ ~~ ~

the assistan& 151

~~ ~~ ~~~
~

. . ..................... a n insolvencv. soeciiiiist

- and /is
1 ;hould be treated (6) ..........
,
a working d r a t . Could you let me have your
oplnion (71 ............................... relation (61.......................... t h e interests of other creditors . i,
and as soon as possible? ,
-~.
Alternative dispute resolution
Alternative dispute resolution
Anna Chaprer heads the i.ingaaoo term in a large firm of iulic~orrs.She ir r v k ~ n gro a
cl~enrahour altemanve dispure resolution.

~al L I I ~ ~ L I ~ C II * \ ~ . i ~ ~ ~ lr pa ~l l>\ p ~ a*
c<mrracti, and ommplex i n r c r o a i ~ u ~~01ilrl>iri1,11 ~i<l
a coir-efteeive alrernvrivc to the lirigarion procci, and cnrcrcd ink, < , $ IJ ioluntari
bar#\ hi disouranrr. or h c c a u ~ eot cnnriscrsal o n n i 5 i o n ~ .rhnr is. rhe condirloni o t a
o,nrrair. Manv commercial arreemcnrr n o n ~ncluilcdisoure resoluricln clauses in irllicl>
rhc parties rgreu t t e method to hc used if r h,spure occur, durwng rhe lllr
of rhc contract. However. panics m a ! 1 1 s ~hc referred to ADR hi. ?he court dunnq the
course of l i u p u k n . A Cwi! Pro<ccInreRulc rcq~riresrhe UK ctril couw. ai parr oi rlre
case management prireir, to cnioumge and fzcilirilt~panic, to use rWR pn>cedure if
appropi~acc.A Narionsl Medlanon Helpl~nehar also lheen rrr up ro proiidc advice by
relcphone or onliric.'

ADR procedures
ADR rcferi to a nurnher 06 d~ffcreilrprocerlurer tised m rcach r settlement. Some
frequcnrlr uscd merh,>ds .are:
I Arbitration - rhls is a inore formal and hlndlng pieces. ,%.here the diipuic is r e r a i ~ e dh ) ~
rlx zxbirntor nominated by htxh parrio.
IMcdiadon - oossihly ihc mrnr .oonular
. .niocers. An ~ndcnendenrthird .pa-. . normrliy wirh
npprr,pri,lrc clpcrtire in rhc arca o t contention or dispurc, 8s appoinird hy the parrres a,
sm a i s mediator. The rnedinrion proceii hcgilli wxrh an all discuanon; f ~ l l o \ \ i n ~ :
chis chc respecrivu parrrei separate ro dlrcusi rile irsuei and, r i r h rhr aislsrnnce ot rhr
nlediaroq \cck ro negcrt~atea rerrlcmrni. If scnlemmr is reachcd, it can become a legalli
bxnding conrncr.
I Mcd-Arb - rhc dirpure i, in~tiullyiuhmlrred ro ~nudiarionbur if mcdiared rettlcn~cnt
cannot hr ret~ched,thun rile mmcr is referred o, srbirrarion.
.
I . \ . 1 , 1 ~ 1 . 1 1 ~ < ~ , ~ - -1. I . . .. .r..:. I..,,.,.. .\ I L
.I . 11.1 .I I..
I

,Jlo.ll.rl,
*I. I I
.,.
I.<
, I I.. , .
I
.1..,,
1
.. lr i n r . k . l . -

.decwon is binding upon the

I . I .' . .
, ., ,, I I.., I , , . , 1 : 1 . 1 ~Ii'r'. . ,I,, . . 1 111.1.: r ,
and mvsr he follorcd, ul;leri and until later dccision
is made hr an arhlcraror or the coun.
25.1 G,mplcrr rile table wirh w,ordr fmm A and B oppoime and related Corms. Pur a srier5 mark ~n
front rhc ,tressed ryllsblc i n cach ruord. The rust one has hecn done for you.

25.2 Co~npleiethe extract fr~mmr model IWR clause ~ 8 t words

h fioln rlic rablc ah,rr and A
opposire. Pay anention to the ~ r n m m ~ ~ rconrclr.
icrl

I "ispule neroludon Pmcedurc

II Croersl
1 1 . 1 All dlsputer belwie~~riihe (1) ........................ Nlsiny out ofor relating lo ,hi, Ag~ecmentshall bc rcforrd
byeithci ( 2 ) . ............................. to the project b o d lurrcsoiution.
i ~ I Fi ~ Vdlaputc ilnlint bc ( 3 ) . ........................ by tiic Drojrct bo.,d nirximum or I 1 4dnyr ilncr it
hds heen referred undcrCiause I.I.I. thnt(41.. ..................... I b 5 .......................... to ?he
[ ~ ~ ~ m ~ n o i e o [or
i ~ihc
c r [public
r] ofthe 16) ........................
secior c i r n i i l and the 1e.p p i e o " r o n u z e ~
for icsolwlm.
11.3 Work md acnwty ro hc carncd out u n d s i h i i 17) hallnot cease or bc dclnyod by lhir
dispulc 181 ................................ proceduii.
I

25.3 Compluri thc cxrrvcl from a n cmail about ordinc BUR ursng wolds from r l ~ erablc abouc and A
snd H opposirc. Pay artention m rhc grlmlnnr!cal cnnrcn.
-

Tom - there's been some cltent merest

~

in online ADR Settlement webs~tesin the US are

-ilk
~-

..
1 Aver rla8ms. The software compare; offers and counterofferr, keeps offers confidential,
and pronounces a ( 5 ) . ................ a t the mid-pont between the defendant's offer and
the ca~mant'sdemand.

25.4 Arc rhe following rrarurncni. riue or f a l s ~ ?Find reasons f,,r yoor ansrers in D oppubru and rhc
cruail above.
1 O n l ~ n mcdi,~riion
r is a formal and binding prc,cr\q.
2 The adiudlcaax passes ernall rcsponsei benvrcn parrtes ooltne.
l ~ to ieralvc cc~nst~uction
3 Oniine merliarion ir c a ~ n r n o n uscd dirpurrs.
4 The defendanr and the cl;>imnni are ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~t he~nr dparner.
d e ~ r
VAq Corporation Tax
Corporation Tax liability in the UK
Corporation Tax is the tax payable on a company's
income (for ~xvmplcfrom invesrmcnr in shares) or gains
l ~ the sale of asses) ur the rtanrrory rare.
ifor ~ x a m pfrom
In this conrcxr 'company' IS used m refer m the following,
m addition to the more conrenrionai meaning of rhe word:
IMembers' dubr, societies and aasociarionr who
might have rradlng activtier or incamc from ni,n ii
memhm, for example n~nareurrpom clubs
m Tradc associations, for example rhc Associarion of
Brinsh Tcavcl Agents IABTAI. the r c p l a t o ~bodi
101British travel a ~ c n t i
IHousing, asiodations - m rhe UK, ~ndependenr,
nor-forprofir bodles thnr provide loir cuit
'social h o u \ ~ ~fur
g ' propic in houslllg nicd
IGroups of indivtduals carrying on a huiiners, for example coopcrativer, hut nor
parmcnhips fsce Unit 191

Although Companies House no&r rhc Inland llevenuc - the Uli tax auibor<r) - of the
l,~mvarioi~o f a conlpany on cornpler>onof reg~srr.irion,ir IS rrill rhc r e r p o n s ~ h i lof
i ~ rhc
. .
comaanv m inion,, rhe Revcnuc of itr exlsrecsc and liahiliw ro oav ray. This n ~ shri done
w~rhinI 2 months of the end of rhc companyi sc~uunring icrioh.
accounting period surrs
when a company h s r hecomcs chargeable rc, Corporation Tsx or when the prevlour accounting
period cndr. It cutulor ~.xcced12 months for the pmpose 01 tax. The normal due dace for ihe
paymcnc o f t a x li no later than nine months PIUS onc day afrcr tbc end ,if the sco,unring pcrlod.
I.
although largc cornpalxes - rhar is, rhoie rvirll annual profits in excess of ~tipulated.mount
a r c obligrd ro pay thcir tax early hy Quarterly Insralmenr l'ayrncnrs.

Word combinations with 'tax'

avoidance trying legally ro mininnlic rhc tax to he paid, for example b)
using tar loopholcr igapr i n rile law)
bcncfits adrvnragrs
denland for moncv owed in (axes

efficiency ways of reducing taxes uwcd

illegally t'ying to not pay tax
excrnotion a orlnclole ocrrllttrlne freedam from oarnlenr of tax. For cxamnlr.

hclp, allowing a company [or i~ldiviiluallnor a>pay u x on pan

of thcir income
Tax Return for~niirucd by rhc raxariun uuthorines for dcchracion of income
and all~~wancei,also known as a declaration
-
26.1 Rcplacc the underlined words and phrases with altermarwe words from A oppl,~irc. I'ay
artcnnon to rhs grammrrical contcxt. There is more rhan one pusrrixl~n.for onc of the anrwen.
1 Will you iormullv "form the Inland i<cvenue?
2 Ibelieve i r ' ~a burxneii run hv a noun ~ r owners
i who ~ h r r rhe
c orofita and rlic work.
3 me figure named i s currenrly f I.,! nlllllon.
4 Wc're going to hc taxed on xnlonrv receivcd frurn sales of eooda or services akrr costs havc
hcen deducred.
5 How long have we got unril rhe day on which navmenr is reoulredi
6 There'li bc some tux on monev iron, ialc o i asrers rliis year
7 Don'r forger, y(lu'l1 have m pay tax by pqvmcnt ot on* of t11c tofa1 rum duc.
8 1don'r r h l d rhere'll he much tax on monrv in,m inveirmcnn io chis ncroonnng period.
9 Profin rren'r going a,be rrevrcr than &I million thir year

26.2 Cornplere thir cxrract irom an advisory urnall from a niliciror w i t h won1 comhinarions horn B
~npposire.Use each combination once.
-
3
~ - - ~ p ~

. . .
~

Lan?... ....... " . A ..........

S"bjea:~liab,i,ty
... .
.
.
.
~ ~ -- -..- p p p ~
......
~
.,..,:
:

Dear Bewll,
I n answer t o your query about U K tax iiabliity, I've set our a brlef outlne below.
T
,
0
, :
, , , c . ' .
: " " r -c . > : I ,
2 : ,
.'.f,.
, !. ,
. rnc :<,
r-,:?,
.,"
I.,. .
...' . ? , 3"s !
..fif.~i I .
- ! I c... I ; ' I - . c ~ ~ i A- . 2 1 , _ I . I.. 3-( I nl:n:r-
assessment, submt a Company ax ( 2 ) ................... to the Inland ~ e v e n u etogether
w t h the payment o f t a x ( 3 ) ....................
I f there has been expendture on research and development, companies may q u a l q for
special tax (4) .................. on part offheir ncome. ~ l t h a u g hthere is no annual tax
(5). ............. for capital gains, roll-over relef may be available where business
assets are replaced and trading losses are normally set against income and gans of the
game accounfjng period or even of the previous year. he rules sewing out these reliefs
and others are complex, and companies generally employ specalst advisers to help
maximise their use of the various relefs in order to minimlse their tax 161 ..........................

businesses may opt toincorporate primaniy fa

enjoy such tax ( 7 ) . ............ ~ g a ~ n ,
specialist advce may be sought by nonncorporated bus~nessesthat wish to calculate
the tax (8) ...................... of such an option.
Mergers and acquisitions
Mergers and acquisitions
Stevc Jakes > s a senior parmcr in a lhiv firm and specialiresin
mcrgcrs and acquisitions. He'i raIk8ng a, a cllehr from l a p m .
'A merger or takeover ,occurs whcn one a r m p i n y has acquired
rhi m r j o r i h or c r e n rhc cnrsrer:, cof the r l ~ a r c sof the r a r w
company. Sraruroq rchcnles of nrrangemunr o i c o m p r n ~ c are i
contanned wlrllrn ihc C;omnanlcs c r . I n rhc conventional

a ipecihcd percrnragc oi r h r rliareholdcrs accept rhe offer.

, ,
The p r i m offered for rhc sharer is i ~ ~ ~ amorc l l y than ivnuld
oidtnsiily be ohnlned at rhar p o i n t in rime for rhme sharer iwn ,, ,
, .,
1
the stock marker. Thls comnrures the takeover bid. Of counc, ;, ,
i f rhe board a f direur~rsdoesn't recommend rhc offcr ro im ,he London Stork txcllangc
shareholders. nr'r r e g a ~ l c das a ho\rile rakcovcr.
The freedom of cumpanics ro merge in rli w r y is contrnlled by various scarucs,
Eompcan Commui?lry iECl competition authorities ikni>wnas an&rm,f regulators i n rhe
US], end the i<iurrr, which rcgularc anti-comprritiue concentrations o f lndrkrr power It a
lncrger is permired, clearance i, givcn b) thc regulatory rurhori"cr.'

Dealing disclosure requirements

'Thc conduit o f takeovers a contrullcd hy rules set by the Ciry (:ode an Takeover? and
Mergers. The Code is udnmisrcrcd b > the Pancl u f Takeoi,crs and Mrrgcrs, an indrpcndenr
body whhcll draws ics mernhcrs irom major iinancirl and b u r ~ ~ l c st ns r r i m r i c ~ nUK
~ . rcgrsrcrcd
and reridcnt puhllc cultlpanica have a, abide by rhe Code. D~sctplinaryscrlon ma). rrsulr from
terrain breachei cnf the Codc, for rrrnlple failing to disdnse drrlm:s i n relevant rccurities o f rhc
offerrr c<mpany.The guiding p"n6pler beh'ihd rlhe Code arc char ih:<reholderi sre ticarcd tuirll
and arc not denicd an u p p u r n ~ n l t yto clcclde on the nlerzri of a takeover, and rhar rharcholderr
ot the iemc class arc afforded uquivalenr rrcacnncnt h y a n oiicmr'
,w ;x, -m, ,:.,w-
,. ,..
', '
7.1 C,mplerc rhe rable \,irh words from h opposlrc and rclarccl torms. Put a srresr mark in ironr
trt
the rcrcried iylljlblc i n crch word. The 6rrr ~ m ha,
c hucn rlunc for p u .

'7.2 Complere rhe arriclc r , i r h words from r h r table above and A oppoiite. Pay arrciirion to the
grammuticrl contcrr. Thurc is more than one porsib~hryior one ot rhc n n r a c i ~ .
- ~~ ~ p ~ p ~ ~ ~

,ah p m i r e n su
dividend that BI
,,
(2) .............................
, -~
approach i n a
designed to allay Fears that regulatms could
...".* ..
ihcircnnpany ihb" .-.-".--,...-... .. b......

Lit~denmBOCupcct(S)................................ objjfions
.
block Linde'r £ 8 2 biilion (3) ............... for lo IhFr pmpored (6).............. ,slthoueh thoy
BOC, Ule German sviror i i d Ulrt ifwould pay havc givcn warning h a t ihe deal is onlikely to bc T
, . to 2 7. ~.
UP O W ROC dvaie if i t had nut receivcd c~nmole~edunlil iarc s m c r n,oy oxoect iemls~ors :
(4] ................................ CIearancci" EumpeandAmnica Losign offon the deal byrhc c n d " ( ~ a y
. v - . " - - - - a - . - - p - -

1
The h e r
!7.3 SrcveJakes ir answering a clicnt's cnquin: a h ~ r u the
t rules on dcalir~gdirclasure. (:omplcrc
rhli exrracr from hlr crnail. Loc,L a t A and B oppaiiie to help YOU. Pay nrrcnrlon ol rhr
g r d m m a t i ~ ao,nrclr.
l
~ - - ~ ~ -
Dear Ian,
I YOU asked about deaiing disdasure rules in takeovers. Below 8s a summary of rule 8.3 of the ',!
City Code on Takeovers and Mergers, which everyone must (1)
) or nsk disciplinaw action.
Under the p i o v s i o n s of Rule 8.3 of the City c o d e on Takeovers and Mergers ( t h e "Code"), ' ,
indirectly) ~n 1% or more of any
(2) ............. company, all
of t h a t company (~nciudingb y means , '
, :
I> . . I .i
..il-i.l.. . . : % . I
. 1
. .,
c , nc -,,, 7
, T
.-:" - - , ,
0. any such "relevant securties')

,
..I.
. .
:I . JI :ne -'-,n
. I . . , n ..5
I r I . c , : 2 ,r C - :ne ... L -r,. r . I . I . -
313"l 1'. -
acceptances, lapses or IS othenvise withdrawn or on which the 'offer period''athew8se :
ends. I f two or more persons act together pursuant to an agreement or understanding. :
I whether formal or informal. t o acquire an 'interest" n "relevant s e r u r i t i e s ' o f [the , .
6 ) ............................ or] the affeferee cornoaoy, they w11 be deemed to be a single person for ;
:he purpose of R u e 8.3.'
Anti-competitive behaviour
Competition law
The Cornperinon Acr follorvs Articles X I and 82 of the European Cornmu"t). IFC) Treaty
a n d is part of s body <,Ilaw known as competition law. Comperirion law regularcr
anri-competitive conduct rhat harms rhe markcr, such ar excluding new competitors and
purting up, or erecnng, harriers to rompmirim. It also ir~uerrabuse of a dominant position,
for cxamplc by distorting compcririun ur by predatory pricing - when goods arc sold ar less
than their cost price to cur ,- -
rout rival businesses.

Competition inquiry
Steve Jake, aUK lavver, is ralklng to a ilienr ahuur how anriiomperitive praniccr and
agreements are dealt nlrh.
'The Competition Chmrniriiun war esrahlished by rlie
Cbmpetition Acr 1998 and its procedures are governed
by provisions of the Enrerprise Act 2002, lo purposes
inclodc carrying out rnqurrics illto a n t ~ c i ~ a r ra dn d
cornplcred meigcrr, and marker investigations which other
authorities, moat often rhc governmcnr warchdog (rhr
Office of Fnlr Trading, or OtT) or rhc Secretary oi Smre.
refer ro the Cornrn~ision.W'hen s merger i n q u i ~or markcr
lnvcsrigarion rcfcrence - popularly known in rhe m e d ~ a
nr a referral -is mrdc, rhc Chairman 5elecrs mcmbers,
including approprlare rpeonilar, to suwe on chi rhree ro
iive~perr011group that m,ill conducr the iriqulri Procedures
are in place to ensure t h r t codim of inrcccat are u ~ r i d c d .
Ail adrninisrrar8ve tirncr.~ble n drawn up f o r rhe lnqu~ryand
publirlled 0x1 the Cornmasrun's websire. Merger inquiries
can rake over ru rnonrhr a n d #markerinvcsrigauonr up to
PUO "ears.'

BrE: anti-competitive praetlcer and agreements; AmE: restraint of tradc

-~
Information gathering, hearings, and remedies
is collected tnrm a range of sources. Parrker
'For lnqulrier a n d ini,eirigarioni, inior~~vnrion
arc comoeUed to submit documents rnd rhc Corn~nisrioncan imposc a monetary penalw
tor non-compliance with irs reqwremenn. I t conitituter an offence to alter, suppress, c o i
derrroy documcnrs, or ro "~rmtionally provide false or misleading infomarion. Hearnngs
.ire normally held privately wlrh one party r r 21 rimc, rlrhougb puhlic and ioinr hearings
are posiihlc.
The Commission has regulatory powers under rhe A 6 to make and implement decisions

a marker. The final i c ~ > o rwill

t - aerccd
o,nrarn remcdiea for imniemenranon rhroueh .
vndertaldngr - that is, hindulg pmrnires - or imposed orders which are lnonitorcd by the
OFT. Undertakings and orders are enforceable in rhe conmi hy civil prmeudingr. Appcrli
by an w.~.i e v c .
~
d am. -i one who dirarrees wit11 rhe dccsion of rhe Comm~rree- may be
madc to rhc Competition Appeal Trnhunnl.'
28.1 Choose the correct phrase in hrackeri to complrrc the sentences. Look sr B and C opposlre to
hulpI"".
1 Nor supplying documents rcquc,rcd b y a cornpennon inquiry can lead ro (enforceable o r d c r i 1
co7,flicrr of interusr I a monernrr. ocnrlr"i.
. .
2 The ~nquir).g r o u p rnusr reach r r n a l o r i v dccirinn that there has heen nnn-cornperirive conducr
which has led ro l r c i ~ l c d i aaction
l i a n adverse e i f a r I miileadill.: mforrnanunl on a marker.
3 Rcmcdier decided h y the C o r n m ~ i r i o ncan he implcrnenred t h o u g h jaggricmd p r i t ~ c s1 a ~ r e e d

28.2 Complcrc rhc anicle. Look ar A, K aild C opposite to help YOU. P3)- attention to the grnmmaricrl
conrexc. Thcrcis more than one possih>lirvfor one of rhc answer<.
..:..- ......... ~ p p ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~

!
Supermarket n inquiry may break stranglehold of big four
.
iri Suoenn8rkefs
. . .
mav oo # u r n Commis;loninrmiwefhlhlhhhhidiaSi mav ham been acovind ruielv to . .
ia sell on devetopmrnt s i t s and ~ o y w n ~ i i c f o u r d r n i n s a c m m t f ~gmznr
r ariual o p i n g 8 SLOE.
r a ~ cback expmnun pin? anci n o u 1 y 7 ~ofn,i " ~ ioihn ~ ~ g m ~ n y
tho ORrc of r8ir Tndmg yesterday m & l wilhTrscospeaLiiBfffffff ID The (')' loIhe
r ~ d l c da fill r n l c canpetition then30.h.
commirnmir for

( I ) ................................ >"to dxe UK'r

shopkcecepca. * o have Id he '
Id) Ih= OFT highlighted rwenl rampu~w in. an inquiry i",o h e
"big four"wen.
mn, of con-, inciumng h e he,% rouri domination. The decision
(hl
,, The OFT said suarmarke~ wav .
. iuommrkets sell nenrh 30w ieoi~smL*ati.mmh n l k f f f f f.
Ihad d n ~ n thiou* p ~ cut. z and populiv p d u c L ~ at below cosl whcn His OFT =id them wed do
~cmingly i m p m d quailly w d p r k ~nod mr i k a l p " u cut5 nod p u 0 d l f o i l cOmpenf666 iiqujv.
choice- hut tllcrc was eddenssihcy pmmotimsloputpmnm~n~maI!er
had riso r i s h d (2). (7) ................................ I, also roc&** 18' YeJ'erd=~ OFT u=cuti"c
John Finglcion raid he had rre3b
unhsmm~'imlearmgbbWwgp-r,
cvidsnce of (10) ...............................
w~ c h , l i w w n i r ~ ,dn_ddhU1 o
c"nrcmr, uncwcrcd h" ncw
~"'Plpidto wnpiien.
111)
(4 The O m dm aanu a ruu the
(8)............................... inmihepxm' (12).

acquired hvndials of devoloprnent

iirr; ,**Trn'*h?Ck a,m m<

28.3 W h i c h paragraphs (a-81 f r o m the arriclc shove allege cridence of:

1 prcdarory pric~ng!
2 a n t i k c o r n p c f ~ t ~conduct?
ie (two p3~rngnphi)
3 abuse o f a dominant posaii>oi !two paragraphs]
Look nr A opporire ra help you.
Tort 1 : personal injury claim
Tort
h .. \vl~lchcrcludes breach of conrracr. A rorr
tort is s civil. nor criminal., wronr.
enr~ilcia person injured b y damage or loss rerulrlng irom rhc t o r t m dvim damagcs in
cornpensacion. Torr law has heen hudr upon declnonr mnde in reporred rnun carer. Tomi
~niludc.for examplr:
m coqlipencc - the breach of a duty of csrc rvhich iq owed to a claimant, who in
conrcq,icnce ruffcrr hiury or (a1 loss;
m rrcspasi - dlrccr and fornhle iniury, for enample i f person A walks over lli, land wirhaut
lawful jurtlficarion or A rcmnuer B', without permission;
m defamation - publisl~ir~g B nrarement ahour someone wllich lowcn rhc person in thc
~ p l n i a nof orhcm. This is knoi~,nas libel when in a pcrmanenr form, and slander if ir is in
spetch;
I nuirancc - for example l i A acts SUIn we" whrch prcicnrs R from rhc use and enioymenr
of h ~ sland.
In the c3.c of product defemr causing d m q c or harm to com~uncr,, strict IiabZry, rhar
IS, l e ~ a 1
r c s p o n s i b l l i for
~ darnagc independu~rrof neghgcnce, is imposed on producrrr
md suppliers hy r l ~ cConsumer Prorcction Act, which purr illro effecr a European Union
Product Liahil~ryDirective.
Note: claimant - formerly known ar plaintiff (England and Waierl and purruer [Scotlandl

C l i e n t b r i e f i n g notes - personal injury claims

One of the clicnri o i a large regional law fim ir 'Get Fit', u chaln of fitness cenrrer. k h r r u
i, an cxrrrcr f r u d~ r~~~bh r ~ c t i n g n o r oprepared by rhe law him, miended to inform the
mnnaecrs" o f 'Get Fit' ot the ~o < ~ t e n r ico*td in the crcnt of u iucccssful oenonal lniurv
claim in negligence following an accidenr ar one of their centres.

~ o n u i n ge claim.
me a01ount of h g c qUBnNm, is US"ally made up of rw" aspects.
. for :ral Damages a
Gem
tl
ennate the =lairosnt, &at is, the penan making the claim
! i llfe.
~
niese dumduga am di&ult m SSIIII and g n i d e h a ive published by the Judicial St)dies Board.
You m y h e a r k s o being nfenedio as the JSB guidelines. Refmce ir also made in the lwel
of damag~sawarded by c o r n in skilaroases.
. special
film
Damages calculated more objpcfively asthese o n s i n of claims for tho pm and
109s to
financial
are
cIairnaof.This
the includes loss earnings, in addition to the
tjplcally of
c o n of c a n and necessary equipment required as a result of the injr"7
In some c a s a , whcn liability is admitted, if may bc appropriate to matke interim paym m h on
accountof the full wanl. For i n m c e , the claimant may be undergoirtg n c o r n of nlcdicsl
eeatmmt. This will fall inlo the rpeciai damages category and p a p ent cantherefort he made
before the final claim is settled.
 29.1 Complete rhr dcfinir~onr.Look at A opposlre to help you. There is more char, one p u s n h ~ l ~tor
y
one ot the answers.
1 ......... - 1 hreach of duty rc,wardr other prople generally
2 ................ - b a i l a a l compenrarWn m r loss or injury
3 ................... -physical or cconoillic harm or loss
4 ......................... - penon w h o makes a c l a m
5 . alakrng puldic a ~ ~ t e n xWn~tL C I Ih ~ r r n suiucune's
i repuracion
- rarni legal rcrpvnribilicy for an offence which has bccn cumlnrned
ence wirh prirare p r a p e q

7
po en statement whiih damages sorneonc's characrer

29.2 Complere the rxhle snih words from A and R o p p o s ~ i rand relared forms. Put a srrcsi mark in
front of thc stressed syllablc in each word. The first one has been done for you.

-~ 1 ???,.<,,,#~l~,

lhbcl
iiablhrr
,".,,",

29.3 Compicfc this letter regaid~ngs personal i n p claim

~ at r G c t Fir' hmcir ccntre. Look u t A
and B opposite to help you. 19 ' strention to rhe giammaric.~l conrer. There i s more than one

-~
porrib~liryfor three of rhc answers.
. . . - .- ~p

I
; Dear Sin
P
: our client: MS Pa",. KOImauew~ki
i Re: A c r i d w at Rothbuly 'Get F a ' t i m w cenm on 8 Marsh 2007
I 1 We are lnstwcted by the above-named cientwlU regarc to a penone 17) ........................... that tmk place as a
1 resuh oi an accidem in your Roihbuw ilmers centre an 8 Malrh.

~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~

I consulted herdos;or because oi me pan and rmncted movement n her shoulder and knee ar a result oftha
1 accident. Her dacior r e f e w nw to me hmpital for specials, examina,ion and treatment. 0°C cient is st,,,
1 I31 .......................... medical neatmeni and h s recavered 80% but e a d w d by medics sansunanh that she is
8 unl,kelyta m v e r 100%.
our client 8s re~tempioysdas a freelance mus~cisnAS a resm ofthe addent me was unable t o hlIR ten weem :
, oi comiacied wh and has (41.. ...................... a i m d (5)................
4;- youare aware, under seciion 2 at the occupiers' u a b l i f y ~ c1957
i the occup~eroffhe premses
161. ................... a dufy of m. ........................ to dl n.o,
to keep the premssa and equipmen
w e . ourcienrs acclaent mutts hom s hilureto keep equipment safs and a member o i 18 ~ f ~ n
..................... .......................
30.1 R ~ p l a c cthc undcrllned words and phriaea wich alrernariic ~ , o i d sand phraies f r o m A appoinc.
'There is mcirc than one poniib~liryfor rhrcc of rile answers.
1 We have to decldc whcthcr thcrc is s poriihlr carc.
2 t l a i the rrearmenr xailuenced i h r hrslrh of rhe clienr?
3 Ute Iotrk fur Solmeone ivhu can give an unoreiudicrd ooinr oi v i e w
.I
4 It's csrcn?isl rhar we're ablr to ustvbltsh connection hetlvecn trcrtment and the negatiic
effccr upon the client.
s Once the case has been r x p i o r c d we decide whether a,start an action.
6 arc hrvc to eirirnace thc &corm 01 the acriun.
7 <:llnical iiegligence c r i e r may hc 'hnrged to cllenri in nrcmc,mon i n the dnmacei recovered.
8 In this insrance, rlie c l a m woulil hc within the lhm~tsrlonpcnod.

30.2 (;omplere the sentences w r h verb, fmm A oppns~te.IJaisricnnon ro the gr.~mrnariral conre~r.
1

2
The fir," ..................

T h r r u l ~ i # r o r ................ the iI8enr'r

rncdxcal records. The action of rhc dclcndanr
har aducrrcly r h e
4 ourcome for the pancnr.
An lndependenr expun .....
a report.
......................

regirtcr of cxpcrn.

30.3 C h m g c rhc s p ~ t c nsfatcments in 30.2 to paralie forms lnorc typical of fornmal wiirren
English, when the h>cur is an the actions 2nd pi~cesrerrarher than the human agcnf. Thc
first one hai been done for you.
1
2
3
 Forming a contract 1
I Basic principles
. . i coiirram law m the Eniihsh
Thc hnrlc n r ~ n c l n l eof ~, ivsrum. arlru from csrshlishcd curmm
and rulcs and arc fundamental to all areas of l a w in pracrlcr. Rrfcrrncc is msdc o, r h o c
principles in drafting and inrcrprcring rhc piovirionr at any l c g d apccmenr, such as a
lease, a loan agreement, a $ales agrccnlenr, r o n r u l r a n c y apeemenr, a hire purchase
ascement. a hirc contracr, or :>service contram, crc. Thc principles of cilnoacr l a w will
dutcrmlne whuthur and rr ivhar poillr J binding apccmcnr has hccn madc hctwucn thc
parties concerned.
Note: The words contra<? and agreement are i n t e r r h v n g ~ ~ in
b l the
~ examples above. For txampr, a
loan agreement i loan mntrart

Formation o f a contract
Formatiun of a contract reqiurcs rlic prcrc~liciiifour c i ~ r 8 l t t rriemcnta:
l
I Offcr
Thc urmract (must c o n t ~ i nr l h basic urms u! rhc asccmcnr r ~ be
~ ~d a p & but
l ~acceptance
I w ~ r h , ~ ohi~ r r h c rnegoriarion. This does nor mcan rhai rhu lnlrlai communication hcnvcen
parries wrll in irself consticure an offer. For example, m an auction sauarion, r h i srllcr,
Imomn as rhc i,cndor, may makc an i n v i r r r i o ~to~ ireat l ~ ~ r ian r eo f f i r - b! act~lngour
rhe condirioni of sale (hrr er,~mple when payment will be m.lde1 alrh the r x c c p r ~ o nof rhr.
pilce. The offer 8s ~ u h m i n c db" ihe puichssct, w h o otters nr purcharc sr a spcc~firdpricr
and w i l l incurporrtc the terms o f rhu inrirara,n to rrca, inru Ihlrfl>cr ,,iicr
I IAccepiance
I Thcrc must bc a n u n q u a M c d apccmcnt ro proceed on rhc hasir rct our in r11e after and
ir m u * hc communicated to the offeror - rhu pcrri>nmnk,ng rhc offer - In order m he
cftccrivt. I! rhc uffcrre - rile person recclrinp the (ofier - srsrcr rhar lhu or \he acccpn rhc
offcr rubicct m contract, r l ~ is;r s o ~ ianntion
~~c o! d ~ term,,
c thun no contract i s fnrnmd.
Thlr would hc a qualified acceprance. which conclrureq a counter offer.
Ir$ur* ma\ rr,ac as to whcrher rhc vcccprancc ha. huu. communicatud. TI^" rulcr

i
dererm~ncrhn:
IThe reception rulc rppllcs
ru inrtrntaneour torxnr at commilnicut~on, tor c ~ n n i p l r
telephone c,>llr. The canrncr x i .sad a, he tormed when the acceprance is received h y
r1,c offeror.

I I1Ihc postal acceprance rule, whcrr ihcrc 17 a dclay hcnrren rlle commu~iicsrini~ helng
5cnt and recened, for c.varuplc h) pmt. l l i u iontract is iomlcd when rhr rcceptrncc is
rent b y the offerec.
Tu avoid the ofteroi ~ l l s ,picY
i t11c rnut11,rd and rimln; uf ri~epr.inm.
Agreement c ~ nerscnrial terms, tor example prlcc and dcllicr5 murr he ccrra~nand nor
'ague.
IConsideration
For icontract ro br cnforccahlc somerhlng o f value m u i t b e given, for example a pnce.
cvcn iiir is of nominal ~aluc,say 1 1
IIntention
It is arrumcd char contracting parricr inrcnd ro crcrtc lcgrl rclnfionr, particularly i n
commercial arcumsianccq. l h l s 15, h<>s.rrer, a rehunal presumption - an r i i t ~ r n p r i o nrhor
can bc o>nrradlcred- sf there i s contrary cviduncc.
 31.1 Complete rhc converranon5 mlrh thc correct legal agreerncni from A opposiie.

Wc renred a car tor a d II I

W'hnr d ~ rhe ........................................
bvucl. 1x7 Aurrriv. cover!

You'll nced .,gnod

' You'll ,wed m check the lnrcrusr rare on ihc

r \ve.rc going ro be living in

I ondon f<,i ahout 18 mc>nrhi,
so we're eillne i" rent 1 flar.
h<ak<wrr you gcr a rcisonablc
141 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............

31.2 Mskr word cnrnh~nariomf m m R oppo\~cc ivnrds from rhc hox.

r,ifer cui~dlrionsof arold s;de qllsllhcd

pam,er us,cntial 'onlr.1~ti~~ tcn115 conrract rrcepmncc
counrer nncenaint! evidencc ~ ~ bto j ~ rpburnl
~ r prerumpnon

31.3 Find ini\vers rr, these FAQs from a l a w lim1.i \vchs#ce.Rnd icasonr for y i u r aormen in N opposlre
:
- - p~ --
i s started on a major conscructlon project before all the elements of the
i ~ u i ~ d i nwork
;1 contram had been agreed. Both parties expected that reaching an agreement would not
be a problem, nowever, final agreement w a r never reacned and eventually the claimantr
8 stopped work and cialmed for w o r t done. ~ h ,
(break) in the cantiam.
Under English law, w a r t h e r e a contract:

I
I
;
;
;

1
2 Helena applied for shares In a company. The snares were a,#oneoro nrr ana a norlcr ur

3
allotment was posied to her. It never a r m e d
under English law, h a d she becomes sh
TWO women went regularly to bingo sessions

I
whatever they won one o f m e r n w o n a bonz
not covered by the shanng ariangemenf
Under ~ n g l i s hlaw, was t h e w agreement legally bnnrlnn
 Forming a contract 2
Form of contract
A hinding connan must hu:
m i n thu form rcquircd b y rhc law;
m bcrwccn psrrlri with the capaiiry ro conrracr - r h i r t i , legally capable ru conrracr - or
madc hy rgcnts or reprircnrativcs of rhc ~ ~ ~ ~ u u cparties
t i n g with rhc authority to act.
Ir shouU hc:
m enforceable in rhc event rhar one of rhr o,nrracnng panic3 fails to perform the contract.
It may hc:
I m made in writing;
I m made orally:
m implied h m conducr, rhar ts, hy ihu hehavioilr of the rnnrraning pames.
Hoivever, the law dnrs rcquire rhar iorne agrecmcnta arc made in w i r i n g . This i s
hecau-e reglsrranon ia rcqulred for the agreement to bc cfficrive and the relevani regxitry
rcqulrcr r wriaen agreerncnt. txampler of agrecmena a, hc nlade in wnrsng include:
conrracrr for rhe sale oi land;
m contracts o f paranree;
Iconrmcts for transfer of sharer;
m conrracrr which mu5t hc made by ~lccd,for cxalx>plea lease for more rlian rhrrr ycarr
A simple connacr requirrs col~sideration- the prlcc in rxchangc for a promise to do
aomrthing - rod hecomes cffcctivc on execution, gencrsUy \rhcn i t i, riglied. In cnnrrrsr,
a coneact bv dccd does nor reouire c,~nsidcmrion. A deed has different formal excatioon
~ ~~

requirements depending on the conrracring parries. For example, a deed may nccd a,
bc vfied with a rcal - a printed company rtalnp - i f one party is a limired company.
Common law reouirer rhai a deed i r dclivcred. This dererminer the datc fnmm w h c h rhc
p m i u are bound. It musr be clrar on the face o f a deed rhai i t i s excared by rhe panics
as a dccd. Decda may contain standard wording abour execution, for cxamplc:

his document is executed as a deed and is delivered and has eifectat thedate wniten atthe beginning of it.
I
Void or voidable or unenforceable contracts
S o m e h m c. contract may be defective and may catlrequenrly he void clr voidahlc o r
unenforceable.
A contract may he i n ~ -d rhar is, no contract cxlrrr - ~f one, or borh, of rhe parries 1s nor
recngnised i n law a i having lcgal capacity to consent to a conrracr, for exalnple minors
- prung pmplc under 18 - o r pcrrons wlth ccrmficd mcnral incapacity

A omrracr s voidable, rhur is, i r may he avoided. or cancelled, by onc of rhc parries i f
rhcru is some defect in its formation. For ~ ~ ~ r ni f prhc
l ~contract
, for rhc r i l c of land
I S nor in wnriog, rhe pnrncr can either ignore the rlefccr and west the conrraa as h l l y
binding, ur one 01 the panics can use rile deiecr ar a mean\ for scrring rhe conrracr aside.
Some conrracn may be neither v o ~ dnor voidable hut cnnnnr he enforced in a coo*
oi law, for cxamplr payment of a garnbllng debt. Lapse of rime may render a connact
unenforceable. Thc limitation period for a legal action brought under a deed is lcsually 12
years from rhc dare o f occurrence of the caure of action. An amion on a simple conrracr ir
barred from hcing raised after SLY years.
 leiring us down. Can you make sure
this conrrscr will he (51 hid&?
Sollcror: We'll use a (hi rccocnired ,ct roi ivordr rrarllg that the proris~oniair lcpally
binding in the agreement w e d n w op for gala.

32.2 G~mplererhe ienrencu, with words from rhc box. Look r r A and B appoiirc t,r help yuu.

haricd delivered pcrformcd r.iqurled bound e~lforced rcc~gnised

hraught executed rendered created consenred lmpliud set aside

1 n,~ cc,nrrarr was .............. mlenforceah~eaher12

2 TIE conriacr war reclu~call)voidahle bur rhc parrrcs ................. i t ns b~ndiog.
3 Recause of rhe lhm~rationperiod, you a r e . .............. from bringing an airron.
4 The other pamy has . . . . . . . . . to rhe rermr of rhe conrram.
5 The conrracr wa rhc court b e a i l s t ir was ilcficrive.
6 Although rhrrc , urt decided the conduct ui rhc parties
....................... a concram.
7 Rcgiirrarion of thc rlvl~sferof land i s ..................... by the law.

32.3 Complcrc the definitions. Look at I3 opposlrc n, help you.

timc when an am~onohlrevcnr happened
amount oi rrme n,hich LS avahlahle ior someone a,

i 3 the passing of 1 pcn<>dof years

Structure o f a commercial contract
Structure of a commercial contract
Most wriiren conrracrs have s similar srrucrure conslerlng of rerrsln essenciai clausrr, irrrspcctivc
of rhc rubjccr matter of the conrrscr. Thc gcncral paaern OF
Heading
For example, 'Distribution Agreement'.
Commencement and Date
Usually a commercial contract contains a bnef
inmduction which describes the nahlre of fhc
apeemmi, for example 'This Agreement for
the sale of ...' or 'This Share Agreement . ' .
The eo~mencementclause will state thc date
on which thc pmvisions, or conditirmr o f the
Mmwrt, are to come into effect The date
is u s d y inrered in the re1-t space at
rompletion - the last stage in tho famation of
aconat
Parties
The fill details of parties are set out. In the case
ofa company, the registerednumbais included.
This remains unchanged dming the life of
the company despite any changes of m e or
re@&d office.
Recitals
Also known as B a c w m d or Preamble.
These pnnigmphs are traditionally intmducod
by the word m R E A S (conventidly, kcy
words are in capiral letters or have an initial
capital). Thc lheiialr consist of a statement of
backgmund facts and the reasons why parties
are to enter into the contract Relhkd or
preceding transactions may be referred to. If
a later dispute arises concerning the operalivc
part, the recitlls may be used to determine
conshurtion, that is, imnprst intentions.
Operative provisions
. -
...'.These wmds s i p 1 the start of the operative
p a l of ihe contract, contailuog various clauses
which create rights and obligations, oi create
and transfer interests in proppelry Operatrve
pmvisions in lnorc complex agreements may
refer to mare detailed Schedules (sec bclaw).
can he:
Definitions
This section states the meaning to be amiboted :
I
to terms essential to the contract - the defined
terms. Most defined tmns arc cowentionally I
given capital initial lenen, for e m p i e Secuiity
Docments orc~mplctio"Date. I" theabsence :
or a dehtim, words within the connact will be
given their ordinary and n a b 1 meaning.
Interpretation
The aim af this section is to assist in Ule
interpretahon and consrmciion of the whole ' :
contract by nfrrring to spmific uses. There
are a number of provisions included in most
conmts, for examp1c ,words denoting the
singular include the plural meaning and vice
"em'.
Conditions precedent
Thesc pre-eondnhons must be satisfied m order
for Uu agRemeer, or the re1-i pam of if
to come mlo effmfor xample the gnnt of
phmmgpem>saon The condmtions precedent
Rause stipulates. or imposes, obligations on Ule :
relevnnipa-tyto pmeure the satisfaction ofthe
condition and provide a date by which time the
conditim orecedent must be satisfied. If is l ~ ~ u a l
for an agreement ta tenmate autmnancally d
tius is not achwed by the specdied date
Consideration (see Unit 31)
This sets out the considention pmvided by the
parties.
Other operative clauses (see Umt 35)
Indudmg, for example, warranties, limitation
and eaelusmon clauses, and other standard
clauses such as g o v e m g Law
Schedules
Sections at the end of the c m m i conta-g '
specificpmvisions md documents, for example
the Tmnsfer Deed in a conbact for the sale of
Irnd.
 33.1 Decide which p a n of 3 contract dcrcrlhed in A opporlre rheie extracts have come from.
1
'the Schedule" The Scheduk in f a w P a annexed and signed as relative to this Agreement. I
'the Buyer" shall mean the purchaser a f mc goods fmm the company

2
The c o n s i d d o n for the sale and purchase ofthe Contract Shares shall be me net assn value of
iI
---
the Company (subect to ..) plusThree hundred and filly thouand pounds for goodwill subject lo
adjusrmcnt as follows ...
-
WHEREAS thevendors have agreed to reii to thc Purchaser, and the Purchaser has agreedro
-
-
pwchasc, the entire issued share capilpii of Green Bools Lurutcd ('lhc Company") on the kms set
out in this Agrecmcnt.

---
The mrscul~nc~ n c l u d the
s femtnme and vtce verta
-- - "*+-----

The sale a n d p m h a s e hereby a p e d is conditional upon and subject to lhe roilwing conditions
I

being satisfied on or b e f m the Completion Date:-

(i) the Vendon &biting to m8 P u r c h m ' Soliciton n =lid marketable l w e in the m e
j
ofthc Campany free fmm any en-brances to the Pmpcrty; 1I
7
The provisions set out in the Follith Schedule shall have d e c t and the p a r t i s shall undertake their
I respective ilbligations as specified thereio.
1 , ~ . , . ~

THEREFORE thc pmies Have Agreed and Hereby CON'EUCTANO AGREE as fo1lmus:-
. - -i
33.2 ~ <rhc underl~nud
~ ~ wardsi and p ~h n i e r wit11
~ alrcrnativc
~ rtrrdr and phrarur from ii ~ p p o r ~ r e .
Thurc I S mom rhnn one parrihilin. tor one of the unswerc
1 m t h diffcrcnces
~ benueeri the partle at the $tart of ncgL,r,atlons, their >nrcn~on
m fnnn an rgrucmeni.
2 WL, thc I'artics, i nagree to purchase rhe Conrracr Sharcs.
3 I i n dispute aiirei with crcf~rcnccto the rrr~sfvcrioi~
of ihc pru-cortdit~om.thi Purchaser, ma)
c ~ n c e lthe sgreemeni.
4 W'lrliour the specified documcnrs. the agreement cannor come lnro effccr.
5 Terms dcnoring invrculinc rcfcrcnccr lncludc fcmale and rhc opoarirc.
 Express and implied terms
Express terms
Express rcrmi are scr our and rtipulrted exprasly in rhe conriscr. Rrr example:

re provcd to the reaonublc sdlisfvclion orbotll pvities to be damaged or defective or not to camply
Ui the agreed speciiicm~ondue to d e b t s in materials or workmilnsl"p or to faulh dcsign, repair,

A condli~onis an essential rerm of the conean. I f a condition is nor performed, it may

constitute a iubrranr~albreach of contract and allow the ocher paw ro ~ ~ p u d i a rhe
ce
contract. rhsr is. wear the conrran as dischareed
" or terminated. Ir rnav' also eive risr to r ..
claim for damages. If all the condirions are performed, rhe conman is performed.
A warranty is a term which i s r e c o n d a ~ro rhc main purpose of rhc contract. A breach
of warmnry docs inor in ttself pcr~nirrhe other pan) to treat ihr contract .ar discharged,
although i t may allow the part" t o rue lor damagcs in rile evenr char loss ir suffered.
Wlicn dcclding xherhcr a pan) is cnr~tlcdro r e p d i m a conrrucr, courts may try ru
drrcmlne the 8nrenrions of the parher wtrll regard ra the rcrmr. For example, rhc coum
migh? look at the iomnlcrcial imponanl-c of a term in rclatiim a>a parr?culartrade,
and rxamlne the ~eriouincsrof the conicqucncei oi n brcach. I1arurcrnenn inadc hy
pames heli~rea contract i s made are nor xnccnded ro be legally hlnding, for example the
rrarcd age 01 an obiccr offered for ialc, rllry are osually known :as represenrationr. I f a
reorusenrario~ililrer rurnr out to be falsc., this callnot eivc rirc to hreich nf contract bur
I
~~

I
lnsread ro a possible a d o n for misrepresentation.

I Implied terms
Implied r c m r arc not mvdc express w i t h rhc cunrnct bur may hc implied into the
conrract in the fi,llnwing ivayr:
1 m by astorn - u rerm can be implied into a conrracr by custom i f there ir no rxprcss
term to the contrary. These may be nrmr which ore customary in the #markeri n which thc
I concracr is made or have heen in previous dealings berween rhc pnies.
m I,, .l.lrll. .llll . ,., 'rlr-.lI..c.lr.. ,l., .,. I -.r.l.,
.
- \ . -
> I -. . I , .. Illlllll..I"~~.I~.
.1.111111 ::
'.I.1.1
r !
Y,

.,
I.,
I
I,.
r
i.lll

\.I.*. I ,
Ih. I ,.,I.,
.,.
I
:0~~~~~
I I . .. > I , _ .

1 . . I , > I .1

~1 i m ~ l i e dcondition? char rhe seller has the riahr to sell. rhar the coodi coiieio<md with the
descriprion, arc reasonably
fir for rhc purpose, m d arc
of iarisfamory q l ~ n i i wA
contrrci for rhc lease oi a
h~rnishedflat
conrains a specific ~mplied
rcnn char the flar hu
rcasonubly fir ior hahltunan.
m by common law - by the
lnrcntion of the prrrles, i f i t a
"" '
s rerm which k ncccssan ro
inake the contracr work. ..,,..
34.1 Kcplace rhe uxldcrlincd and phrssca in rhc ~ r i r r c no ) n r r a c t term bclow wlth altcrnar~ve
,v,,~L and pbrrru5 from A appontc. ljrc cach word or p h r n , ~only oncc. 'Chere is morc than one
p<,.iihilm. tar <oneof rhe ani,rerr.

8.1 ( I ) 1" the situation that the ~ o o d have

r g Seller in uriting
8.11 the ~ ~ y e r n o t i f y i nthe i
been manufactured by the Seller and are immediately upon thc (10) suits
found ta be (2) bmkm or imoerf-L the hecoming uppmnt;
Sellersball (3) or 14) Cddmsm 8.1.2 ule defect be@ (1 I) the
to, ((5 a&tius ddefectivc Caods (12) incnnecl d e s i m matenals or
frcc ofchamc (6) MC%LGW 2 y e m fmm w o r l o n ~ o f t h selier:e I
the (7) time the rood?m receive4 (8)
dencnciine on the following (9) m:
-
34.2 Complete rhe dcfinitionr. ,\ o p p c ~ ti,
t ~help yclu.Thcrc is more rhav one pos.ihilin fcrr
<me nf rhe annireri.
1 - hrcaling cc,ntrucrual condition
2 o u r oh11:ntxona \under a o,nrracr
I rcrtns of rlie conrracr
3
4

34.3 Complete the table r.wh rhe upproprlnre noun form of words rnkcn from A opporire. Pur a
rrrraa mark m front of the stressed syllable l a each word. The tiiir one lhai beell donr for you.

rernlll~arr

34.4 All c ~ the

f verbs in thc hux a b o ~ c ,cxccpr onc, collocarc with n mntruit or the a,niinci.
Which rcrh does nor? Look nr A ai hulp you. Which noiln dous rhc odd one out c<rllocacewirhi

34.5 A solicitor ii talkingro her r ~ s i s r ~ ahrut

ot r phone a l l wit11 cliunr. Kcplrie rhe
underllned words and phrascr wirh alrernartve word? and phrases from A 2nd B appnsirc.

Fie rags rirc rcnnr of rhr ( I ) guumcs have been brcached and his business wants ro sue
'
for 12) comacniarion. The cnnrracr 131 that d rhc goods arc found t,, he defecmc.
they'll be repslrcd or replac~d,and rhe rellcr t i refllrlng o, do elrher Of cc,urqe, rhere
conclit~uns\may alsr Ihu 141 set out in r law. Wc'II need ro look ar rhe conrracr a, ensure
rherc's n o ( 5 )x&m tern, (61 sarinr rhe owoaitc. Can you chcck if his company has had
(71 carlieiaerepmenw rirhi the ~ r l l c r ?
< J
Exclusion, limitation and standard clauses
Exclusion and limitation clauses
Commercial conrracr* may seek to exclude liability for rpcc>iiccarigorxcr of damage and
r c l i m i t liahiliry for breach of conrracr. For example:

102.5 The Company w i l l he under no liability for any dcrucr ansing or introduced by a Buyer in
j
the course of storage or handling of the pmducts where that Buyer ace as agent or diimbutur j
of the Company's pmdueu.
10.3 The Company shall n o t be liahle whatonever for my consequential or indirprt loss suffered /
by the Buycr whether illis loss anses fcom hmach of duty i n conme or t o r t or in any oUler :
way (illduding luss arising from thc CompmyYy negligence). Non-exhaustive illU5ttttio~E i
of conseouential or indirect loss would be: loss o f ~mfifs:loss of contraclr: loss of zoodnill: !
damage to propem o I h c Buyer or anyone else. and persondl injury lo thc Buyer or anyone

. ~ ~
-
else (except so far u such injury is attributable to the Company's negligence).
...
Parries assume rhar the terms of an exclusion clause w i l l he binding i i they arc conrorned
ivlthln a signed r r l r r e n cimrian. Hnweuer leg~rlarionimposer limit' on the use o f unfrlr
conrraci rcrms. Onr oi the MI> !nay bavr peater bacgainxnl: power than rhc orher
or n1.1) try o, h r m g conditions lnro rhc conrracr rvhusc significance is nor realired by the
,other party. Disputer atiie arciund clavrer r h l c h p u p o n m, rhnr is, inrcnd to, l i m i t cnr
criiude obligrt#onsarrach'lng ru parries to the conrracr. C o e n r are generally called upon
ro consme, or inrerprer, thc meaning of such claurer.
Natc: damage - harm done to objecn and properw; damages - money claimed in compensation
for harm dune
non-exhaustive illurtralionr - an inrnmpiete list o f exampler

-
Standard clauses
Standard claurcs, also k n u w n as boilcrplatc daurer, arc generally towards the cnd of
mosr agreemcnrr and frcquenrlv include rhc iallowing:
A iorce mrjurrc clause, whxh a i n l ~to xelerse parries from liability for named ckks
ourside thcir reasonable conrrol. Non~cxhnurrircuxampler arc: acts of Gud, fire, flood,
carrhquakc, war, nor, explo~~,n, breakdown of m s c l ~ i n e r hsii~kes,and lockour.
I A time of the er$ence clatrx, which nlaker it clear w k r h c r or itor thu time limits conturned
iil a conrracr are eisenrial condirWns.
IAn assignment clause, which setr our the parrler' r l g h r i n, transfer or assign contractual
rights to r h i d partier and any need lor prior winen consenr.
m A severance clause, whicll pro\!des rhar the cnther p a m of an agreement conrinue m be in
forcc i n the evcnt thvr some of the provisions are held illrgal or unenforceable.
I A choice of governing l a w and iutirdicrion clause, which speoiics the iurird>c"on and l a w
whxch w i l l govern m d consauc the canriacr in rhe ovenr of a dispure.
m A language cisuse, wluch specifics the language which *li prevail 16 rhe conrract is
translared.
--
BrE: boilrr-plat~;AmE: boilerplate
35.1 Krplam rllr underli~icdivurds and phrarrsin the cxclusi<,n clau\c hclww i\wrh alcernarivc words
and phraics fro8n i\ opporlrc. Thcrc IS marc than p~r5r,hlm ,,,
c rhc m s w c r ? .
for ~ m of

to* (including (3) mdmr&s),breach with:

of aahltory (4) d!&!iw o ~ o t h ~ i s e ) 9.4.1 any (9) rnof any ofthe express or
Sir am ( 5 ) harm oi for any direct indirect implied terms ofthe contrucr by the
or (a)& loss (all hrec of which Seller:
rems include, but are not limited to, pvrc
~ - ~ ~ ~ p

35.2 Complete rhe rrsndsrd clau.;cr hclov.. Ioak ar R opposite ro help you. Po? arrenrion to the
grammatical conrexr.

2
company
T ~ C shall not be ~ i a for ~ cm y filurc to de~ivcithc ~ o o d ansing
..............................................................................................................................
-C1
s ngom clrcuoLitanctl
I
Time for payment shall be ..............................................................................................

nr
hc
i
bemen the B~~~~and the sellcr for the ralc o i ~ u o &shall not be ................................

-
or
transferred wirhout the ..............................................................................................of the Scllcr

This Agwment shall be gwt i n alceordance with md j

................................. of the E n b s h c :
-
and thcpmies hcrcby submil
.......... ~- . . . ...... ..................

on o f t h e e Condidons is held b any competent ~ n ~ o n t ybe to

in whole or in part tho validi? iofthc oiherpmv~sioniofthcr
the ........................ ..... m queslionrMi nor bc nffccrcd tlieroby 1

6
This Agrcemenr is drawn up in the English Iwb?lage. If this Agreement is translated into another
............................... ,thc English lmbmase rert shall in my event ..............................
t
35.3 which ofchc aboic clau,ur ir
1 s force maicurc clausc?
2 n screrancc claurc?
IEIi] Privity of contract, discharge, and remedies
Priviv of contract
The prmmplc of p n w w of contract means thrr a third p v r y can ncither hc bound by
nor cnforce a term of a conirscr a, m h ~ they
h arc n n r a ."am.. even ihouiih rhe conriacr
was intcnded to confcr a benefit on rl>em. ~ ~ k ~ ~ rile
since c renscrrnenr
, of the Collriacr
(Rlghrs o f Third I'arncs! Am 1999, ruch a parry may hc oblc ro enforce cuntrrcrurl
drpcndii~gon rhe ciicumsrances. If appropriaie, ir is now usual for conrracr, ru include a
clause which providcs rhar ruch rights are nor a, apply.
There arc orher ways it, wI18ch a third parry can he s f t c ~ i r dhy the terms of a conrmcr:
Ih cnnrr.lcr may he made by an agcnr on behalf of his prindprl. Such a conrmcr inry hc
by and agavlir rhe prlnapal.
I I It is usual for a contract rc! omrain an exprcrr provision relating ar assignment. The
obligations undm contract cmn,s be assigmcd, that a.rrandcrreil, without the consent of
a parry enrirlcd ro the hcncht ruch ohligriloni.
IIn novation of contract, a ,ahsequent apccnlcnr beween the ~ ~ i g l n partlei
al and ithird
~ h a i c thc effect of cntlrcly replacing rhc original contract.
p a r !nay

Discharge of contract
I'arries rnsy hc rcleased from rheir connactual obligations. char IS, !nay be discharged, by
performmce, by breach, by agecmcnt, or by frusnrtion.
If a cunrrscr is subitantially performed. rhc rernli are mnrely carried out m d rherc i~
I no right ro rcpudirrc the contract, rhsr is, t t r rrlecr it. If ii contract i s pardy perfaimcd,
a breach ol condition is cammincd. Howevur,lithe Innocent pnrv acccprr the p m i a l
l p c h r m a n c e , a claim to remuncrarinn may hc raised in a coun. If rhcrc i? defective
perfomanca, for ehamplc a condition 15 hreochcd. rhc mnocenr parry rua) have the r ~ g h r
to repudlnic rhe conrracr and treat ir as rcimimted oncu hc or r l ~ eins communicarcd
acceptance of the breach rof contracr.

A conrrscr may be discharged by apcemenr benreen rhc panics i o n pioceir known as

accord and satisfaction. If i t bccorncr inlpori~blrro pcrfoim, for examplc duc ro rile n o n ~
occuriencc of a pmicular cvenr which i u r ~ n srhc basis of thc contrucr, or rhc dcarh of u
parry, the conrracr is discharged by fruiwation.

Remedies for breach of contract

An award for damages - mono. clrimcd aa compensation foi loss - is rile primary
remcdy for a pa- who sufferr a breach of contract. h i iomc circumaancei, rhc
courrs may use their d i s ~ ~ c t i oton compel a defaulting pa- to perform his cnnrracn~al
obl~gurionr.This I, knoir~lar a decree of rpcci6c performuncc. Ir may not be sppmpriarc
IF ihe ablig;mnn ir nor iufficicnrly clearly dciincd, or lf edorccmcnt rvould rcqulru the
c,,nrinual supervision of the coun over a long period of rime In orher circumrrances,
rhc o,urt may grant an injunNon to reitrvn a parry from breaking thu contract. In
certain clrcumitnnccs, hr examplc mirreprercnratiun, pviricr may rcscind, th.it is, cunccl,
a conrracr and by rescission he irsmred m the samc pnrrion they wrrc in hetore rhe
conuact ,"us 1nadc.
Note: ""liquidated damager - the rum of money is fixed by the court
liquidated damager - the amount aipeciRcd in a clause in the contract.
36.1 cornplrre rhe dslinirioni. Look ar A opposite ro hrlp
1 , you

1 . . . . ............ - a person who represents anurhcr in martcrs rdarmg to u contra-

2 - a person wh<i,alrhough not party ro a crsnsacrk,n between tivo

3 hc rclarronshrp berwecn panies ro s conrraci

rihem
4 . ............. . a mansaction in which a rmew ~ontrdcfis hy 111 parite5 to replace an
cxirring conrracr
5 - a clause rrarlng a specific cir~rdxrion"1 r concracr
6 - iu colnprl rhc pcrtormance " l a condinon
7 t o givc m m c y or adv~ncagero sornconu
8 oniracrual durie,
9 he lepal transfer of dories

6.2 A solicitor has given hci assistant some insrrucnons, lleplacc the txnderl>ncdword, and
phrases in her inores with alrcrnrrivc words and phrases irom B oppoilre. Pay arrenriun a,rhc
g r m t i c r l coitrcrr.

#,*A-

I J axncd to huild an extension an Mrs BP house for r fixcd rum. He dld oar, af Lhe work but wouldn't !
his leg.
came back lo finish cxfernal walls. She bdieves hc went to work on anothcr sib. JJ say8 he broke
Mrs nceded to move info hoiinc evcnlusl,y canlplcled die buildinghersell: using
bvildine ma*rir1r leRo" the rite by JJ. I1 ir now suing hc, to e w e r th" n l u e of wuhdonc and thc
11
materials used Shc says hc broke the cnnmct.
I .I<
2 . . ,,,,V,h:n
.,
. .,
. ' ?.D > . . , i . i I . ' ~.l,'.I,,,:LI
r~!,.!,.,',.-~,~J,C.i,h;.
"
"-,.I
1 I.,
4 H ~ Lhe
I I ," ,v $ 8 : 7'. .

E coneact bcm cornoletelv iulfilied or only part19

.-
r 3-." ,,w\ ,.,k:r> <:,"' '
5 Did she let him know Lhaf she a m e d to h e b m k nl thP c o ~ m ?

.3 t:haosc thc correct word or phrase in brackcrr o>o,mpletc rhc rcnrellcer. Look ar C
opprnir~to help you.
1 h colnrrucr lnla~Ix ~ ~ ~ ~ s ~ r a i ~ ~ ~ d / ~ e s c ~ ~ifdthe ~ d courr
f c i i pfmds
: l l er ld~ii r ewas
m~srcprcrenmrionof rhc facri.
2 Courts may use i r e s c i s s i o n i m i i r e p r e s ~ ~ ~ t ~ f ~ o n l dm
i i i imanr
~ f i o damages.
3 if a parry liuiier.igrsnrdco~~~pcli) a hieach, rhe corxrrr m a y .,ward conlpmianon.
4 An inluncrion war (performcd~e\cimdeeVP~~~~edl a>enforce a tern, in thc contracr.
5 Thc courr compelled the pony in lhrcach to ireicissiodtnisrepre~~~~~~ciiilip~~~hc performance).
 Standard terms in the sale and supply of goods

The standard ierms of any cc,mpxny will nlwa)i hc 5ublccr to lkgnl rcirricrionr, cirlicr
statutory o r common law The rerms musr he regularly rev~rwnlrrl ensure r h i r the)-
I dan'r conflict nith ncir lcgal devclopmenrr and that rhcy ~ u ~ < r i nluocreflect thr aimr
of the company'

Incorporating terms
'Rccuu,u i t i u basic pr~ncipleof contract la\\, that ncw rermi cannot be rntroduced aher
a hmdiny,contract has beerr r n ~ d cthe
, p r ~ p o i c dstandard tcrmr must be incorporated
inro the offcr. For a scller then, a wiil he esicnnal iil ensure rhar in offer ro buy is on
the rcller'r rcmr, for example on a srandard order form whlcli mcorporarcs the seller's

I standard ierms and condinons. The "ifcr bom rhc buyer can thcn be confidunrl? accepted
by rhc seller wirhnur the nerd for tunlier qualihcsiian. Howcvcr, an apparcni 'acceptance'
which 8s srared ru bc 'on rile follonlx~gterms' could asrually coniuture a cclunrer offer and
lcad to an unwelcome hatrle of rhc formr, whcn both parries reek to rmpoae rhet own
standard rerms.
11 : ,c., . 1 .,,.,, 1%. 1. ;_I., I I, - ? .I, . I . :.,r.,r1.., . I .<1
'1 1 . 1 !,. 1. . , I I I . , 'a ,. I, .. I ,., , 1 1 1 1 I,, . ,,. ,.I . I#\..$
.
'

I I I , 'I . \ < . . I I . . ..'.~.,1. ..11.111.., i . > . I . . . I . , V,. ~ : ., 8 ,

s contram i r the oiferlacceptancc srage, it may be pos\ihic ro show that they harc been
il~corpo~arcd dur~ngrhe course of de~linghenveen rhc parries, for example wherc there
lvai hccn r~xularand conrirtcnt trading hewern the narrrei.
The object o i standard rerrns and cond~tlonris niten i i ~ limit rhe liahiliry of rhe rcllcr, or
to i n c r r a i c it m thc ca,c of standard ionditlunr proiilrccd In the buyer. Such hm3rarion
o r exclusion of liability ir affected by rtarurory In addition, rhcsc ma?
impose implied rcrms and condidonr in contracrs for the supply ofgoodi and services
in such a w a y which ovcrrideb rhc provision of some srandard rermi and ornd8trons.
The Sale oi Goods Acr 1979, mh~chhas been amcnded b) rhc Sulc and Supply of Goads
rc, Consumers Reg~iianons2(102', imposes tmplied rermi in o~noorofor rhe iale 05
grmdr, including warrantics char r11c g ~ u d sold s are i r r c irom u~~d~scluscd clvarges or
encvnibrences (Ilahilmryor and rhni rhc huyei will enjoy quict porrcsrion ot
rile goods.' In ocher words. li you bil? wmethlng, you ihnuld hc able to use it wrhour
interirrunm. In most of the rclcvant srarures, theic is a d#stincr>on made benvern
consumer conrramr and rhore which are hcnveen bunnciscs.'
'there Regulations impiernmt a Directive of the European Pariamcnt.
37.1 Makc word comhinnrinns "ring a wrird or phrare from cacb hmr. Then use sppropriare word
comhmarions m cc~mplrrcrhr scnrcnccr hclow Look sr h opposiir to help yoo.

enter into uniformity

legal rfrtrictionr
favourablr t o
standard terms
subject to transactions
the aims a l
the need for

1 The h~llowingpnwisions scr our rhc cnrirc iinanaai l i a h i i q of XYZ Lrd

an appllcahlc order inim or otherwise in writing

ro lnake an "tiei
tile Standard Terms 15 inrci~dcdtu
dl\cu5slc,oahout rhc munlilng 06 t e r m s and to rvold
.....
4 Ir is hporranr rhar rhe Standard Tcrnls and Coi~dirionsot Sale
.............................................. ot "our orraniration. bur rhev also nccd to hc
amended in the llghr of i r ~ ychanges to the law.

37.2 Complete rhe notes rake" by a member of ihe audience ar Alice Glenn's nlk. l o o k at K
O P P O S ~co
~ lielp you.

mr WL & s t a d a d rrw
i Eaoh anier or .............................. o f a q u o t a t b 6 f w goo& b~ :he b r y c r fiow a cowpa-8
shall bc dacwd to bt a* @I b~ the b u ~ erxhjea
r taihr codiibr&.
2 iw~plitdi d 0 a l l corrtraoa fir the sale of goo& ii tht filio*iibq t t w that kht saLkr
e g w d i a d that t h t y art {re {row .............................. or o h a r g ~ r ,
has the r i g h t t o rrll h
s i h t h t ~avditiionsshall be an ............................... ofliabilitn fir dcath or
persovml iiuv m a u d by thc company's ~lglqriur.
.r A h y contract bceattn thc iowpahy a d the c u i t o n ~ihoitLd r have ...............................
the s t ~ n d a rol o d i v i n w .
5 A trawactiinw w i l l be trratrd as a ........................ cov*roct ud- Lt ii u d a in the
must $ 0 b l ( i i w . a d iS a n i6tegralpart ofthe buii- itself
b w h e n t w o partks draL with rarh athcr u i i r r q thtir ow* r(ipectiut ttw.a d that
a m o o ~ f l k t ,t h e n -3 b t a 'aattrr ofthr f a w ' w i t h offer a d ...........................
 Licensing agreements and computer programs

Licences and software products

Alice Glcnn, u ioiicitoj ir talking ro a Dutch trainee vbour
licensing agrccmentr, also k n o w n as licence agrecmcncr.
'We work in r number o f r c c t ~ ~ rwri t h kcnrorr and liccnrees,
ernbllihlng compliance progammeb for licensing and
distribution, and advlrrng o n licensing revenues. la rhe cornpurer
iohrvarc rcctor, the ruthotircd licensor grants a licence to a
purchaser of i h c sofnvire products, under rhe tcmr o f the
Ilcence. The grant o f such a liccncc 15 often held, o r deemed, co
enter inm ctfect w i t h rhc initial imtaUatlcm by the p~uchascrof
the pn>ducr i n their computer, or even upon hrealdng the real cnf
rhc packaging enclosing the produce. In the CIS t h ~ 8si k n a i m as a
shrinkwrap liccnrc. Whcn rhrr happcns, the purcharcr is dccmed
ru ,accept the r e m r and conditions enshrined within the liccnce.
Computer programs are specrfically protected b y copyright l a w
. ,, and Patenir Acr 1988 as
i n rhc UK undcr rhc G m v r ~ e h r Der~en, ~~~

iuhreqvcnriy amended. Thc Act prorides rhar ' k ~ p y i n g ' spmgrammc, or m y t h i n g elrc
tailing within the defimtion o f 'llrerary works'. will he a hreach o f copyngbr.
The aim nf sohvare licences ir o, permit the l k n i c e m copy the iokwarc a, e neceriar)
for the succeisful use o f rhe producr, whtlst resaiaing the unaurhonsed use o f the
s o h a r e . A sufmure liccricc for p r o d u c o sold in mass w i l l o f neccriity be non~exdusive,
is other lhccnces w i t h the i a m c rcirni w l l l he grlnrcd ro other purchalcr~ rot rhar producr
I n conrrart, rhc purchase by a husiliess of bcspokc vkware, that IS, made a,order
aohware, usually involves rhc ncgr,tiatlun of s licc~lccw h i i h allowr use b y r n ~ l t i p l c
systems, and rherefnrc copying, although rlie number o f users uud their geographicui
locamon, as well as rile p c m i n e d use. may well he speclhed. Thc Llcensor w i l l i~soaliy
rercrvc thc richt to cntcr into i i ~ n i l a hccnru,
r .
w i t h orher our&acr\. In 5uch l~cenccs.r11c
liability c l a u s ~w i l l "ken hc rhe subject of mucll negotiation and thc means for enforcing
it w i l l be of concern to rile l i c e m o ~ '
~~Ailcence:Arni: a lirenrr; BrE and AmE: t o licenrc 1
I Exclusion and limitation clauses
'As w ~ f hany other contract, the licencc w l l conrain express t c m r (see l l n i r 34). Therc
must, however, be inrcrprered agalnir a hackground o f irarunrry regulation. The l l c c n r i i
cannot contract our of thcac, alrhough thc atandard rema of soi~>c aufmrware liccncei "lay
claim, or proferr, to lhlnir the l i a h ~ofl ~the~ for lorr or damages ansing from thc
use of the sohvsrc. The exrenr m w h ~ such h clau,cs w i l l he successful depends up081 rhe
loss in rcrpecr o f which u i l a u n is madc, m d whether or nut negligence is involrcd. As
yi>u'rc aware, it'p norpiirrihle ro exdude liabiliry for death ilr inluv due ra negl' ~gencc.
Sohwarc llcencer differ crucially from orhrr copynghr permissions in rhar statutory
regulation which her becn dcreluped alongside the developing rechm~logyhas restricted
the extent ro wllich rhe p c r n ~ l ~ - i o nmay
r cnnirc,l use. For example, rhc (:opyrighr
!Comporcr Programmer1 Rcgularions 1992 and the Copynghr m d Rclsred Ihshrs
Rcgularionr 2003 confcr rights u p o n licunsccs which cannot hc o,nrricrually excluded.'
 ' The purchaser of the Licence agrees to uphold there copyrightr.
-.

-.
Cayn Enterprises, Benbecula, is the owner of t h e coovrieht ofthe pragiam.
~ ~. ~ ~. A-.

-
By ouerilne Ulc Packhre or installingthe product, the Licensee agrees to be bound by I

4
aU the terns and condition. "Ithis .AbT*pment,
v ..... - - !
C a p Enterprises giantn a "on-oics Sofrware Licence to the Licensee.
~. . . . ~

Thls lkcence agreement staris to ooerate a t the time you open the Package and
15 effective until terminated.
w w ,
-
-
The Licensee may Lrrmlnatr flu, uftieii docmcnt rimi it tine use a t m y time by datmying
theSofhrrie topether
" with all ~""i",.
----.--, ~. ----+"
~ *
.- ~,

' The compute'program pro, iided along with this Licence is licensed, no,:sold, to you bY
Caklyn Entcqonses for use anly to the conditia5 of th,s LicerIce.
~~..- . ~ .~~ - . .. . ~

>&I, ".A ..""A k.

L i c m must be &n by Cakiyn Enrerprises for each systun.

. ~ . ~. . ~ ~ ~.~ .~ ~ .. . .. ~.
Software is token c a m of bv l a w which controls its use.
The-.
~
~.. . . . - --,-. . .. - .- -..,. -.
l o Ifany provision o i this L~cenceshall be held by a murt of cornpncnr jurisdiction to bc
conrrary co law, rhar provision will he put into cffecr ro the maximum elrent permissible. 1!
1 38.2 Clic,orc rhc ccrrrcct n,rd in brackerr ro colnplere the icnrcnccr. Look a t A and B oppoiirc
ro help YOU.
1 You agree rhar you will nor cause cnr (cxcludc/pcrm~drertriifjthe rcmornl of any copyright
norms from rhe l~cenicdsoft\uarc.
2 The l i c e ~ ~ i(rererver/Lo~lfcrs/p~rn~itsi
or an) rights ,not erpresaly panted tu the licensee.
i i i g l under the
3 Statutory regulati,m prcrcnt you f r o ~ n( p e r m a ~ p r o i e r n n ~ e x c L ~ ~ dliability
confraa.
4 The agreement !pioferredMucmccUc~~~~ff~rfdj to grant m erclui~veIcence.
a]r singlc mnch~ne.
5 lire of rhe supplied s o h n r e is jpermirrcrUr~rrilcr~d/rd/d/cd/cdj
6 The licensee is !pmfessed/perm~rred/deemed)ro agrec n, rhc rcimr <of rhc lhccncc when rhcy
<upenrile snfrware paikaylng.
 Commercial leases
Interest in property
S i n a Kahn, s p a m ~ e rin n Bnmrl law fir8ni Real Estate,
or Proprrw, Dcparrmenr, i s tilkxng ro s iorcign client
ahour conuilcrclal leases.
'In rile UK, it's possihlc XI own elchei a h.eehold or
leasehold lnrcrcit in propeiw Freehold rciirs ro the
eirate Inrerust where ownerihlp may hc hcld ior an

.. ,.
, ., .
I or nmu. h\ ailorher pri,c,n ur company w h o rhen bemmesrhrrcnanr, also known as
thu lcr$cc or lcurcholdcr. Tbc frccholdcr i s tbe lnldloid, or rhc lessor. Some canm~crcral
propemus, such as shopping cenmer, may have a ~rructvrcof ownership with a
chain o i leases so that rhe occupier, for example r h i (oirncr of a m a l l shop m rhe cenrrr,
may rub-lcarc or undcrlct iron, rhc rcnant m d be an undcr-rcnanr, or even u sub-undcr-
rcuanr of the ireehnldcr, who 8s the hcnd landlord.'

-1 Terms of a commercial lease

'A commercial tenancy, rhc agreement hy which a person can occupy a property may he
prarenrd hy rhc recuticy provisions of the itamtory ~ q i r n e This
. mean, that the business

I tenanr in occupanon st rhc end oirenure of the contractual rerm nlll h a v e s rranhrory
rlghr a, a renewal of thc lease unless rhc landlord 1s sblc ro show rhar the statutory
I p o u n d s cxcrnpting the tight apply An example o f such pocmdr wuuld he the lalidlord's
rntenrlon nl crcupy the propcrry hlmself or to dcinollsh or itrbrtnnnallY rcdcvclop d ~ e
propelry Parmcn may, of coursc, agree to opr our of the erarutor) regme.

I Commercial leases are inken lengthy, complex document< a i ihcy \cr our rhe respecii~e
uhligat~onio i the pairicr in relation a,the propeny, and r h o c may u r y . Such obligarlons
would normally includc:
Ithe umotulr loi rrnr, the method by which it is a, hc paid, pelialtier ior lare paymcilr, and a
rcnf review daurc csrahlish~ngwhcn rcnr ma) be lncresscd a r dccicused;

I Ip r w i n o n s

Ircirricii,,ns
for rhc m n r m c e and malntcnance of the proprrrl;
o n deal~ngwith rhr property. rhar i\, whether the renanr i s ro he alloved o,
transfer intercrt in the pnlperty to rornconc elrc, or to ~ ~ n d e r l eror a n undci-tenant.
Also ixlcluded among rhe obligations \r,,uld he ieqlllred condin,,ns. pern~issloniand covenants
(agreements), a n d provisions for yielding u p rhc lcarc at the end of the rerrn.
A lease must bc ior a term certain, rhar la, r k e d prri,xl. However, ir m a y include a
hieak clause ivhich icrs our a Break Date, cirhei on n K-cd drtc nr on a rolling basis, for
rxanlple anyrlmr ahcr a Iixed dsre. Akur chi< dare, the parry w ~ r hrhe henefir of the hresk
option may cxrrcire the brcak by serving noricc and may terminate rhc lcarc early'

m
Obtaining leasehold interest
'Where a new leare ir ra be gcanrcd, rhc landlord's snliciron v ~ l ul r u ~ l l yproduce s hiraft
lease ior approval or amendmcnr by the tenant's soinonrl: In clrcumsrailces where a renani
is s r i g n i n g m exisring lerse, char is, transferring his lnrcresr in the propem: the new
renanr will rake the lease as ii is and rhc landlord's consent to rhc airienmcnt will urunllv
have to bc ohrained, This may he sublect co ccrrain condirions, stxch a i rhc pmvismn of
guarvntorr for the performance of the lease - nonnally the outgoing renanr who signs a
guarantee in favour of rhc landlord - or the payment a t B rent deposit, dcpcndlng vpon
rhe coniiirioni set out in rhc lease.'
39.1 Complrre rhe dehnirrons. Look ar A opposite ro hrlp yi,o. Thcic rs murr than one possibdlry fur
one of thc anrivers.
1 . .a person r h o 1s granrcd a lcssr by the ficrholdrr
2 propcrty that IS held ior 311 indefinite period
3 ............................... a pcrron w h o sub-lcsscs fmm a rcnsnr

39.2 A sollcitor is holding an in~rinlmeering wirh new clients. Replace the underl~nedivordr and
phrases wirh alcernarive words and phrases from B m d C opposlre. There i s more rlian one
poiiibliiry for one of rhc anrwrii.

Wc'rc gar some quc\fion. mc'd like you Ir dependi o n whcrhcr rhc landllird gives
ro help us wirh. What rights woulii we reason? cxcusing y o u nphri. Or nherhei
thcrci bcrn agrcemenr to contract our
of rhc lca~rlanverules for tenancy
~rcclrirv .
. oiovrsmns, i'll need to see the
lrarc b c h r c I can advirc you propcriy.
3
As tenants, a u l d we g i the
~ proper-

,'
m \omeanc c l ol~ rcnrl
' /
,
YOXIwollid need rhe land1c~rd.i 'I
<\?/hen can there he a ch:dn~e io the eeer?)
=mwx and rhcru may bu condnions.
Ulnfllrfunafcly, I'vc nor bccn rcnr a copy
of rhc lease vcr. ?'
39.3 Coniplere rhls cnracr from a draft lease. Look ar A, Band C opporire ro help YOU. Words u ~ i h
an inlnal caphrsl lcrrcr arc assumed o, be defined terms of the lease.

TENANT'S BREAKCLAUSE. ROLLING BREAK

I.TENANT'S RIGHT^ I J ~ A K
1 , Foithc moidvle ofdoubt n f c n n c a in this ( I ) ............................. to thcTcnant and," fhc
(2) ............................... are to ,he psrsum m c d w such m + h r l c o s ~nod +a th~lirespectivesuccesson in titie.
1.21" this r1auo:
(a) (3) ................................................................ means the date an which this 1- lhall (4)................................
pununnt lo Lol tur1aure. nnd
lbl Break Notice means r notice served nursuam to c l a w 1.4.

1.4 Subi~cfmclnolf 1.5 . h e (5) ...............................rnaytcminatc Qir 1-c aisnyamchy (6).................................i

.............. o n thc Lmdiord. !
15ABrd'No"sEMi bearnaemcctif !
(a1Q ~ hm r sTl p e d Qin
~ lease~k f o m it~rcwcs ~ihC ~ r c a ~ ~ a (whether
bcr or not it hrr made m !
applicatran lo HM L a d Redslry loie@nathc 17) ................... - or
 Buying and selling commercial property
Commercial conveyancing
Nlnn kahn, a solicimr ~ p ~ ~ i a in
l icammcrcial
ii~~ propurn; is rnllcing to a
forcxn client ahout conveyancing - rhe rrrnstcr nt rhe o w n u r h i p of prnpcny
'The of cnvcm enq)tor r p p l i ~ to i rhr transfer of propcrq in rhcUK.
Conrrscr proriiiui~rreldorcc rilii by acknowledg~ngchat the purchaser har
.
had an oooorrunin. ro maku full invcrtirarion of the tide. rhar is. the riehr of
oivncrshin.
,
. . and m i h e c k the .a r o.o r m.' ~ .o h.n i c a lcondition md unv or11i.r facrorr
whiih rnirhr affect rile aroncirv and irr inrendcd use.
'
" 1
,f
,',
,, 4 5 8, 8 , 8 , ,, , . 1-18 . r. I . : < . 1 1 . I>,<,.-"\
, I , !

. ..
I.,.

,n,r ,..a .I.. I , , ... . ... li I -., . s , , r r 8 , . I I I. I < , 1 8

,>,\ .; . 3 . r r , : r
' , . .., . . . . . , *>I,,\>, .v.,<t,: , 5 I!
l a,the peison w h o rnnkcs rile higherr offer i r a n auction - <or sold b y privrrc treaty - thc
icllcr and buycr reach an arreemcnr.'
Note: coveor e m p t o r The buyer i reipansble for chectng what he buys r in guod order

Sale by auction
1; 'Ti the ,rlc is ro bc hy aucrVro. ,I legal pa~k,prepared hg chc scller's rolrcla>r. iv~llbe
araiiahie ro proipccrive pllrrhaierr. it irsll conralo thc rpccial ~iood'irioi~s
and the aucrlon
condirii,as relaring ro the sale, as well sr coprrr of appraprlarc rcarcher - documents
which pmvc il~spcctionof records, for uxa~nplcahour land use and rewrlcrions on irr
I ore, iuch as Local Authclny r e ~ r c h c rund environmental rcaichcs. It will also conrain
plannrng permiiriuns, warranties, or guarantees, and other documeni\ rrlcwnr ro the
propcriy and to rhu trrt~ifcro f ownrrai?#p.iuch a* ioresti$ation, or legal evidence. of rhc
qelleri "rlc to rhe propern.

I ~ ~ bc rrr>rfied with the icllcr'\ urle m d rile other

Thu prnspectirc p u r c h a , ~muir
infornlanon. If neceriar); they may raise further eoqllirici in vdiancc of the biddlng for
rhe property Tlic s l n i n g roi rhe sale nlemorandunl hy rhc p r c h a s e r nr rlleir agent a t the
auctxon consrirurc~rile contract to purcharc. Sale, knona as completion, n h m paynienr
IS ,made and d ~ deed
e of iranrfer ir i porcharcr, oiually taker placc at a
t ~ the
complerion darc qpecifiud in the ~pccialcondirionr.'

Sale by private treaty

'In a r.11~ by privrrc trearh thc seller and the purihaier may nqotirtc dcrailrd terms,
either directly or ,'la agents. The pllrchaier will consider iearchcr inirructcd hy his
raliciror h full rulvey may he instructed and the seller \vtll he asked nr provide replies to
pre-contrue cnq~irier,h,r cramplc ahour r l ~ cproperry's pllyiical srsru and the prupcmv's

produce a drafr contract, also known a i a sale agrccmenr, which w ~ l lreflen rhc Hcadi of
Terms. C ~ n d l t i o n sof sale common ro most propcrry contracts, governing, fnr example.
proof01 titlc, how thc dcporir ia dealt with, eic., ruay be incorporated into the contract by
ieiercncc to puhl~rhedStandard Conditions.
Once the p u r c l ~ ~ risi rsorirficd wirh all rhc inforruariun and rhc form of contract, that is,
the terms and condlnons, has hcen agreed, rhe partic\ may procucd to a c h a n g c contracts.
l l i i s c m s r i r u m ~a c o ~ ~ r r a c t uohligarlon
al n, complete rhc sale or purchase on the rcrms
in d ~ contract,
c md penaltics will d r c in rhc cicnr at dcfaulr, h condirional contract,
whcre completion is to rake wirhin a spccilied period something huppemng, will
uiually conrain a longstop dare - a final date - a t whrch poinr rhe partics may rescind thc
contract - cnnccl ir - lf rhc conditions hevc not been sch~cvcd.'
40.1 Complere the dciinmonr 11-71 then use appropriate i v o r d i ro complere the errram f r o m the
sucOon pmpcrry particulars below la<). Look sr A and B oppos>rero help you.
1 ........... l a w and prnccdurei relaring to the sale and purchase of properfy
2 - p r o p e m sold at auction
3 ............... - thc to hold property
4 - lifers competing to purchsqc
5 he conrracr ro purchase document
6 property r h o tranafcra rhc ownership tor money
7 pccliicd rime when the payment a to be made and rhc
propcrry decd transferred

Brief description of the (a) ................

18 Upper Grishornirh, Werton, Wiltrhire Freehold
Name and address of m e seller Rqistend or unregistered?
Undisclosed. To be identified in the @) Reginered at Lond Regisuy W i r e
................................................................ Tde obsol&. Wn93
Name, add- and reference of the (c) .......................... guaramee
relle<s conveyancer Full f l l e guarantee
Giiliez and Poacher, 8 Partree Terrace,
Cheder s / G P

40.2 Choose the conem word or phrase i n hrackers to complete rhe runrcnccs. 1.ook at (: oppnsire ro
help you.
1 The (purchasrrlicllcrlsnlicic~~j consxders searcher.
2 Partics may (c~~mpictdrcrcindexchan~c1 the contract in rile w e n t that the conditions have nor
..................i l h i ~ " ~ A
heen
3 A [full rurrcy I preionrracr enqitlry I sale sgrcumcnrj I S drafced by the seller's solicxror
4 The partlei (conridedexchangeliiiit~u~~) conrracn once all rermr are
5 Standard G m d i t ~ n n rcan be (inzructedlhcorpc~rafcdcon~ple~~dj into the conrracr.
6 The scllrr ir askcil a, nrovlde reolles to liearches I invcsnearion of rlw rirle of the nrnnemr 1
prc-canrrscr cnqurncs).
7 Terms are (compleredineg~~rinicddindifrucc~d) b y seller and pllrcharcr
8 The (muesnganon of iirlc I h~ll survey I form of conrract) Is agrecd hy hot11 panier

40.3 Re-order rhe sentences in 40.2 nhovc n, dcscrlbe chronolog~cnllythe p o i r i h l r procedurel

phrases be lo^^. Some actlvltlei may rake placr
i n a sale b y private weary. UECh e l i n k i l ~ g
around the r v ~ n er ~ m e The
. firrr onc has hccn done fol you.
Firsr of all, .$c.r.m3 are.ve.eat.sted b;,seller end.p".mhaser ; rhen usu.11ly
41.1 Make word coxnbinarioni from A oppoilre using wordi from the hox. Then use appropriate
word comh~rvarronsto complete the dehnlrioni belo\v.

cmplormcnr bargaining fucd rrihunrl c~rllcctiuc rclarions sic1 trade

employmenr ~lilion psnlculari time lahour pay of! term

1 -salary paid when an employee cannor work bccausc nf illncsa

2 cstiicted pcriod of employment ier our in contract
3 organ~iar~on which represents the workers, who are i r i
y and worklng conditions with their employer
4 spccialirt cuurt dcallng in dlrpufcs bctwccn cmplor.crs and

5 rioen derails of u posinon in a cumpvny

6

41.2 A lrwycr ir g i r ~ n gndvicc to u client about an e~nployrncrirconrracr oicr rhc phonc. Rcplace rhc
underlined words and phrases wlrh alrernarwe wards and phrases from R oppoiire. There is
morc than onc porslbillry for cone of the answers.
,'
4 l'uc lookcd thmugh thc conrncr and i t seems iar~rfncrorr.in relarlon ro 11)the oeriad of 1

41.3 Which type of dismissal may havc occurred in the h l l o w ~ n gs#tuarlons?Look ar B opposnc o,
help you.
. . dccidcs ti, lcave lher !oh because she i s moved. w~rliuurconsultarion. or a nciv
1 An crnolorce
pusltion in the company wh~chshe regards as u rcdilnion i n her role. h new posr covermg
broadly ihc Fame arra ar hurs is otfcred to an ourride applicant.
2 Hn employee is forced ru lcavc his j<,h hecause lhe has arrived at his place lnf work undcr ihe
influence of nlcahol on several occarkmr.
3 An emplover has nor gone rhrough the appropr~areprocedures heinie iniclng an emplo~eito
leave his iob.

41.4 Choose rhe correcr piefix from rhu hor ro make the opposire oiihe sdjccrivei below

U" n o 11 ir

1 rclcvanr 2 legal 3 lawful 4 resrrlcrlve 5 facr 6 ~raruairy

 Copyright and patent
mCopyright
Trrincei a t a law hm have bcrn asked ru help prepare a wcrion on htcileauai Prop- (IT1
law for rhe monthly e~ncrvilenerc~rculatedro clients. Some of r h r ~ rpreparatun- narcs are below

TvPe of iP interest ,at omteaion is I

Copyright the expression ~ngibleform
UQ? e ? v ~'&ELOll! ich is protected r,3ther than the id,?a itself.
An altumatlc rignt a. $#ng. T A T5e~u:c. 'he %
-:."-. .
~ - , , e r . norma , tnc author, has
LUPy,,LJ~l

Copyright arises as roan as an original work cxcluriue rights 18. ~ o r q t?c i;gnc ;to make

(Iiieraty, dramatic, murirai, or artirtii, as defined (ODCI I. \r :OpCIIL i"?D.OI< 'I to @ve a
in the main UK statute: Copyright Designs and public pdarmance of t t e work.The 8owner may
PatentsArt 1988, and its subsequent amendments) ,
Ire
.
license, urualiy m wding, the reprodudion of
is m a t e d and embodied in a s p d r media [tor

work .
foilowed by the auil,,, .,,...c ,
~ndtratethat it s ,"tended that the a
.
Ibol(Qa)
ate to
. .
have copyright protectton, but n a
to do thlr

'm
--..cIc---.-_cy

Patent

Tvpe of IP interest What orotection is aqilabie?

Patent
How the interest or ri ht arises
A patent is a territoriayright given to the patent
holder for a statutory period of yearr. It must be
--. - .-
annli~dfor in path ,iiriqdiifinn fnrwhirh
. .
5 n,q. iru .I lnc ..L. I ma\ I .granted
nrmninn
.....
in*
..L I~IPPI OKce, n e e . t A r r,, pc r. .--
Patent andTrademark Mfice.
To be patentable, an invention must
be navel, that ir, not made public any
before the filing date on which the appiicaaani
o e r r 0,-n j ,~rriivw!or peten:
vr capable of lndurtrial application ma: r
.+ $8 aoo' wl m r w n r < nu cl 8 d m 'u
resuiifrom an'inventive rtep. I" the US the
test is to be non-abviour, that ir, be something
dirtinctlve which couid not have been produced
by anyone with reiatively good knowledge in
the relevant area;
not be an excluded thing 'as sucW IPatents
The invention bxomer a propeny t i
vested in the inventor, which heishe can nanner.
It c o n k the right t o exciudeothe
makina, . urina.or rellino the invemiol
lbe ~-pu,*r~.roi r p .L LIa pr"n..c a th a UK
D a r n 1 n .I c in contravent:on a l It h e patem
&&Quid
An application should be filed an ttle Patent
Offire before any rtepr are taken to make the
invention public.
A patent application may fail orelc
a patent can be revoked, that is, removed from
the Register in terms of the PatenrAm 1997. if. for
example, a ruccessful application ir made to the
.
Court in counter-claimon grounds stI& as:
the invendon is contray to puhiic poiicy or
morality (for enampie human cloning p r ~ e s r e d
-, Or:
the pemn granted the patent doe..
?ntRlementto it
~ ~ - ~

Act 19771. For example it cannot be a discovery.

a scientific theory. an aesthetic oemionor, in the
UK, a burinor method.
42.1 Make a d j i s n v c ~h o ~ nrhe n o ~ ~ in
n rbrrckerr. Put a srrcsa mark in fronr of rhr irrcircd ryllihlc in
each ndicciive. Look at A and K u p p a ~ i ro r help you.
1 'arenr bolcicrs have (terinory) right, nvur rhcil muunrii,m.
2 Cnpyri&r is a irarumr!. riJlr in i n ioizgrnl work.
3 h liurnher ni r ~ g h fall r ~ alrhin ikrellccr] pn,perry. including copyright. dengn, parcnts, and
rraderuarks.
4 To he prenrcd, an invrnrion must have romp sort of (indusrrr] uic, rhir imgl~tinclude, for
example, io agriculmrc.
5 Discoveries of clemenis of rhr human hod? arc nui ipurcnr).
6 Thu inucnrion has m bc ln~,vclwIand 8iltisr nor have heen di\closcd bcloie.

42.2 Find four words in A opposire rllai can be used to makc word combinarions with 'copyixghr'.
~ r o.p i i s t cwords to cornolere rhe sentences helnw
Then use the r p .
1 It is ericnrial to identify rhc hrsr copvrliihr . . . . . . . . . . . . . beflrrc dercrmining whcrhei a
paniculsr form of work qualifies for protection.
2 The duration coicripynghr .................... i r calcillarccl by reicience m rhu author of the
~ a p ~ r i gwork.
ht
3 Copyright ................ in pmdocr dcs~:n and in ihc prcseninonn of merchandi,ing for
pmducts likc toys and cosrnstics.

42.3 Complerc rhc definitions. Look at A and B opposirc to help yoo.

subsisti in certain iangihlr cresrivc works
It char exists as soon a s s work rhat can he prorccred by

rs horn ihe owner uf thc righc- to another penon or

having a 6xrJ mricrirl cxirrencc

5 ...................... - the rlghr to own a patenr
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-the dare on which rhc full dcrcr~prinnof an iiivcnrion i s
formally applied for
1 ................................ - t h e crirerion foi asirrsing whether an invmnon a )nor an
o h v ~ u u sdevclonrnenr o f w h a r has been clone bcforc., in rhu ,iudmment ,, of someone who is
ikillod in rhc relevanr area
8 ................. -nor having been disclosed silywhcre drc in rhe wurld beforc
9 ................ - t h e cpacicy t,f an il>venrion o, meet the criteria set hy rtsrurc in nrdcr for an
applicnriotl co he gianied

12.4 Choose rhe correct phr.isc ~nbrackerr to omplere rile senrencei. Look ar .a and B ~ p p ~ ~o,s i c ~
help you.
1 The Acc generally giver rhc arocr of copyr,ghr (<hetisht to exclude I iexclorirc ~ i ~ ih r ~
cxcludrnp r~pllralro reprodi~ccthe copyrighted work and to perform the work pvbllcl?.
2 T h e parclir gives (the ii,ght ro cxclude I excluding righo co Iexclurive rrphrs a,) orhers from
,mp<,rnng i h r inucntion.
m
Trade marks, domain names, and remedies for IP infringemen.

W
Trade marks and domain names
Trnlnees a t a l a w tin" harr been sikcd to heip prepare n section on Inrellemual Property i I P )
law for the moninly c~ne~vilcttcr iircda~cd to cllcnrs. Somu rof rheii prcpararory or>res are h r i o w

Twe of IP i n t e r n t notbemisleading or connnn'y to IwormomIny.

Trademark ~eULamdemahrankenfomdtopromfhe
Haw the inwrenirioht a"rs V i proprietor undertherrade M ~ h r A e l Q M ~ w h i C h
A wade mark or mark npedrm be rqirtered ernena the EC (iumpean communi*l) lrade Mark
P ~ t e n f ~ e t o k o r o ~ R e d . A l r a d e m a r k i r t r r n ~ ~ o~ a~8adcu.p
If ran bearign including words rymbolrar pim,,s
or a mmbination of ail fhge element%itr fondon ism
Ado,
epplimion tofhemde Mal*RegisVafme UK m n f
me goodr graphialhianddiiiinguirh them Offie faianational Uade marX.oifaia CTM ICommunib
immaihergoo iseiren6a, iya badge of
irade M ~ ~ x ) thrnughouime~u( ~ ~ ~m ~ ~
enabling mifamerifo rwogniea brand.
-"'M (the omie for Hamonirnim in the lntemai Market
~ r e t v i c emark iifhesame ai a wade mart b u ~ 3de ~ a r tand
i ~engni):art o h e ~atentand~mdemat
identifier the rouw at a rewio.
What o m t e d m k available?
- -
r for arantins of a "ademart in the U a .
all wade m a r k am regi=tererable.for example where
To be r a p ~ b l eof regiseafi0n.a trade m a t ml ahapereruin horn the namreofthegoodr ivih %an
original and ifioently dirfinaiveframanyc mila.
for h e same or rimilar goods orieniier* mart m s t be n,n a h m , y h e ~ k m m W i i d 0s.
~ ~ e a t i cthe
r a gmdi w r p w i i p r t whim
~ it i i t apphiand
~
-- _-.- _-..-\. _:*.-_- . . --
BrE: t r a d ~mark: AmE: t r a d ~ m a r k
-

Bwof IP interest athildpa~wbttadomrmrmmmPran?~m

Domain name vevrimiiarto a famous namearIcademart,hoping
HOWthe inferertlrioht arises to sell it or to urefhe bvrineir valueof a weil-known
Ddrnein namesare unique Infernet addresses which oarno-a practice known as qberrqu
diainguirh one computer horn all othen mnnmod m the name piracy
Insmet,foreramplegaagiemm Aaion reouired
Top level domains (TLDI includetwo ierter iovnny Domain names ran be registerd directly i
code$(mi iurhar .ut and .nl.GmsirIlor (gTtDI registram, fhal is, Internet name lirenri
or by bvyingmem horn internet naming companiei.
..,.............
intiude .mm. org, . b i and
~ coop. Below thneare fho
raond level daman m a m a for exarnple'McDonaldr'in ~ a r n e 5are registeredfor one or more yeam, onen with
McDanaldicom annual renewat.

trademark in drfferenrrouneier and each daim the

ramp domain nametor
--... __._.^_ ^ ,,* ._"+._
__~^_-..____-. --
Remedies for I? infringement
IP righllran kenfarcedthmugh dvil remedies and remedy, fhatir a pmvirional one may includeaninterim
may iw&e uiminal k a f d nm*, the injumtlon ro sop an inf;rsio9 mi,3 march wdw
rightholder an obtain financial compensation for fa laat for evidenceof infnngemmt and a freezing
iorrer mused by infrinaemsnt by Chariinq be~veen iniunctitionfa heereme arietiaf an alleged infringer
damages or anamoun? of profib whim me defendant befan tnal.
made ham theinhinaemtn~ if h w e i r mirreprerentation ar tothe bade ariqin of
43.1 to help y<,u.
Cirnplctc thc dchr<rian,. Look at A and B coppo~~tc
1 ............................... - anythmg grapllic char convcyr infc,nnanon. tor example ni~rnerals,iur,rds,
letters, packaging, rhapr of thc goods, crc.
2 . . - l~iiilgclear imager, lhner, characrers, rnuricnl nornnon, inii.rnation,~lly
recognlsed colouis. crc.
auy sign, repleienrcd yrapbically. rvhicll i, capable of

part of an lnrernet address lndtcarlng the type

n p r o p e m nghr us\octnrsd *irh rhc zttr.acr~ngot burlne,r

a i i i r l action ivhcru thcrc har bucrl miarrpresrniarion ofpoodi

stop the moicrncnr <or rale of issers

t iordel until rhc trial
,rrgnisnrioni which offcr a .cmlce to

dacrctionrry r c n l r d ~a v a ~ l s h~IICII
l~ there
as eel? in rvngrmcnr o in e e r ua pmpcm: lnvolv~ngrhc n17,1rd ra rhe nghtholdcr of
profits [made tmm r h i lxlfrtngernenr hy the defendani

43.2 Replace rhc undcrllned rvnrdr nlld phrases m this crrract from an iducrnsemenr for 3 short
course fur Iawycrq on made marks a8rll dlrcrnarivc words and phraics from A and K opp,>sire.
~- p~~~
~- ~~

LawyenFonrm.com
O Resister O
venalc courses Olobs Oupdater
OBOVU this event =send to a colleague 3 s a v e for later Oprint
Dnteltime 10 October 2007 10:00 - 17:00
venue ManChester
CPD hours 5
course dercri.tior I Inllodudlon fa trade marks
course level lnlrodULfOP,
Delegates
Topic+ covered: .
Far pract8floners w t h no ploaovious knowledge o i i h s area
F""Cf0" of trade marks

. Trade marks and (1)Droduct loaomgnifion

What i5 (21 caoabe of be~nqxcorded;ensurlng m a r k are ( 3 ) &
&!kmn; marks that are (4) k'aw or contrar" t o the law
How La regstefer a trade mark; appicatlon Lo the Trade Mark ( 5 ) &cLk
-&in the UK, reglsenng a (6)mark ua\>dweri.where in the EC
at the OHlM
How t o oppose the (71 OY109 of a trademark by a regirtry
. How a m a r k s (8) permlited fw u z s m
Litigation. ( 9 ) Illeaa use of a noht, and (10)p r
e
S-I

..are those of aaoulc

Relaoonrh8p between (11) u
Internet-baaed iervvnes
~ d d r e andr frade ~ marks
Information technology law and cybercrime
Computer security
Picrcr den nieman. a legal pracririunci ipeoalliini: m information
rechnnlogh $ 5 ipeaklng at r Chvn~berof Cumrnerce iuiich.
'I'm rurc you'd all agrrr rhar the development of mformarion
fechnalogy nnd c-conunercr has pierenred mcltmng burincis
opponuniues. However the increasing sophistication of rhc
systems and applications srallable ro end users has crearcd
rignificsnr legal chz~llengernl indiridualr, ompaniei,rhc
legislrrure, and legal advtsers. The rechnnlngy necessary to accev
thc laten~erhas also enabled imovarive illegal activities. You'll
hc aware char there iilciude the brcach of computcr security and
unaurhorised access m a comourrr ci,mmonlv lknirwn sv hackine.
l%rhcrc\ also rhe distribution dillleeallv ohraked conrenr from titarshaici. a i \\,ell i s u r u i
. I ,. , J I . n ., 8 <,<.,-r. \C,\L,% .< ..
;.
t
.
7 r
I I 11.1

; I I.. /
_ . h. 1 ( ,n>pt,:.r \lllll.l 1 t J.
I I . / . ~ ~ I, I. I I.I .
I.
I 111.,, I...
.I . r
I .
,.. 8 .
.
I I .. I .
. ' I , I". .
~nnlcrsyou have udequatc security systems in place, your burineri is ar risk.'

Cybercrime

, .
rhey'rr known, who ilrc a srolen identity ro c o m m ~new
i cnmer, may be chsrgcd wlrh
what's known in the Srarcs as agwavatcd IU theft, Thc Council of Furope Cyhcrcrinle
Treaty, also s~gncdby US and Japan, has the axm o t inrern~rianalco~c,pcrutiooand
murual assistance in policing.
Orhcr cyhercrxrne may impact on your huslneii. ll~crc's~ ~ b c r f r a u d
such
, as pIlrrming,
wl>eieusers are moved ro fake, non-genuine srer, when they try to lknk to rheir bona fide
hank webnrc. Then there's phrh~ng,when a fraudsrer, hy nisrcprcscnrarion, gets Inrcrncr
users fa dirdore personal information in reply to <prm ernail rent unroliatcd to n large
numher o f people. Internet users can also be rrlckeil inro m o n q laundering acrlviriei
wluih 3rd the transfer of illegal or srulcn money:
Note: mirreprerentatian- making a wrong statement to trick someone lnta a contract

Data protection
'The r a y you mllccr, store, and dkrrihure information that constiru~crpersonal data
on identifiable individuals li now ruhlccr ro Data Protection leplrlation. If, for ~ ~ ~ m p i e ,
you as4 potential cusalmerr to supply rheir address dcrailr n a the iveh m rlic pmcesr o f
requesting further informrtlun concerning your buiincrr, you hhuuld also providc rhc data
suhiecr rvnh inh>nnarronahout the ptlrpnse <ifcollecrlng the drrs, rhc period ior which
it w1U bc src,red, and whc will be in receipr of such dara. If p m r web page conra~nrdata
relating to rpccific employees, rumember rhar rhn will be iniarmation readily avdablc
lnteinnt~onallyand manonally. You mu% have rhe consent of rhc indlvidurli conccincd
nlluwllw r i ~ um make such informarion sra~lable.Thar conicnr must be informed and
,, , ~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~

freely given. Csrc inusr bc tekcn in the nwnagcmenr a i pcr,onal wcb seneus and scrvcr
s o b n r e and clcar guidelines given to staff shnur your lnrerncr pollcy in order to avoid
falling foul of thc law, for enamplc rhe Defamaoon Acr. F#nall,: nn addinon ro ensuring
rbsr you don'r inhinge rcgulationr, you oecd to coi?ridclhow to fuiurc-proof contracts
you enter inro, hy considering pi,rcnrial and unknown developrnrnrs r h ~ may h aiiecr
your bushers.'
44.1 Make word cornh~nanonsfmm A oppoilre using words from the h o r .

~ d e q ~ a r e access iniiurc users carnp~lrer breach of

legal illepally srcurin. o m p u r e r secunn. end ln~ecure
chnllmgca activities iirur spreading uhtaincd unauthoriaed
sewers illegal

44.2 Are the following srarcmcnrs true or false? 1.ook a t A opporlre to help you. Use
appropriam w u r d m m b 8 n u t ~ o n rfrom 44.1 to expla~nyoor ansivcrr.
1 People who use compurur appllcarions are k n o w n as hackers.
2 Ir'i u lcgsl chslleng to gal" unauthorlred accesr to a darubsse.
3 Secure servers make v l r u i spreadlng posshlc.
4 U i ~ r r i b u n n pi l l e g a i l ~obtained data is a hrcach o f conlpurer s e c u r ~ y

44.3 Complere the s n ~ c l e .l o ~ s~t Rk opporlre ro help you. There ir more t h a n one possihiliv
for ~ n ocf rhc a o s ~ r e i i .

Pharmingistakingover fmm phishh

Inlernstionsl eyhl'r-emokr have L
to rip offthe ~ ; b ic
l
Fraudsters rmd i t sumtisingly ~ h q .to operate The b u d is no l o n p limited lo hank accounts.
ciedrt cord (1) ................................ ovcr tho btCme,. Recat Exumplir have had carporate webrihs cloned
12) ................................ fncks consmers info prarndlng to sell non-x%iinl mducfs, m to s l consumen to
cofidenad deLnilr i n response to spam e m d . parlicipale i n money (8) ................................ activities
Although babanks lime been raisingpublic awavenesi while bclicving mfy arc doaling with a legitimate
<rfthcprr~ticchypl.cingaarmngronwebnilcs,rame organisati"".
cu3,mnirr are still take" in by ipam emails lmriting
them to (3) .............................. account inhnnatinn.
Wl'ethcr the are umg phishg Or
pharming, cnminal pmrccunon rrmalnr d l f i c u l t
s u i phisl~lngis nu l o n g r as e k r i v e us i t was. so largciy becauc most o f thc criminals am bascd
(4) ............................. hawdeuelipcd(5) ........................... the Cmtoiy inwhich the
which dmr involvespam cmna and c- hard- to ~ ~ v a d i pincccdingr
t i ~ ~ are dimcult and
detect. The scam *direct% w o to (6) ........................... although s m e national covrti may have limited
sites whc" they tiy to access their (7,. ........................... exua-lomto"d j,,sdiedan. Phishlng 1egiriation
................................ had' website. A cun,mcr lag6 on. may be drafted but ,he real problem is h e
noimalh. uxmg ihc address stored in his or hi7 crois-hrda n a b of thc Gaud Thc icg~slntroo

banking rite, but the cu3tomn is ilcuily dimmed hrnnne h-am prosecution.
to the fnudsLerS site.
-.-----.-
The n m r i

44.4 Find m o r u f o r m r l cxprcsrionr i n C opposite for:

1 a human pcriuil ahour ~ . l ~ udam r n 8s stored
2 law w h i c h governs rhc ubu of cornpurer stored intarinntion about individuals
3 will8ng agreement to i o m e i h ~ n g<m r h r barns of relevant knowledge
4 to break rhe l a w
 Environmental law
C A parmer has asked hcr trainee to draft some notes on environmental l a x .

lntcrninional cnvlmnmcntal law

Imrnaclonal cnvimnmenta law is a fa5~dweloplnqarea affacud by sciemti+c discavery and

frmthe international legal community There i s a l s o k r n a t i o n a l diplomacyand nawbiw&

-which c~eateguidnaorincioies, such as hc 1972 Stockhoim DEciaotion and the
1392 Rio Declamtion.

.
-nit main pnnciplas framed in imernstional ~nvimnmentallaw are:
polluter iiavs ~ n n c i ~-l the
c C M ~ofdamaae 15 carried bv the party ns~onslbie

I
Natlonai environmental law t
The crltlcal issues of imolem~ntation.m n i t o r i n a mn.&mu and m f m x u a haveto ba
addressed wthin lcaai frameworks. The curmm i m p n u s to p r o t e c t t h c cnuronmcnr s t a global
as well as a local level means t h a t domestic law in thie aiss has an imporcam interanion
with international law Manyjurisdinions have a body o f ollutlon control laws as wcii as
W B m d ~ o u n t r r p J B n n i n alaw In t h e UK. planning 1awco:sisZs oF a maulatow mechanism
with a dcvclopcd process of application far and g m n t of permission; attachina condi~lons+A
dmlopment; a sy-m o f appeal: rights of- t o Information: and n g h w of*
m.
Plannin4 law hasalso b a n used to oursuecnvionm~ncalobiactives with thecontrol of

~ ~ -~

Note: listed building - building of special historic interest protertcd from dcveopment and demolition

A p p l i i i o n ofendmnmental law
E
5 i s t u t o r y ruluiation snd the roe d t h c various in5tlt&ions and procsdura of leqai ruluiation :

Miuaam or may men r c s u t cnmlnal iahycrs d k i i n g in pmpeny transanions or

.
the acquisition of a business GI1 unsh to ensure t h m
%hedue d i i m c c D~OCCJJ en~ompas5asa & of any i ~ l n a nenvironmcn~l
t iiccnces;

. nlwamt a & a; nsuzsd

and dffiais of any potential, current, or
are *,
enforcement orocecdinas involving ~nvimnmental

In other c!mumswnce*, a alien%p e r s o n a i i y a f f h d ty poilut8an or enwronmemzll damaac may wsh

to take c v l acuon in ronto rem* t h e situaton

Note due d#l#gence 8nvesrigatlon of legal t ~ t l eand company documentat8on

45.1 Complete rhc scnrences w ~ t hrhe princlpler of environmental l a w listcd it, A opposit~.
1 If you aim to mucr the needr of the prcsrnr w~thourlnaklng ir difficdr <ormporsible n~ !meet
e , is known m r
rhe #needsof rhe h ~ n ~ r rhir
2 If you rnake rhc incl8vldual u
the crrst, this is known as the
3 When all cooncries are c ~ p e c a1 rntcction bur
according a>rhelr circurnsra~lces,rhir is known a, the
4 If you nci to prorecr thc c n v l r a m c n t 8" rhe casc u i s e
proof of damage ir nor ye? auailnhle, chis 1s known as rh

45.2 A lawsrr is wrinng to a ollleague shout inrernational environmental law Replncc rhc undeclined
wards and phrases with words from A, R ;tnd C <oppovre.Thcrc i l more than one possihil!ry for
nva of the an,--cri.
I From: ~.assad@oldfieldslaw
couk
.................. .p-....
-.----
--

--
~ ~ ~law i ~ ~ ~ -,m i ~

Cassandra.
YOU said YOU were merested in gefting an overvew of internabonal environmental

. .-
leqai (21 -
, the 13) written and ilaned leoal
. aoreements b e t w m countries, j'

,
~

Customary law, and all the new case law, as well a s issues like ( 4 ) aareement to
carrv out what is ordered, implementation, (5) ensurino that the lw is obeved, and

-
disoute settiement. There's a breadth of tooics: conservation of bioloaical divers8tv.
genetically modified organisms, (6) damaae throuah Coaaminaton control, hazardous
substances and activities, waste management and disposal, the Kyoto Protocol, and
techniques for the (7) W . m t of principles and rules such as environmental impact
assesiment, liability, and compensation for environmental (8) b. [,l

45.3 Find words or ~hraserin A, Rand <:opposite rhvr can

bc uhcd to make word curnbllvairons with rhe w m d i
or phrasesb e h ~ w
 Answer key
1 1.1 1 Criminal law
2 Public law
4 Civil law
5 Suhrranrive law
I 3 Procedural law

1.2 1 head of stace 4 jurisdicnon

2 hovsedchamberi 5 aurharirj
3 hierarchy 6 conventit,"~

2.1 1 p.ss/c#7nci 4 rcpesl

2 rnacrlpass 5 cod~fy
3 aincndlupdare 6 consolidare

2.2 1 stannary initrumem 3 pressure groups

2 bye-law 4 rciurin~stngthe provxsions

1 2.3 1 Bill 4 rnshrlnei

5 uppnrvcd
2 subn~ncUinfioduce~p~~~posed
7 drahing
8 undenakrn
3 dehsred 6 re~prcacntcd 9 propoic/introducc/sub~n~t

3.1 1 bound 5 citc

2 consider 6 hindins precedent
3 rely on I apply 7 ieviird
4 dirhguirh 8 avcrridc
4.1 1 Magiirrarcs' l o u r t 5 leapfrog
2 Tnrrancc 6 hppcal
3 IDi~irion 7 Hou\c
4 tirgh Coon of lusrhce

4.3 l c , 2v, 3 4 4.1, 5h

1 AppeaVAppellare
e appeal
3 claimnllr
4 hwrlrry
b trredlheard

5.1 1 n a r r a n r o f arresr 2 indictment 3 illmmonr

5.2 c r i m i n i l pmcccdings; realisnc prarpecr; defencc o,rtr; reasonable d ~ , ~ h rgoilr).

; pla;
reduced sentence; w e r e penalnes; ~ n d l c r i b l eoffences
1 realistic prospect 3 lr~dlctahlcrnffencei 5 dcfe~icecosts
2 rraronable doubr 4 revere prnalrics

5.3 I detained 5 ienrcnceipei~alry

2 acqmrrcd 6 apprchcnd
3 appears 7 b.111
4 charge

6.2 admit a clam; agree ro a stay; allocate ro n rcgimc; cnforcc rhu judgment; file a reply:
~ssuea clalm; rcvlew the process; serve a r l a l m on; set a rimerahlc; rcnle dlfterencer
1 N o r m r l l y d ~ clnllnanr
c issuer a claim and it is bcned on thc h f i n d a n r .
2 Thr drfcndanr musr file a reply, whether ir i s a defence, a n idmisrion, or 1 reqilrir f n r a tlmi
... .
rurin;inn
\*, . I I . . r ,
4 I 5 ,
'

8 , . ,: 1. 8 I I
r i . ..I,,:.
,.\,.%$ lI,.prII .... 8 I .. ., 8 . I

' I . ' 8 . . , ,I " I r , < I . . 8'.

 I ~ n f ~dli irm ~ i r a l 7 bomc hy
2 drtend 8 broker a wtrlrrncnr
3 rrapondcnt 9 par,ics
4 'Ilimd?lr 10 i,.;tncss st.1rements
5 govcrnrnmr agency 11 address
6 w!rhilrai,n 12 lricr ro

formerly knou,n as: generally called; reicrrcd n, a* also k n o u ~as; dehncd a,

1 generally called 3 defined a\
2 formerly known as 4 also known as I referred ro as

1 lnremal 6 provisions 11 (:ommonq 16 dlrecrtve

2 frunr8eri 7 Treaty 12 rcgularion 17 hlrnlbcr
3 frcc 8 Smtcs 13 application
4 movement 9 mearurcs 14 ennrery
5 ICI\IC~S l o obligaoons 15 applicable

1 rrlle
2 ialsc - commui~iryruler rake precedence. Community law has supremacy over national law.
3 false - che Common Curromr Tariff applicr ol all gcrudslmporred iaro rbc EU from countries
outside the ( . o m r n o n q like Japan and rhu USA.
4 CIU"

1 conveyanclng; d r a w upidrafr
2 advuiacy; rrghr iri audicncc: appcar
3 solicitor; harmtur

1-I aavsc
prx'lire
's~cc,~~~sc
fralnlng
advice
p'a'liic
specivliim
ad,irer
prac'tit1oncr
'peilrliat
10.2 I o>orenioncourse 7 pi~plllages
2 Bar \'ocarionsl Cuurhc 8 trnancy
3 rhamherr 9 ndvocr'y
4 pupil master l o rxcrclse rights "i
audlencc i'pracnie' is also p c ~ r i ~ h l e l
5 shadow 11 iemor harrlsier
6 dou~tnemlpleadm~{lo)
opinion

11.1 best intcrcm; all parrici muct~ng:chargcahlc work;cornprchcc~rivenufci; rerms agrced;

tcc earner
1 hot ~ntcrcsrs 3 tcrnmi aFrced
2 all pamci meeting 4 chargeable work

11.3 1 soond file5 with the mlnures on i n p c ihcln up

z copying l ~ by
cucryone in / ~ l i ~ ~ rhcm t i cmail
~ l ~ 6 gcr back o, rilein
3 genlng a hard copy ot 7 get oil
4 marks up

12.1 1 Diqcricc J~ldge

lblagirrrarc,' Courrl 3 1 ord ~iAppeal i n Ordlnan-
2 Circuit Judge 4 Lord Justre of Appeal

12.2 1 the Bench 2 rhe Judiclav 3 the luilclal office 4 pcnal csrabliilvnert

13.2 drnu on Ihrrc reievv~lrcxperriru; \have exclu~ivca~ucrr;have 1 draiv on extensive

experience: pmildc a comprehm~luc 5cnice; make ilgnificnnr investment; rcr<rurcc
mecv~lxirknowlrdgi.
1 has enenswe erperlcnce 4 rcsnurce rpecialilr knomledge
2 $made~ignlhcanrlnvesrmenr 5 provzde a comprelleniive serwce
3 draw on rclcirnr cxperriic

13.3 I pcraonn~l 4 cramfir k n o w ~ h o w

z rubrnir u rundci 5 rnearurc ourpurs
3 professional indemnin. cover

14.1 1 otfice ,natlual I department manual (or iurt ,manual'] 4 indannin iniluancc p r r r n i w ~ ~
2 precedent lrrrerv 5 external aud~rar
3 dirburicmcnti
In a cllerlr c.,re lenei !i,u \110old ...
a - . refer ro the xnamer on w h ~ c hyuu are in\imcrcd rci icr ...
b - . (refer roi the agreed rarger rirnrscslc, ruch as rhcrc I S .
c - . infrxnm the client o f r h o will be u l ~ d u r r a k iwork
~ r ~ h,r rhcm ...
d - . give the namc of the person wirh overall r e ~ p o n r i h i l i tfor ~ conduct ot ilir m.>ner
e - ...pro"& s ice crrlnlare ior work by srafl and should also give rhe derslli 01 any
anriciuaruri d~,bur~cmcntr. ruch i s courr fees, search tees, and orher costs. Il it isn'i ~osilblc
to give n quorc ur rhc "user o f a matter YOU mnh for example, iuBesr rhar !on ohr.lln
rhcir appnwal before ~ ~ i d e r t r k c nany
g ~ r i ~ in
r kc x c c s ~iof an agrceil limit.
f - .. r r the e,xlieir opporrimiry.
a g c c rt, pnlvidc a n c r r ~ m ~ar

1 l l l o l l r r Iruildcrmp 4 as w,r,n as ,1 riirorl.,blv p n ~ f l ~ . i b l c

2 one-off franrcflall 5 rxcrciscd all duc 'll1,gm'c
3 iorertrll~og 6 dlrclorurer

1 c , > I ~ ~ WI )I ~ I I 6 tool\ all rca\<>nahlr.\rep\ 11 awarc

2 Proceeds ot 7 e~ercliedall due d~liguncc 12 ~ansl.icomy cvidrtlce
3 scr lor snorhcl prr,on 8 fc,rerfalling 13 naminarcd
4 contravening 'I d ~ r c l o i l ~ r c 1 1 rr.,nr.~ctlon
5 fine 10 s~lrpect

2 Ell!pils - . rulztlnq o, rhc ihovc (Projrcr Iburi, T ~ r Conlpnnr ~ ~ r - F r d L n K c i l Lmmircdl ...

3 \oh?tniltlon rnt 'r111, I S ~ C C ~tor
' 'cnndlnoiii ro hlch i o m p l r i i n n will he i ~ h j r c r '
...
4 i l l ~ p a-~ i read rhr m c k ~ s r d[Hcads roTernlai carefully ...
5 S u h r c ~ f ~ ~ ot
r ~ o'the
n iame' for 'thu i.nclurcd' Hcadr of Tcrn~r

trau - ... c~rilo,rd find tile fu~rhcral~~unclcd

Hcads 01 Term,. ..
2 rrvc - You will see that Ihave left rhlr n\pcct a s oi~glnuil!dr.~ircdtor rhc rmic b c i ~ ~ g .
3 falsc - As previously dlrcusred. you w ~ l llet mc hsvc funhcr in\trucrionr ...
4 ialsc - I rhc,uld bc gratetul ,i
r o u coulJ rcacl rile cnclu,rd ~ a r c i t ~ l and
l i conhrnl r1i.1~yr~uarc
happy with rhc \=mu,
17.1 Yoin wantrd mc o>give you an ciuillne of the stager in gerring proprietary nghrr. First, consider
iubmirnng an applacarion ro rhc psrenr office in rhc rcreaich phase. Before that hirppeni, don'r
d~icloscthc invention beiaure chis might bc lnrcrprered as prior pubLatam. Next, I
Then. I The next r t q , is to i After thnf, rhink ahour using fhc renices of a ieglircrcd patent agent
a, lhelp prepare rhe spcciXcar~on/the legal documenrl requhred by rhc parenr oifice. Onre rhiiik
hern drmc, I Next, I Thm, I Tl>enext step ri h~ complcrc rhc form 'Rcqucrt iar gram a t parent'.
After rho?, I Ncrt, I Then, I Onrc rhnrk been done, rake or send rhc documents to the parcnr
office. Ftnally, the parent office decides whirhcr the invenrion fillfils spcoiic condtnons b e h m ir
grants a pacent.

17.2 1 equivalcr~tto I the rime as

2 diiferr from
3 reierred ro as I callcd I known as
4 c ~ m p v r v b l et o I illnilar to I like
5 is IYCT)different from I diiierr from

17.3 1 in other words

2 that 1s
3 Lrr me cxpla~nfurther I Lcr me pur ir another way
4 Could I ( j o b t ) ilrrlfy thar 1 So, if I've underirouii you cllrrecrly, ISu. li1luay [ I U S ~ ) check i'vr
got chis iighf,

18.1 1 This and rhc hcnciirr and a d v a n t a r c s ' h ' cunralncd aru personal to each
M m h ;and &dl4
nor he sold. a i r i ~ r dor transferred' by rhc M.'
2 ~ejior'.','M4not he liable for Ihr, of or damage a!any pmpern. left. rrored. or
t r i m ortcd' by lka' or rn" orher pcinm in or 12 on' W'cirhrr before or after rhc
&' ro kl-'. Hirer kl-' harmless tram', and
indemnify5 Lessor'.' a g a i n s all d a m s based on or a n s < n g o d ' such loss or daolage unless
caused by rhr ncgllgcncc of k c i -
3 m' to propem 191 rhe goods hall' re~naitiW2 the Comoanv" (nonuithsrundin '
the delivery of rhc same ro the -I,' innrll fhc price o i the comprtrcd in r6he
conrracr a n d d l other moncy J u c ironl rhe Currl,meil," to t h e m ' any other
acroilni has hcen pnld in foII.~
'
using capital lcncra to slgnsl impi,rtmt or d e h c d term,
'using l e e 1 ]prg<m, including the u\e at patrr of ward, o r rriplers
'
using o l d ~ b i h i o n r dwordr nor [much in general use
rhc spccific use of thc modal vcrb 'shall' to impose an ohligatim ur dun. on s o m e n ~ ~ c
'
using rechn~calteimr
:avuidmg personal pronourii
using long rentcnrer wit11 lirrlc punrtu~oon
a hrlcmberihip
b liahlc; loss; property; ~ c h i ~arisesl ~ ; ('rciult\' is also poiriblcl; ncgligunie
C goods; p3y1"g

PmFs~ionoii n g b h m Use Law I03

,
1

I
I
i
I,

I
I

1'
I

I
19.1

19.2

20.1

20.2

21.1

21.2

22.1
l~,Zg,31~,4t.5h.6a,7c,8e,9d
1 trading rclllclc I ,rading c n n q
5 general
a duration
c Parrnerihlp r\grccmcnr
d expelled frl>m
C CxCIIIpIIOII
f i",,>tl? .,,,cl ,c,c,,,ll!
g hallkrllpr
h ,,,lu tr.,Jcl~

1 SCCUCLC~over

1 II M l S t l l
2 il<TICI.ES

lc,2e,3a,4h,5d
a
b
c
d
rllutisllocare

P isillins
l~:,l,lc

lueglsriar of C,mpanlei: rnzn~murnruihonicd ~ ~ p ~Tectsrr!

persoml assrts
2 Puhlic Llrmtcd Company
3 Regls"~' of Glmpniliei

1 t o m ~ a t ~ orgcnr
2 transferred
n

3 registered c,,mpany
I rcgirtrataln ilgcia

3 reg\irered nthce
4 ohlecri

mcnlbei of the cc,rnprny

nominal rrplcal
rhare ierrihcarc
5 morrgsg
6 lhahil8ry
r ~ l o,rr
; prrruaal

5 LC, r.r~\c rh.irr caplrsl

4 rrrdlni: nsmc
5 Company Secretary
6 Inc~rpolaf~on

7 cap3nl
.~rsen;
gurrr8iree rhc obligarionr; rsrsc sharc capital; lcgal enrxry; Publlc Lvllircd Company
4 rnlnimurn aoihon\cd (share1 capital

dcclarc r dividend; dcfcr payrnenr; exercise the righr; issue ar a prem~um;vorc irn a resolur>on
1 iorr on: ierolurion
2 declare; a dlsidend
3 exerciic rhc right

1 a Iluar~ngcharge
2 r fixud chargc
3 a deheorurr
4 deierpaYmrnr
5 iswe: ar a p r r m l l ~ ~ n

4 iccuriq
5 r 1nortgage
 22.2 1 chargc/morrguge 5 crcdifors 9 fixed charge
2 mm~ngagdchsrge 6 m3ohenr l o ilomng charge
3 ~ESCCS 7 repayment 11 defaulrs
4 debenrurc 8 sccurcd 12 chargc holder

1 chargor 2 mortgagee 3 lesmi

23.1 1 He appears to be dirqvalified. Because he i, over 70 a mucring of the rne~nberrwould

!need ro agree ro w h v e the age requircmcnr. He m;iy a l w hr an ~indisclvargedbankrupt in
w h ~ i hcase the court would need ro 8ii.e lcai,c.
2 'lhc company may be rhargcd a lare filing p c n n l v Tile directors have ic,mm~ncda cnminz,l
otfcncc. Tliis m a y resulr in a hnc and a c n m ~ n a rl c o r d . I f r h ~ shappen, ogaxn, ihcy may be
dirquallficd from holdlng the officc of d ~ r e c t o r
3 The Registrar Companies may s t r i e Monocles Ltd -if the register and d~s,olvc thc
comp:iily. The ommpany'i risers may hecolne the propem. of rile Crown.

23.2 le, 2d, 3h, 4a, 5c

a comply with
b providcd naficc of; stamtor). form(rj
c serrid: mlnurcs
wnhm I... inonrhs o t ) the accouonng reference darc 1 w ~ r h l nthe
d hledidclircrrdisuhx~~~tred;
~ c q " i s i f pcri<rd
~
e delmered/inhmlncd~~~~~l

I 24.1

24.2
1 creditor
2 ~nsolvenr

la
lb
3
4
unrccured
preferential

shareholders ,lr mcmberi

company dliccn,rs
5 rcaliic
6 discharge

3 by pcrlt~onlngrhc court
4 if cryrrslliser 1 c r ) . i ~ l l i s a f i ~ n
Ic a ciedlror or corup.~nydirecruis 5 Y's a gr,mng co~lcerrl
Id J charge holder or cornpvni dircrmri 6 winding u p or liquidarlon
2 hy filing a notice at court 7 v>l%w~r

Pmieiilonal Engiih m Use Law 105

 25.2 1 pvnlcs 3 re-olved 5 rcfcrred 7 Agreement
2 parr) 4 di5pore 6 C~,nfrrctor 8 ~cs~~luf~on

25.3 1 referral 3 mcdiaror 5 scttlemcnr

I 2 medidnhn 4 rcrolving

25.4 -
1 falw arbitration is a formal and binding process.
2 false - rhr online mediator parser emad response, heween pnrt~cionlinc.
3 false - adjudlcliion is commonly used n r ~ s o l v o,nsr"lctlon
r dlspurei.
-
4 false the dcfendnnt m d ihc iln~rnunrarc reipecrivc partlei. T l ~ cxniediaror is an rr~depcnde#?r
r h ~ r dpart\

I 26.1 1 narify
2 cooperrrive
4 profits
5 due darc
7 inrtulmcntr
8 ancome
I 3 rflpilletcd 6 gains 9 exceed I he in exccss of

26.2 1 chargerbir 4 7 henefitrle&ocncy

2 Rcfum (or dcilrrdnonl 5 cxernpoon 8 cffic~enculbmefir~
3 due 6 hill

! 'r~9111a~~ I 'regolarr,r 1 reg~l'lirr,r) /

27.2 1 icgularorr 3 !takeover1 l i d 5 rcgul~~ory
I
2 takeover 4 ant, rn~rticompcnrion 6 merger

28.1 1 a monevary penahy 2 an adverse effccr 3 =greed undertakings

28.2 1 hnquiry 5 wafcl~dogirhc OFT) 9 refcrrvl

2 barrlrrs 6 rrfcr 10 comper8clon
3 distort 7 rivalslcorupcti~ors 11 powers under
4 harm 8 inverrigarinn 12 cnmpclled
28.3 1 d - sclling pcrpuInrpnrduct, hclurv c m t price rc, put prcrsurc on in~allcrcoinpcrirori
2 h - crrcring harneri a, keep our nrw pb?ers; r - ncrluinng developmenr rites to prevent a
rival irpcnrng a srorc
3 b - rnavc into conicnieiice rrorcr could disrorr competition; d - irorer' increasing buying
power, rnhlch they can rise ro drlre dowli ihe pr~cespaid to ~ p p l ~ c r i

29.1 1 tort 3 damage 5 dcinmation 7 trespass

2 ilsmagur 4 cls~msniipin~nr~ff 6 crncr linhil~q 8 ilmder

29.3 I inlurr 6 uiver ~ ' h a r ' i ralso poriiblri

2 rorra,aedirutfered 7 care
3 undergoing 8 adn~irred
4 sufirrc~L'suirau~c~1 9 clairu
5 ~~",in;r 10 nrgligen'"

30.1 1 pore~~rial
claim
2 ld\crscly
3 nmparrlal oprnlon
4 a causal link 1 cnursrion
5 pursue. clrlin / brings clalln
6 likcly
7 un a cundlri,,nai JLC hasih / ~n a 11" win nu icc bssib / ~1 aC (~\1Iz)
< ~ ~ ~ ~ L I b~aCi sI I C ~
8 In rhc casu m pumt

30.2 1 give, 4 prupnrcr 7 purVlc

2 c~plnres 5 keeps 8 liiecred
3 (ihrsins 6 agrees 9 hiin:

30.3 Nocc: ?he direct o h j e ~ lfnr

i example, 'rhr cla~m'!n<rrn~allyo m c i heinre the .agent (for example,
'rhr finn'l.
2 The claim i s explored hy the him.
3 The clicnr's lnicdlcal rco>ids arc <rhraiocd hy rlic w l i a r o r
4 A rup<,* i, prcprrcd by nn inrlcpr.ndcnr cxpcrr.
5 A rcg~rterof eypenr ir kepr hy rhr drpanmcnr.
6 A payiurnr hchcdulr is agreed wlr11 rhr client by rile firm.
7 The claim is pursued on a candirioiial fee basis.
8 The ourcoine for rhe parlenr has been adversely aifecred by rhe action of the ~lefrndani.
9 The ciasrrl must he broughr by the claimant w#th#nthe lirn8trrion per8od.

Piofcri~onolEngl,rh in Use Law I07

 2 selvicc agreemel~dconfrlcl 5 lcmn 3sr~emini/ir~ntr,~ci
3 hire purchare a g e e m e n d ~ o n r r a c r

31.3 1 ha Englirh court s likely to find rhar nr, conrrrci w a s formed. lhere had h c c ~no l final
~ ~ ~ q u a l iagccmcnr
ti~d on all thc elcmc~rrsoi thc cuormcr, sucll as coniidcrat~ori(for cxarnple
a price) or esienti3l rcrmr irurh as deliicri). The rgrccnrelnr was vague. Thcrc war umccrainty
2 Helena had become a s k ~ r e h o l d e rThe cirnriart i v s i formed a t thc time of porring,
whcn acceprmce was rcnf by rhc uiferec, cren rhougll rllr lemer in a h l c h acccprance \";is
communicated w a r nor acn~allyrercived. This i s the poirnl rcceprancc rule.
3 The agreement was legally h~ndrnng~f there was no c n n r r s v evldencr. There wni intenthon m
CIeJfC lcg,,l rclrn,,nr.

32.1 I rurl~orirylir~aciry 4 (f~~rrnallyl

executed
2 jniadeI in wiring 5 cnfor~eablc
1 3 lhare effect I be cffrcriie 6 srnndaid iroirlhni:

32.3 1 dare of occ~lrrenci,rf rho c.~osu<of.rcrion

2 lioufat~unperm4
3 Iz,'\c of rmllc

2 C~nsideratim
3 IRecitals (also known as Rackgrouod or Prmmblel
4 Comnenccmrnr and Dare: Psn~ci
5 infeiprctaflun
6 Condin~msnrecedenr
7 Operative provls~onslreferr~ngrr, rhnir "rl~ereln"thr ichedolrsl

Y
1
8 Ol~cr,~C!!cpruwsion,

33.2 1 lrrerpecrrve uf I Dc.pire 4 lo rhc ahsence of

2 hereby 5 vlcc versa

I 34.1
3 ConcPI-nlng

1 W'here 5 rcplicu 9 condinr~ns

2 defecnielfaol~ldarnagcd 6 w#rl>rrl 10 deiecrr
3 ru,"" 7 date ot d c l l r e v 11 due to
4 .AT irc \ole dscreoi,n 8 mbjcrf m 12 faulty
34.2 1 breach of contract 3 termhateldischarge the conrracr
2 repudiate rhe olntiact 4 perform the contram

'tcrminrtc I LClmril'dll"il

Jls'ihargu / 'discharge
34.4 'iripulnre' dues nor collocnrc with 'a conrncr' or 'rhc contract'; 'riipulrrr fermilcondifians'
or 'sripulare a rerdcond8rion'

34.5 1 warran? 5 express

2 damages 6 torhe conrrav
3 itipularer 7 p r c ~ i u u rdealings
4 ~mpliedunder stature

35.1 1 hc under no liabiiiv I nor be liable 4 <Iu? 7 goodwlll

2 whaooever 5 damage 8 anring from
3 negligrnce 6 consequenrial 9 hieach

35.2 1 oursidc their [rhe Company's) reasonable control 4 construed; jurisdiction

2 of the erse~~cc 5 unenforceable: provliion
3 assigned; prior wrinen conseni 6 language; prevail

35.3 1 1 2 5

36.1 1 agent /anhehalf of his p o n c i p i i 6 enforces term

2 third parry 7 confer a benefit [on someone)
3 priviv of conrracr 8 obligations under canrracr
4 "OVB<~O~ 9 aisignmenr of ohhg.laow
5 express provision

36.2 1 releuicd; coniracrual obligations 5 cornniunicsre acceptance of the breach !of contract)
2 defecrive 6 repud~vre
3 been conimlrted 7 diqcharged by frustration
4 substantially performed 8 remtineriinon

36.3 1 reic~oded 3 suffers

2 (rhexri dircrcrian 4 granted
enirr ~ n r orranwcnc,ns; produce onlioimln:redocc rhc nrcd lor; rcllccr r l ~ cnlnr, of;
soblrcr el legal rcirr8crlons; terms faioorahle ro: o h c standard rrrn,.: c o n t l ~ r \\1r11
t lcgal
developmcntr
1 ruhjecr to lrgilrrrrricrlons 3 rcrluce the nerd ior
2 urc rr~ndardtcrmr 4 ,rflcct the aims a i

Notc: I t ji a o ~ n v e n n o n n r i t t ~ C<IIIIIBCI~
n rlldt frrmi dchnrd i \ ~ r h uihc
~ CCIIII~BCIma)
hsrc an ,nitml C ~ ~ Vlcncr. Z I
1 I.icen>uc 6 1.1iencc .4grren>rnr1 Ltccrlswlg Ayrcumcnr
2 l.icensor I aorhnr~sedI !censor 7 under rhc tcrmr
3 breaking the seal 8 multlplc; granted
4 crc1uiii.c 9 protecred by c o p ~ ~ r g Iaiv
hr
5 enters into etfecr 10 eninrccd

1 r c n c r a l of rlx lcabc 4 consent la>rhe asi~gnrncnrl

2 groondr eurmpnng; srufvfon reg1mc 5 rcnr re,ic,v
3 transfer interor in 1 aislgn

1 clallle 5 rcnioc
2 Landlurd 6 ~eri,ingrnonce
3 Break l h r c 7 assignment
4 ferrnlnlle

1 caniu)incing 5 sale memorandum

2 lot 6 seller
3 title 7 cornplcrior dare
4 bidding

a lor b sale memorandum c rlrle

1 purchaser 5 ~ncnr~uiared
2 rc5cinli 6 pre-conrracr cnquirter
3 sale agrccmcnr 7 nugr,t~rred
4 exchange 8 farm of conrrocr
Flrsi of all, terms ',re ncpotiiiled 6 ) iellei land purchiiser: rhzn usually the puiilioier iotzsiden
searches aald the seller is iiiked to provide replies to pre~connactenquiries. Afrcr that, n sole
oreemcnt rr dr&d by the icilcri solicitor and Standard Conditronr can be incorporated rnto
the connact: then it's !necessary char the form of contract is ogreed by both parties and finally the
parties mnfrocli once oil frrmr are asreed. Howcver parties m a y rescind the contrarod
in the ci.mt thnr the conditions hniic not heen aihiei,cd.

ciilp1o)~mcnrrribtulal; collccrirc bargaining; lahour rclitions; ~ m p l ~ y m e parnc~lara;

nt
nlnc cnft; sick pay; fixcd rurin; r i d e llnlon
1 sick pa) 4 cmpl")mcnt tribunal
2 fixed term 5 emplo)mmr pfimculrrr
3 trade ul>#on 6 i i ~ l l e ~ t hdrsainil~s
~ve

1 g ~ i l n gnoilce I n o i ~ c cnt rurmlnanon of employmeot 4 d~rrnisrrl

2 rerrricrlvc corenal~r 5 gr~cirnceprocedure
3 made redundant 6 v ~ r l a r i o nof contract

1 copyrijlr 4 tang!hlu iorm 7 inrcllrruc step (&IS:

non~obrrourl
2 nuromniic nght 5 unnrlcmenr 8 now1
3 assignment 6 hllng dam 9 parznrable

1 rlgn 1 trading goiid,vll

2 grapl,~cally 8 pssslng <rtt
3 rradr mark 9 ireermg injuncrlun
4 top level dornxn I TLD 10 interim injunction
5 iniringer 11 dlipure ierolurmn providers
6 cybersquarting (also known as 'ncr namc plrscy') 12 account of profits

Profeiitaoal Engl8sh m Use Law III

44.1 ,not i h < r m n m rcrr A arc mi brackets.
K11rn: Orhcr common word o > m b i n a t ~ o m
hrcach of computer rccuriry {also breach of iecuriry): illegally "brained; adeqi~srcsecurity [.>lru

44.2 1 i d r e P c u p l c who uru cumpurer spplicariun, arc known a- end nrers.

2 tslse - I r k cnmpllrei rnliure ir b r e c h of ommpotul r c c ~ r i r yra gain u n r u t i l o ~ l , d~ L L C ~toS a
database.
3 false - in\ccurc wrvcr, nlali. rwo, rprc.~dmgpolalble. Sccure i r n - e r i make m r u i spresd~ng
more d~iiiculr.
4 muu

44.3 1 scas,s/fraud 5 ~'llammli,g

2 phab~ng 6 rake
3 d~sclore 7 bona tide
4 fraudircrs 8 laundering

44.4 1 data subject 3 conrcnr nxuir bc nriurnlcd alai frcely yrvcll

2 Dam I'rofccrion I e g ~ ~ l a i ~4 ~intrlnge
~ ~ rrgularinn\

45.1 1 $ ~ ~ s r ~ i ndevelcipmenr
ahl~ prillclplc
2 pnllutrr pays p ~ i n c i p l e
3 comnron hut dlffrlenmaad rr~polliibll~tY pritl~p~e
4 piecaunr'"" pnrlllclplc
5 cnvlrollmont impact aascrrmenl prlnclplr

45.2 1 prorectlon 5 entorcemcnr

2 fra~ncuurkiframcwo~ki 6 pollnr8on
3 rrc~r~eiiomrenrilmr 7 lmplementat8on
4 c<,rnplllncc 8 d.~rnzge

45.3 1 liccnces 4 iancllolli

2 audm 5 co~rdr,oni
3 envuonmenlal 1SS"CS

112 Profrrilonal Cnflah in Use Law

Tlh ninn!,cii ra the nidex am ti,
shidc hy Ia'bald bat1 27
lrbel above la'bn\,/ 16
1, 8
~ c c o r dm d sotisfaction
/a,k~:d n ser.a'fzk.fii .36
account of profits ia,Launt av
'pmf.ls1 43
accounting period la');?un.tag
,p!a.ti.al/ 26
ac'uunrlng rufrrcncc drrc
la,kaun.l~g'n;f.'r.ants ,&lli
20.23
accr>unnla'kaunfd 23
accrudmriim !a,LTed.t'tc~.l"d
14
accrcd1tcd rcg1,rrrr
h,kred.s.lld 'n;dj.r.sfm:'?
43
rrhei accused h'kju:zdl .5
rcknc~wlcdgcmenrof ierricc
form hh.nnl.ld3.mant av
'SI.YIS ,h:ml 6
scqulrc h'kunla'i 27
3cquinng coa1panj
la'kuw~a.ng . h . p a . n i 27
ncquis~tl<>8~5 ?,ek.mt'~~J.%d
,,-.
9 77
acqllirfcd !a'k\\q.l~d' .5
act for !'zn fa:" 14, 15, 34
act of *altnv; 14
actlon hroilghr under a dccd
'.zk.pn ,b.'I .hn.dx a
' d i d 12
action fur m~ircpiuruntrtio~~ agccd lrmlt h.gri:d 'hm.ntl 14
..zk.J% fa:
mrr.mp.n.zen'tc~.rni 34
rcnon i n mrr .;ek.pn in 'r3:rt Ipecn,cnr la'yri:.manrl 25, 32
4?,4i
scnon polnrs S*k.J% ,p,mts!
11
allocated i'el.a.ker.trdi 6.21
rllotmcnr of sharo /alot.mant
au 'lead 20.21
abo known rr r~:l.rau ,naon
911 x
alturnhrivc dlip"tc resolurion
IHIIK) /nl,tm.na.l~v
'd8a.pju:l ,rrr.alu:.pni 25
amend leglslanon ia,mend
l&."slel.pl 2
,klemJ 6 amended h'men.drdi 16
admined to rhc Bar iJd,m~.tld
ra h 'bu:'/ 9
adversarial l,ad.va're~.ri.al! i
advcrse effect /.zd.vs:s rmfeLT/
,9
..
a g ~ e c,I stay in proccccl"igr
ia,yri: a ,stel tn
p ~ ' $ i : . d m t 6i
agree 2 9 iollnwi 1a.g" az
'f0l.auti 33
acree rhe form of o,nr,cr
:a,gri: da , f ~ au m 1a'p:l fd
apart ii,>>m I6
'Lnn.fr;eMi 40 appeal ag~inir1a'pi:l a,gent.;ti
agreed rarget nmeqmlc b , g " d
,te:.gzt 'farm.skezl' 14
rgrccmcnr to bc cffccr~vc
la,g".",a"t ta hi: ,'fek.trv:
32
allhl !'zl.n.baz! 5
rllow Ia'luu' 38
"I panic, mccong :,,:I .p:.,i7
'mi:.l,~! I I
alleged h'kdedjd 4
a!lcgud infringel :a.lcdjd
m'frrndj2'U.3
. ~ I l ~ gcoifc,~cc
~ d .a.lcd3d
a'fenr.; i
al~prehendl,a.p.n'l~md
appiorch l ~ p r r i t 17 ~l
appropilatc measurca
1a'prjo.p"at ,me3.ad 15
apprapr,arcd
l ~ ' p r j o . p r i . c l . l r d22
approval la'pru:.val/ 14
approve 1a'pru:vl 2
approxin~atrrlg
l~'pmk.n.mer.lm/ 17
arbirranon iu:.hr'trct.pni 2.5
21
arbirr~rorfo:.b~.trc~.tafl
arlsela'mrzi 40. 42, 43
Articlur o i incoroorrnon
. sioidrd h ' v a ~ d l d .3
as i a i as... is concerned 1a7
,fu:r =z ... I L kan8r3:nd 14
as a,"" as r"asonal>l,
practicable inr ,su:n x,
,ri:.rCn.a.hli 'pl;ek.It.k:, hll
1~7
as u-ell as ~ S L
we1 ntl 14
aspccf /'rs.peh/ 15
Assemhlv lwelsh. Northern
.,.,
at its solc d8scretlon !at ct\
,-I ddS\krJ3d 34
ar che earllrsr opportunlry k t
di .3:.E* op.a'tj":.oa.tii
,A
5 auction /.?:k.p/31 home hy rhc p ~ ~ h lpllrie
ic
nodit i j : . d ~ i l4.5 1,ba:n ba8 ,pnb.lck 'p3:sl
aurhonscd licensor
I,~:.Oar.u#rd'lal.sant~.~:r/
38 bound by fhaond bad 36
inrhnrt<d hi iz:Br.nod hail bound ro follo\v Ihaundta
' ~ n l a i l3.l
aurhonsed sham capital brand h r s n d l 43
l,a:.0'r.a1rd 'Jra ,ka.p.r.t'll brcacb bri:tSl 36
20 breach cof cnlld~rlonl.hrl:tJ au
zuthoriscd use l,~:.O'r.al/d kandtJ.'d .36
,iu:si 4.: hrench of cnnrracr i,b"tJ 3"
to a r t l~:,O"r.i.l, tu l i4. 35. 36,
' k o n l r ~ k l 6.
'=kt/ 32 dl
,,"t",l,atic ngl,, l,>:.ta.,,,?~,.,k I b c ~ c hui dury 1,hri;tJ av
' r u t / 42 'dju:.til 35
svuld uncerrs"rrg l ~ , v ~ l d breach " l a drlry ol carr
hn's3:.tan tii 31 l,hn:tJ av 3 ,dju:.ti av 'kea'l
l2 79
award damages la.w,:d
'dzm.r.dju/ 29
Kac1,elor ,rf 1 airs ( I L B I
l,bstJ.?.* JV 'LXd 10
Ihackgwmnd l'hzekgmundl 33 'wor'nfi! 4
hdige of ongin /,kdt.dj av hrcak clrure rhrcck ,kI~:z/39
'or t d j ' d 43 Rreik Darufhrtrk ,desi 39
hall mc,u i hrcak the cunrracr 1,hret da
halance 5herr ~ h n l . " n i sri:t/ 'knatmktl 3 6
brcak rhe scvll,hretk b 'si::V
..
72
brin6 a claim 1,bng a 'klelnd
2"
bar irom ibu; [ r o d 32 bring bciuruihng bl,f~;'l 7
Kar Vocanonzl Couric iB\JrI brukcr 21 ienlcmunrl,hrjo.kar
i,bu: v x l ' k r r r n ' l ,k~:sl 10 a '%t.l.manll 7
hargalnln~power i'k:gr.nrg . .
hurdm of omr~i/.h3:.danav
,ploa'l 35 'pm:f/ .5
harriers t o ci>niperinon hunncis nrganiranon l,h,z.n,r
l,h=r.i.az la kom.pa'tmJ.'d :.g'n.a t'zclpmi I9
28 burincis relarionsh~pl.hnnns
brrrisrer I'hzr.r.sta'1 9. 10 rm'lc~.~n.Jtpl1.7
banlr ilt rhe formq l.bsf.1 3" hus~nerrrmnractioc~I,b8rncr
da ' f > : d 37 t r z n ' m k p d 37
hecnmc lnmib,,k~m'I>:/ 2 huysr i b a ~ . b l40
(the1 bcncli l k u t l i 12 hy asreerncnr itwn a ' g k m a n r l
IiencI~Rooks /'hen,J,hkd I2 36
b ~ fard fbtd Fa:'/ 40 h~ breach iban 'bri:cl/ 36
Rill rnlll 2 hy common laritwn ,kom.~n
binding agcclllclrr !,hill0,,d l '1x1 34
;r'gn:.mantl 31 b, Lmrom ma, ' h s . t a d 34
hit~&in ~
co8nriacr 1,hcn.du) b, iru%trannn
' k n n t w k t l 32 hr f r ~ r ' l r e . p d16
binding i"rceI,ba,n.d," 'f~:b! by p"f,,rnlance lha,
8 p $ f ~ : . m ~ n f d36
binding un ibarn.dng on/ 3,X by s i a f u r u h c 'st=tJu:~l 34
binding prcccdenr i , h . d n ] b y e ~ l a w s P h . l x d2
'prer.~.bnU 3 Bylawsl'bat.l~;d 20
Ihlndlng upon P b n d m g ~ . p o n l called ro rhc Bnrl.Mtada
25 'h'l I 0
holler-plate clause Pha~.l~.plen capable uf Pker.p.bl avl 31,
,kI3:d 3.5 42.43
hlrna fide /,bxrna'fa.dii
I8,44

A,
cause h a m 1,ks:z 'ha:mi 29
cause of action 1,ks:z av
'iek.S'n/ 32
'auc,o,, I ' k ~ : . p d5
cavearPkiev.i.rt/ 1 8
caveat cmpror 1,k;cviat
'emp.ts:'/ 40
Ccmiicatc uf Lniclrp~lnrion
1aat~f.i.katar
1nk3:p"~clj"nI 20
cha~rperson/IJea,p~:.r"d 7
ihamhcir ihrrnrrcr5j
1'tfe~m.bazl 10
chambers iPirliamenrl
I'tJelmbad I
charge holder I'tSu:d3
,liaul.dar/ 22. 24
chvrge~ble\rork/,tIo:.d3abl
'w3:W 11
charged assets /,tSo:d3d
'iesetsl 22
~ h . , ~ g ~xuirh
d rfJu:djd wldl
" .,'
7,
chargc,r /tJo:'d33:'/ 22
choice of governing law and
~urivJ~cri<m clrurc / , f l ~ ~ JV
,ynv.'n.cg ,Is: an
d3ua.rls'dik.rn ,kl,:d
chose m acrlon ItJauz in
'?ek.J'n/ 21
c l r c u ~I's~:.krl/
t 4, 10
Circulr Judge /'s3:.k1t ,d3nd3/
4. I 2
clrculvre I's3:.kjulert! 11.40
clre a case /,salt a 'kecsl 3
~ i t i ~ISII.~.Z~~.JI~I
~ ~ a i n~
cwil action I,\Iv.EI 'iek.fi/
.
4. 29
-
civil court l,s~vCI' k x t l 4, I 2
civil law /,rcvEI IJ:/ 1
cn.11remedy /,blv.il rem.a.diI
L,2a
clrll wmng i s l v . " 'rnql 29
&,
clnrm darnrgcr 1,klelm
'diem.c.d3~d29
clnlm h,r ir>mpr.n\anonIklelm drf.~,ren.tJi.e~.t~d
far ,knm.pen'sei.lanJ I "."""f.sl'bll.,.fi
claim hlr drmrgc< /,klelm far ,p""f.s~.pl, 45
' d s m l d j t d 34 (:ornmoi? (:usroms Tail*
clam form tkletm f ~ : d6 (CCTI 1,koman 'k*s.tamz
,ter.,i/ a
c:<,mmnn For+ .Xnd 5ccurirs
Poilc: i,kam.an l o r a n and
r ~ k j u a r ~,pol.a.si/
ti 8
rorrirnnn law 1,kom.a" 13:I 1,
,, 3, 34
clarify I'kiier.~.faO 17 cornmtrn marker 1,knm.a"
clnrr ikla:rI 21 'mu:.krt/ S
clcar eu>dclincs1,kl~a coa,mun,nre icce"r8ni'e
'gacdlarnd 44 ka,mju:.nl.keN
clearance ikllaranfsl 27 aksep.tants/ .;I. J h
Clerk ik1o:W 10 iommnnic~reto rhc offcror
cllei?r br#ehl>gnotes /,kiai?nt /ka,mju:.nr.kert ta da
'bn:.f.~g,oauts/ 29 'ofara'l 3 1
cllenr r a r e letter I k b a i n t kea c:i,mmuni" Iiade &lark
.let.arl 14 . .
lCTM1 Ika.miu:.na.ti 'treld
cilenr care procedure$,,klai2nt ,mo:ki 43
,kea pra'si:.djazi 14 Corn,'3") Commcrcial
cllunr correspondence Iklai'nt I.knm.oa.ni ka'ms: PI/ 1.3
kor~spon.dants116
cl~nxcalnegligcncc I,klrn.t,k'l
'ncgli d3'ntr: 30
codifv rules " k a i ~ d s f a i, r u : I ~ ' company director 1 , k ~ m p ani
7
- dar'rck.tar/ 23. 24
compsny nurnher /knm.pa.ni
'nam.ba" 20
(.on~panySecrsrary
/ka,lek.llv ' b o : . g ~ . n ~41
~/ i.knm.pa.ni 'aek.ra.rri/ 19,
come Nnro effect I k n m c n t u : 20.23
~ ' f e k t 33
l 'oinpany voluntary
come #?>to Iorce/knm i n t u : srranpcmcur JCVAI
s 'fml 6 /.khni.pa.ni ,vol.an.tri
a'rernd3.mant: 24
.35
o~mper~mr/kampet.i.la'/2 8
complamt/kam'plelnV 14
complete n pv,urchas<kamp1i:t
aip3:.tJasl 4 0
complcrc a sale /kam,pii:r :,
'rerV 40
complen<mik~m'pli:.fi! 16,
complranie prupJamn1e
1kam'plar.antr p r a o g r a d
38
c o m p i ~ a n r l k a m p l u l ~ n f14
c<,mpiy uith lkarnpla, wtM
15. 2.3
comprehcnrr"e r,urcr
lkom.pra,hent.s~v'naursl 1 1
'""'p'ehcmlve servlcc
Iknm.pn,henf.srv 's3:.vrs/
13
c,>mprrselkam'praw 13
co,"pdrrry llqwdariull
ikam,pnl.s'r.i
Ihk.ws'de~.pd 2 4
(:nmporrr Mls~lreAcr
/kam,pju:.ta miq'.iu:s ,=kt1
44
Colllpufcr \cc"ril"
lkampju:.ra si'kju~.rr.tii44
cunrcrn~~~g/kan's~:.nili'
cond~nonalcontracr
lkan,dd.'n."l k n n l m k t . 4 0
cnn'iln<inai iee hails
Ikan'drl.'n.l ,ii:,be!.alsl 30
cond~nirn?I k a n ' d ~ l . * n d3 4
cundirionr of balr !kan,drJ.inz
av se!V 31
condirionr prcccdcnr ~ l a u b c
/kan,dd.'nz 'pres.r.dnnt
, k l m .33
o>nducri'kl)n.d~kr/1, 28
conduit of rllc li>rrrrr
>. / crrdirois' vnlunrsn.
cnnilict oi mtere5t 1,kon.flrkt
av 'ln.t'r.estl 28
conform ro a standard
l k a n , f ~ : mtu a 'rlarn.dad/ 14
consenr Ran'sentl 32, 44
consent WI the asilgnmcnt contrary to lai~,/,knn,tra.ril a
kan,rent ta da ,13714 3
a'sam.mant1 39, 44 c o n t n r y to " , ~ ~ l i l ~
i,kon.tm.ri t a ma'rel.a.til
43
conrravrnc 1,knntia'vi:nl I5
conrrricnlion
1,knn.tra'ven.tpd 42
mnuuntionr /kan'vent.pN/ I,
45
convurrinn courhc A a n ' v m l a n
cunsolidarr laws ,k>:sl 1 0
km,sol.r.de,t 'ls:Il 2 '~"")""cing
conamrure l'kon.st~.tju:r/28, /kan've~.ant.srql 9 , 411
l 11.44 c c > , ~ ~ ~ cR r i oa nn ' v ~ k ~4 d
co~~scicurrd on I k ~ . s t l . t j u : . t t d couperarlves ikw'np:'r.a.t~vd
od1 26
co~~srirutlon/,knn.rtl'tju:.pdcop) ~n1,kop.i ' r d 1 I
ropyrighrl'kop.i.ra~tl42
copyrighf arises 1,knpirarl
a'ral.zrd 42
cnpyl-lghr isw l'knp.i.ract ,I=:/
38
copyr#ghrowner 1 , k n p i r a ~ f
'au.na-1 4 2
cop) r~qhrprorerrlirn
1,kopi.rait pra'tek.pn1 42
copyright synhol l ' k o p i r a ~ t
,rrm.VY 42
.. corporate$ / k ~ : . p + . x s l 9
cc>nsulf,mc proccr, ic,rporsriun r r x / k ~ : . p " n ~ . p n
3.3 1kan.shl.ta.l~v' p r a o . s e i 2 t a k s l 26
c<,or,,mer roncnci 'arrcrpondcnce
Ran,sju:.makon.traktl 37 /,kor.~'spon.dants! 16
cmnraln Ikan'te~nl 13 iounrcl /'kaunt.s'U 3
conrennonlkanten.rpd 2.7 cuunterclilm P k a u n . t ~ , k l e r m
crrnringency fee hasir
Ikan'lln.d3'ntsi 'fi:
,ber.s~s/3 0
contract ("1 lkan'trektl i 2
c o n a m in) l'kon.ti~kt1 31, 4
32.33.34, i s , 36.40.41.44 Loart ot Appeal 1,ks:t av
conrrair hy deud / k o n . t r s k r a'pi:W 4
ha, ,di:d/ 32 court nrdeil.k3:t '~:.da'l 12
~ ~ n of rcmploymcnt ~ ~ ~ t cuwr r)srern'/kat , s , s . t a d 4
I k n n t r e k t av i m ' p l > ~ . m ~ n rco~enanrPknv.'n.'ntl
~ .39
41 crcatc legal relariuns/kn,ert
contract our of R a n , t r s k t 'airr ,li:.g'ln'le!.pnzl 31
avl 38 ~ r c a t cright, md obliyar~<>nr
C U n l l a C I 10 PLITC/I.'Z /k",ert , r a m
!,knn.trakt t a 'p3:.tJasl 40 o b . l ~ ' g e ~ . p n 33
d
c""llaCtI,Ig parries crudat w i d rcnm l'kred.rt
/ , k ~ n . t r a k . t q'pu:.ti:d 25, ko:d s k a d 44
liqu~danunl,kred.c.tar
ikan ,vol.an.tii lhk.w!'de~.pd 24
Ob. - "
C O I I I ~ C ~ ~, ,~ ~O ~Y , S ~ O " '
crimu lkralrni 5
cr~rnlnalcourt prncecdlngs
/ k a n , t w k . t j u . l pia'vr3.'nd I,kr~m.r.nalk ~ : t
25.41 prau'ii:.d!ql! i
crirnillvl court iknm.,.na1
k3:tl 4
crirninrl iurricci,krrm.r.nal
'd3ns.t1si 5
crirnrnal la* I,latm.r.nd 'la:/ I
cri~nlnsloffence/,ki!m.t.nal
,'fentsl 5
criminal proceedrngs
/,knm.l.nal prao8si;.dir)d 5
cr~rnrnalssncnons i,krim.r.nal
' s a g k . S n d 43
cn,,a-cxsm,nar,on 1,lrmn.
~g.zum.l'ne,.pI" s
Crown Court 1,kiaun 'k3:lI
4, i
crysfall~sanon
i , k n s . t a i . a ~ ' z e ~ .22
cryrtalliseI'kics.tal.aiLl 22,
7d
curtoms union Jkns.tamz
,ju:.ni.an/ 8
cybercrimc /'sat.ba,kra~m/4 4
~ ~ h c r f r s ul ' ds a ~ . b a , f r ~ : d44
cyhcrrqusrrinp
/'sa~.ba.skwnt.~gl
clamagc i'dgm.ldjl 2 9 , 3 5 , 4 i deferrcd payment Idrf.:d
ilslnaged I'dzem.1d3ti 3 4
darnagca ildzern.ld3811 29, 10, detincd as idx'farnd ad 8
1 4 , 35, 36. 38.43. 4.5
data prurection i,de~.ta
pra'tek.pd 44
Data prc,tucr#an lepirlntion
i,dea.tapra'tek.pn
l e d ~ . ~ , s l e c . p4d4
tiam rclaring ro speofic
cmployrci/,der.ta r r , l e ~ . t ~ g deiirrr ro 1dc'l~v.atu:/ 23
tu: spasd.tk rm'pl~r.i:z/44
dvra subiccri'der.ta
,<hh.d3ektl 4 4
dvrc of dcllvcry /,dell av
dr'lrv."r.il 3 4
dare of occurrcr~cc1,decf av
a'k~r."ntsi 3 2
dc farto i , d e r ' f ~ k . t a d18
de illre I.de~'d3ua.reri 18
dcal with /'drat wldi 1.5
d e ~ l ~ d~sclosure
ng reqolrerncnr~ despite idr'spartl 3 3
i,di:.l~gd1'sklao.3a'
n,kwafa.mantd 2 7
duhate i d l ' b e ~ t i2
dehenrure 1d~'bentja'l 22
dchr f i n a n ~ ~ i'det ne
dcrlrlullr (of highcr ~aurtr)
Id1'sl3.'nzi 7
D r c s a ~ n si o f r h e Eurupcao
<:ourr ofJusnce) Idr'st3.and 8
declare a d,vrdcnd id,,klear
a 'drv.i.dend! 21
dccree ot ipcciiii peihrmarlcuclirectxvr idal'rek.tivi 8. 1 1
/dr,kti: av spa,srfik
pa'f3:mantsi 1 6
clcdicared /'ded.~.ker.trdi 13
dced 1di;dl 3 2
deed ir dclivcred Idi:d n
di'liv.ad/ 3 1
deed of transfer 1,di:d av
'trt-ens.f3:'/ 40
deemed m 1'di:md to:/ 38
~d defamamm l d e f . a ' m e ~ . p d 2 3
default idr'folti 22, 23, 4 0
d c f a u l n n g l d ~ ' i o l t .23
~ diicha~grdby fiusrrarion
defai~lrini:p r r w idl'fnltrr)
,pu:.til 3 6
drfrcr /di:.fektl 29, .32
dcicctive i d r f e k t r v i 32, 3 4
defecfivc perior,nrncr
Id$,fek.tzv pa'f~:.manrs/ 36
drfrncc cc>rrs/dr'fents kostrr
/ defend ihc clal!n Idr'fend aa
,klelm/ 6, 7
43 defendanr Idl'fend'ntl 6
' p e t m a n t i 21
dehncd rernlr id~,fa!nd'i3:mU dirctiminafc agmnrr
:>
i ,kla:d 25
dellre? up Iklt documenti)
1d1,llv.ar.i n p i 43
d c n o r i n g l d r ' n a u t ~ l33 dispute rcsr~lrcridk,yju:t
deparrmenr manual
." id~,pa:t.mant'maen.ju.aV
.-
tlcarrucrion of 1dt'stmk.pn
nu1 4:
--
dlfter from i ' d r f a f r n m i I:
dlffcrcnr frrrn? /'dlf.'i."nl
f m d 17
dliccr and f,,rahle in,ur>
:dni,rekt " n ,f,:.sr.hl
'ln.dfr.il 1 9
direct effrcr 1dni.rekt r'fektl 8
directly appllclhlc in
ldar,iekt.lia'pl~k.a.blI N 8
dirchargc dchr /,d1s,tjo:d3
'det! 2 4
dnchlrge of contract
,,disfSo:d3 av 'kon.trekt1
36
Id!s,tJ0:d3t bar f r n s ' t r e ~ . p d
J6
disclose dealmg, /d!,sklaur
'di:.lrgd 2 7
disclose pending cnforcemenr
proceedings idt,sklaoz
pen.dlg m'f~:.smanl
prao,si:.d~gd4 5
dlsclose personal mt<,nnnrion
!dr,skiaur ,ps:.sam.'l
~n.fa'mer.Pn/ 44
dirclorurc ld~'sldao.3a'l i. 6.
>,,<
discretion ldl'skreJ>d .36
idi'sknm.l.nelt a g e n t s t i 4 1
d ~ ~ p u n n r i d ~ ' s p j u : . t ~2n5t i
disprite 1dr'spju:fi 7, 3.3. 4.3
disport rc~olunnnclause
/di,spiu:t rez.a'lu:.pm
dlspurc resolur~onprovidrr
idr,spju:t rez.a'lu:.pn
pra,va~.da'i 4 3
nzolva'l 25
dirp~ltrianre id~,spju:fr
a ' m , d .3.5,4.3
di~i~naliticarion horn
/dl.akwol.r.f~'ke~.fnf m n v
7 ,
disroli~cldr'zolv/ 2.3
di\rinciive horn i d ~ ' r t ~ g k . t r v
fmml43
d ~ s n n ~ m ~the
i s lcase
~ (from)
/ d ~ ' s t ~ ~ . qdaw ,keW
~ J .3
dlsto~rrompetlnon 1d1,stx t
knm.pa'tlJ.'d 28
Di,fncf ludge I , d ~ r . t n k r
' d j ~ d j l12
~roferrio~ol ~ use
E ~ E I I Sm LOW 117
diah contract idru:ft
'kon.ti=kil 40
draft dsumcnrs 1,dra:ft
'dok jirmantd 9, 10
dratc lr&islunun/,dra:ft
ledg.~n'ler.Pd2
diair opinrons /,dru:ft
a'p,".j2"zi 10
drafc pleadines /dra:ft
'pli:.dr~d 10
d r a h pmuls,nns i,dio:ft
.or='vlr.'nz/
"
draw un !dm: nni 13
31
draw up /,dm: pi 9
due dare i d j u ; ,de~t/26
a,, diligence proceri i d j u :
'dlI.ld3'nts ,piau.ies~45
duc rn deiemi 1,dju: ta
di;.fekts/ 34
duraoun Mjuairel.pni 19
duryiidju:.tll I. 8
c,,forrc (~,,"cmmenr pi,llcle.i
! ~ n ' f ~ : s?/
cnh,rcer law ,,n.fs:s a I,:! I
cnf.,rrc thc ,odgment /1n,i3:a
ba 'd?nd3mantl h
cnior~cdby and against
irn,h:rr bar n' a'gentctl 16
cnhrcunhlc/rn'f~:.sa.bV 28,
31, 1 2
36.
crri~~rcemcnr.m'f~:.smamf~
45
,,
enlo). iluier porsr~snn
irn,dpl ,krvniar pa'zcr 'nl
27
Eu~c,,,~'," Ecoo<,niic
Cornrnunlvj IFECI
,.
,j~a.ra.pi:.~~~i;.ka,nnm.~k
k.,'rnj,,:,n.l.tU 8
iuropcan Union (EUI
',jua.r2pi:.an 'ju:.ni..m/ 8
rventuality il,"cn.tju'sl.l.lil
14
cialcncr /cv.l.d"nla/ .5
c x p. (ex p m c ieks 'pa:rili 1Y
exceed 11Lsi;dl 26
exclvrive nccer, .,k,~klu:.\,v
'uek.sesi 13
exclusive c<>mpetencr
'rk,sklu:.~~v'kom.pi.r"ncv 8
c ~ c l u s i i erighrr i,k,~kl":.r,v
'raitsl 42
eyecurcd as. deed
i,ck.s~.kju:.tldr r a 'di:d'
32
Itiirl Erccurivc lxy'zck.ju.tiv1
7
cxempnon ng'icmpllnr 19
exer<,rc due diiigcncc
i,ek.sa.sum ,dju:
'd,l.,.dfntsi I S
c.xcrcisc r,ghrr of audience
/ , e k . $ ~ . ~ raitE
a l l aV
'k:.di.anlrl tO
e-ercirr rhc hreak ick.sa.su~z

cxprcss pn~viaion/tk,spres
PCJ'VI~.'~ 36
express terms /,k,sprCs ',s:rnd
34,3Y
expression /rVspref.'ni 42
rxpn.ssly ltk'spresli 34
extensive experience
irk,sfent.s~urk'~pra.ri.'~tri
.,
,, 2
cxrernnl auditor /lk.rt?:.nd
'~:.d~t.a'/14
face vv1"e/'f",s ,val.ju:/ 21
faclllv lcncr 1fa'sll.l.ti ,let.a7i
--
7,
fall ife~V4 2
fail to appear (for trial1 i.f",l
tu a'pra'l 5
tikc /rclw 44
fall foul of rhe law 1,h:l ,fa01
a" aa '139 44
fast tiack l'f0:st ,lrbki 6
faulty/'fol.tii 34
favourahle ro ffe~.+r.a.bl lu:/
37
fcc earner i'fi: ,s:.n3'/ I I
fcc cstimatcffi: es.tr.mat1
Knancial compensanon for
ffa,mn.tp1
,kom.wn'\e,.pn f2:'i 43
finrnclel loss ifar'oan.tpl
, I d 29
f i n c m 4 , 1 2 , 15
fum ifz:ml 9
firit drahi.f3:rt ' b . f U 1 4
first inrtun'c/'f3:st ,1".5f~"ti/ further assistance Pf=:.i)~r
4 a'srs.~'nts/ 16
fixud ~ h m g ci,f~krt'tfa:d$ 22 future-proofu conriacr
fixed r e r n /,f~kst't3:mI 41 i,fju:.tJa.pru:f a 'kon.twkti
floating charge ? f l w . t q 44
,tIa:dV 22 gains igelnd 26
for the rime heingif3: h , t a m gmcnl applicari,n i,d3enf.'l
'bi:.~gi 16 ap.l,'kcl.fn/ 8
toice mnjeure clause /,fa:? gcncnl durnagcr /,d3en.ir.il
mb'33: ,kl>:d i.5 ' d s m . ~ . d j ~29
d
forenric nccoitnnncy gcnurnlp r m u r /,d3en"?l
ifa,ren.ztk a'kauaun.t"nt.ni 10 'p:t.nari 19
torcrtu11 /f,:'sf3:li 15 gcncral principles /,djen.'r.'l
form a business relarionshlp 'pn"t.Sl.pld 8
/,f=:m a brr.n,r generally called i'd3cnar.'l.i
r,,le,.p".J!~ 1.5 .b:ldi 8
form a conrracr i , f m 3 net a rime extension /.qet a
'k~n.trekLi 31 ' 'cam tk,sten.tpd a
form r pmncrship /,f>:m a gct bock to (s.ol/,gcf 'bak
'p:l.na.Jl,,/ 9 I":/ l l
f,,m of adrm,siun /,f,:m a" get on nlrh (i.rl/,gct 'on wdl
nl'mtl."d 6 ,,
him of conrrvcr i,f>:m 3"
'kon.trskt/ 40
form nt dcfencc/.h:m 3"
- ~ ~ ,..
gi"c lullgmant m favour of
dl'fentsi 6 1,glv ,d3ndi.manl ln ' f e ~ v a r
form required by che law ""1 6
I,f~:rnn,kwacal bav +a 'Is:/ give norsce i,gw 'nrr.tld 41
.-
7? ~ > ~ i ~ i ~ ~a'pm.jand
,/,g,v
formal cxecurlon rcqu~rrmrnrr 3"
rn \a
i,f=:.md ,ek.r~'kju:.f~~ give rise ro/,gw ranzru:i I ,
rl,kulala.manl(i .32 i 4 . 41
f,,rmrta,n agc"tif>:'me~.p" go on appeal from i,gxr on
,e!.dianti 2 0 a'pi:l fromi 4
h,rmrt,on of if3:'mcr.f" ""1 gu on appeal to i , g w on $pi:]
A, ~1 ,":I 4
f<lrmirr<mcnf r cumpmy guing concern /,gw.!!,
if~:,mes.fn av a 'k~m.w.ni/ kan'ss:d 24
2" goods lgtrdzl 43
giiodirili igud'wlV 35
govcrn i'gnv.'d 35
gorcrnmenr agenq
/,gnv.'n.mant ' k ~ . d 3 ~ " f . d7
.naunad 8 gcwcrnmmr Bill /,gnv."n.m~nl
frnudirerPfr~:d.rt/ 44 'b,V 2
free movement of aoods. grad"ared /'grd.ju.e,.l,d, 9
services m d capital 1.l" grant r dchcnturu/,gro:ot a
.mu:v.m3nt a,, .god, 'dcb.an.tJa'/ 22
,r3:.vr.srr h 'kop.,.tY 8 pranc a lease i,ym:nt 3 'li:(i 39
free made area /.fri: 'trend grant a 18cence1,gra:nt a
,ca.".d 8 'Lu.9nld 38
freehold I'fn:.hwldi 22, 39 grant a parenr i.gm:a a
frecholdcr I'fri:.hml.dari 39 'pen.tanfl 42
freerlng lnivncnon PfC.zrq grant a trademark 1,gm:nl a
rn.dpgk.f," 43 'treld.m";W 43
fionnersrfr~n.ltad R granr an injuncniin 1,gm:nt ~n
full survey 1,foI 's.:.vcd 40 m ' d p g k . f d 12, 36
hlly hl"dingi.fo1.i 'ba,".d,ly giani hall i.gru:nt ' k l 5
32 grant levrc to rppcrl i , g m t
.li:v tu anpi:V 4
 ..
is, fur'= t,t, 'f>:,! .3.5
~ n - h n u r ecounsel 1.1n.ha~~s
kauntsV 10
,I, prarili? h" 'pmk.?,,! 10
re~clicr,hll,/ ~ n'ri:.va.Srp/
a
24
in relariu~rLC, lln ri'lcl.J*n tu:i
16.24
in mpccr U ~ I nI s~p c u ovi
2.,,
2

(11 / ~ ~ ' s I I . J u :18

!
1" rhe ahsencc "1 1," hi:
'zb.s9nt5 ovl i
~n rhe e i r n r rhrr lsn hi: r'vcnt
,dentl+ rhe s,,unc ddtl 14
1 a ~ d e n . l t . f aba
~ 's,:s! 4.3
~dunrinb ~ ' d e n . l r . t # li
#denr#ryrl~eft!ar'den.tcti ,Helil
44

hcrrlilg i h r a r l ~ i28
hesrlng nt rhc il>plicmcr
l , h ~ a . n gav bi: z p l ~ k r t ~ n impled
87
hcrcil; /,h!arrn! I S
hereof I h ~ a ' r o v lIS
lhercro 1,hca'tu:l 18
$>:t a v , d j n s . t w 4
Ir~ghqoallrs /,ha 'kwnl.$.lu 13
hlrv cnnn.lcr / ' b a n
,kon.trekt/ 3 1
Ihre purchnre zgreemunr /,ham in brcach 0 i C O l l t r r i C I I," ,h,i:,J
'ps:.llas a.gri:.man,/ 3 I
lhc,id rhe ioihce of /,haold di:
'01,s ovl 23
hold thu oftice of director
i,haoldi)i: , o l . # sov
d a r ' ~ ' L . ~ a '2/3
i.m,plald fram 'kon.&kll 32
l inrr, rhe cimrracr!
rm,plard m t u ; d a
'knn.rrekrl 3 4
iinphud rcrms lrm,pla~d'13:md
:,A,, ,3,,7
irnpil~du n d a ,trrun hm.plu#d
nn.da '\tats.":tl 34
illlpoie r dunon /,m,paoz a
'dju:.,, nn! X
impore a moncmn pcnil!
irm,pwr a man i t "
'pcn.>l.ti! 28
lrnpuse #mpllrdterm, and
'c>ndslon> l,m,paoz implvld
u:mrin ksn'd7j;'nd 17
,mpo,c 1,mirr oe lm,paoz
' l l m l t s on1 35
impri.<,nmaa
ilm'prlz.'n.mantl 4
l o iclmi,l,arr.,rlnn I,"
d , m r n . l ' r t r e r pd 21
au ' k o n l e k f l 41
m irzncrr !tn ' k z m r d 18
811 i,,lllraYenlli>ll "t 1,"
,kon.tra'vcn.trn ""1 42
~ncuria !rn ' k j o a n a l 1 %
~ncusa,dj Im 'kns.ta.dil .5
,r,ro
Im'k~:.p'rei.lid 8ntu:I
I, i i . 40
rnLurpurarci lm'k>:.p"r.erlri
I3
rntlupcnJcnr c r p m
/,rn.d~.pen.d'nr 'ek.sr~:t/ 311
i n d , ~ t , ~ bUl c~ ~ L ~ ~ C C
I ~ n , d a ~ . t ~ . b l : , ' f e n4,
td i
rndlcrrnmr I ~ n ' r l a ~ t m a ni ll
indirect lost l l n d a r i e k t ,Insi
ii
icadrly ai'n~lahle
inturmar,<~n
l ~ n . f ~ , m e c . prne d r l i
a'"cr.la.bl! 44
~ n t , ~ r m a r , oierhnnlog!
n
lln.r.,,",n.pn
r e k ' n n l . ~ . d j i l44
~nfonnanonrhar ronsrirnrc;
personil data /rn.fa,mer.pn
sat .kon.~tl.tju:tr
,p=:.\'n I' 'del.tal 44

iniiinge regularinns l#n,lrindi
rcg.jo'lc~..Pnd44
lnirinrcmcnr llo'frintl~.mantl
dl
..
initiate (a consvlrri~icproccsrr
!t'nrl.l.e~tl 2
in,trrtc r clnm lrn,,.r.i.c,t , l ~ ~ p i r " ~ , a ; p . f4~ ~ !
'klrlml h
inriiafe crlnlrllal prucccilmg,
/r.n~J'.i.ea . k n m . ~ . n a l
pmu',i;.dmd 5
injunction !1n'd3ngk.j'nl
1, 12 36.43, 45
inlured by darnage or loss
I.rn.dj>d bar ,dsm.,dj 3:
'IDS/ 2Y
injury !'in.d3-rr.i! 4, 29
l n n O V l f l Y e 11legal acrlvlnci
!,,n.a.va.t,v ~ , l i ; . ~ ' l
;t'k'tlv.l.ti:,l 4 4
Inns "i G,urt !,,nra" 'k3:ti 10
lnircure server !rn.rr.kjua
s3:.vari 44
lnsolvency !ln'snl.v~nfr i l 24
miolvcncy practltioncr (IF)
/m's~l.vanl.~i
p r s k , l ~ J . n . ~ '24
/ legal e~ecuriue1,Ii:g'l
ins,,lvency p n r c e d l n g r
!m'sol.vmt.ai p n s i ; . d m d 6
insolvent !~n'snl.vant/ 24
hrpccrion !m'spck.pd 6
~nstalme~~rs!~n'sr7:l.manrr/
,-
Innlrsncc itn'J'3: rants/ 3rr
lntellecturl Properrj (IF)
/,ln.til.ek.tju.>l p r n p 3 t i /
42.43
inrenr~onlrn'tcniln! 31
h t c r alia!,m.ta'c~.li.~l I8
inreran? hnjuncrlon !,~n.rY.~rn Ihhnur rrlarionr !Ier ha
,"'djngk.J-d 11,43
interxrn remedy !,n.t,r in,
'rcm.a.dl/ 43
intenval reporrtng
/m,t>:.nalrr'p~:.t,~
pra,?i: d3azl 1.5
Inrerner same llceniillg
al~rhnriries/,rnta.net , n c m
'Lir.ban1.,in 3:Oorrli;d 43
interpret prnvisions /,n,13: pr,t
pla'"lji"d 31
lnventlve step !m,vcn.tiv
'step! 42
~ n v e n i o !rn'vcn.la'l
r 42
~nvcilvcl,"'""l", 1i
~ n i c ~ l in
r d!ln'vnlvd ln! 13
1P r~ghcsa;!> 'pi: ,razts! 43
J I ? ~hco~!,ip.sa<i'fak.taol 18
#ssue/iS.u:! 6
lsrue sharer !,,J'.u: 'J~J'?, 21
~ r ~ m i spay
~ t lrmrcmeor
juincd !d33md/ 9
iolnrly and seierall~ I~ahle
/ , d r ~ m r . and
h ,s~v3r.~l.i
26
lllry !'dj">.'l/ 5
lurticc and Home Affairs
Pollcy / . d p s f r r " n ,harm
alfe?z ,pnl.a.~il 8
l ~ s t i ffhc
~ ri,klId3~s.tl.far i)a
'ri$k! 29
kccp u rcssrcr ui Lxpcrr,
1,ki:p :,,red3.i <tarav
'ckhp3:is! .30
keep rermq /,kl:p 'fs:mll 10
known r i 1,nsun ud 17
r ~ , l c ~ . p 4r 1d
Ixndlord /'land.ln:<V 39
language 'lvure I ' l i r n g h l d i
,kIX71 ~35
lal"' <Ofrwmr /,I*p\ 3" 'cdlnll
law !I>:! 1
law firm 1~13:,h:d I 3
Law I.ordsP13: 1,:drl 12
law rrcporrr !,~>:'r~,p>:t~! 3
s y rlirnrs /.lel ' k l a ~ . ~ n t s !10
lay d<,wn!,lc~' d a u d 12
1;iy rnrgxsIrafe 1,lel
' m z d ~ . ~ . s i r e4~ t /
lay represencinve ilec
rcp.ri'm>l.ta.trv/ 7
lead!l~:dl 1.3
leaye ili:~! 22. 3 1, 39
I c r i e h o l d l ' l i : r . h ~ o l 39
Icasrh~,ldik~rrrcsr!.li:sha~ld
'1n.Or.eht1 39
lessrholder 1'li:s haul d i l 39
l e a r c m ; ~ ! 23, 4 1
Ie,?vem appeal 1,li:v l u a'pi:l/
J
legal agreement /,li:.g'l
a'gri;.m"nt! 31
legal aid/,6;.g"l '<,dl i
legal ihrllcngc !li:.g~l
'r~~;el.md3144
Icgal ' h a w !,1i;.gI 'tJo:dg 22
legal deielopmellr l . l ~ : . ~ l
d~'vcl.ap.mant/ 37
I C K ~ ~ ~ n n - / , i i :e~n v
c r rii I Y
rg'zek~jc!trv! I3
lcgrl cipcnirr inrurance
!,li: gal ,k,q,cnf r,7
m'S3:mntai 30
lug" firnmc\"c,rk iii: gal
'lrclm.w3:k/ 45
leg31 prrsnn 1,11:.g? "p3:.san/ I
Iqal prrirlnoncr /,li:.g21
prck',,J."n.3'! Y
lu,~alrulcta,,,, !,kgS1
r & ' l e ~ . r r , lI
lrgrl recrefll" !,li:.gl
' \ e k . r ~ . f n i " II
lugal rcrvlrcr !lkg'l
'\3:.v~s.w1 I 3
lcgol rysrcrnl'li;.g'l ,s15.~anl:1
Ic&$shre/'led3rrlert/ I
leyillrc for!'luljr.alnt IJ;'/ 2
Ic&$slinon!.led3 rslerpn!
2.44
 Ir>r5/Ins/ 19, 34, 38
lush rrrrrng fro," floa a,ra,.z,q
f m d 35.38
loss of carnrngr I,l,,s a"
'3: nrgri 29
I,,r\es I ' l m d 43
lor /l"l/ 40
~ligisrrarerCuwt
i m ~ d ralrrlts
3 kxtl4
malowin Imcrn'rctni 15
makr a call tor I m e ~ a'k,:I
k
f,:'/ 21
m k e an igreemenr /.melk an
licenr,ng a y c c m c n r ~'gri:.manl/ 31 . . '1 . I , , 1111
,,
'

fIa1.s~n1~10 3,gri:manlI 18 make an ,nr,ra*on ro ,rear \-I >#, u , ,I,., 1'" ' -
: L h

licensing and dirtriburiull 1,mcik an in.vr,le~.pnta \ I . I I . , , , ,.,..

/,lal.s'ntsiq n' '1ri:lI i l A~irrirrlon/mem.a,mn.dam
,d~s.trr'bju:.pni 38 makc m order 1,merk an 'n ,":.r,.kl/ a"
licensing revc,,ucs ',:.dS/ h a.\m.sCe,.pd 20
/'b!.s-'nt.slq ,rcv?~.ju:zl 38 xmalu aware ut 1,merk a'wcai ~nxrgc/m~:d3i 27
llccnsor /.lal.?nfs'~:'/ 3 8 ""I1 5 1""rgC. 1"q"iry imz:.d3ar
lhke w o r i f h r k ,wmk/ 41 >malec ~ p r c s rIinc8k i V s p i r d lo,kwara.d 28
lhkelv amounr ilat.kll I i merger I'm=: djar/ 5, 27
~ , m a i ~ n30 f/ """l~pupillag"
Ihrn~tIhab~lity/ , l ~ m . ~ t 1,mcn.i 'pju:pd.,dlj 10
lnl.~'hrl.,.lii 35, 37 m~nwnurnauthorired rliare
I#m~ran,,nclause Il~m.~'rer.J=n capital 1,man.l.mam
, k l ~ : r i33, 35, 38 ,3:.lhr.alrd 'lea' ,kzp.~.i"l/
llmltarion pcrlod nlmt'ter p n ,,,
,7

,pla.rl.dI 30, 32 minr,r imal.nar/ 4. 32

llrnlted rompany 1,l~m.r.od minutes I'mm.lti1 I I , 23
'knm.pa.d 15, 20 ~nislcadu /,m~r'l#:.d~q/
~~ LR. 43
Limlred I 8ablllry I'armershlp 12 mixrepresenranon
11~.1'1/,1~m.1.t1dla~,~,h~I.1.ti mark /mu:W 43 I~"~.rcp.r,.~c"'tc,.pd34,
~pa:l.n?.r,pl I Y (nark up 1,mo:k 'npl II 36, 43. 44
lirnircd prrrncr l,hm.~.tld rlrarkct inresriganon /.mu:.k~i ~ n o l l ~ l apenalcy
ry f-.l.lri
'pa:,."?'/ 14 ~ n . u e ~ . l ~ ' g28i ~ ~ n / .pen.?.ti! 28
liquidvtcd i h k . w ~ . d c ~ . l ~6d / markcr rnvrrrigarlon r c f c r a l c ~ Inonetar) ualue Pmnn,.,ri
liqtiidared damag~,
/,hk.w~.dcr.l~d 'dzml.dsrd
I,ma:.k~t m . v e s t r ' g c r . ~ n
rcf.'r.anld 28
.
,v z I iu:/ h
m<>nrgIaunJcnr,~ rmnn.,
rnlrkcf value /mu:.kit ,l>:n.dnq/ IS, 44
l~quidrrior> /,l~k.w~'du~.pn/ 'va1,j":I 21 ,,a>n1t<>r workluadr I,","".,.,.
20. 24 Clrircr'~Degree ILLM) 'w3:klxid/I 13
liquidator f l i k . w ~ . d e ~ .24
l~l rulu:.siar dr,gri:I 9 munlmrmy. Pmnn.r.l".r~qi 45
lnsicd huildlng r,lir.tld 'hll dsq1 mlrrcr 1 ' m r t ~ ' I14 rnonc>polypower /m~'"op.al.i
45 #miners of f j l ~ rI,~I.PL.JL av ,pac>a'I 28
' f ~ k f 4l morigagc ill)/'m?:.gndy
"LU"'U1C OYIpLII, /,,li~3.3' 20.22
'a,,,.p,,ts/ I3 mortgage 1.1 /m,:.grdg
loan agrcc,nenr I'laon ilud~hrb in~r.du:bI 25 20,22
a,gn:.mant/ 31 mediated scalcmenr mortgagee /,m~:.gr'd3i:I 22
lodge i claim 1,lnds a 'kic~odT I,mi:.di.ca.lid 'set.l.mani/ luuln track I,nid.t~'lreWh
iong~ropdacc /lnqsrnp ,de~t/ 25 m ~ ~ i ~sp ~ l c ~ /,m,%l
~ mi k tp l
40 mcd~atlon/,mi.dCrr.fnI 25 'ars.lamri 38
Lord (:hancellor /,I,:* medianon <,rglnisanon ,""ma1 aiilifancr in pnllcing
'II":"f.s21.ar/ 12 Imi.d?c~.fi I,n~.iu:.tIu.al a,s~s.r'nts bn
Lord lurrhces ot Appeal /,la:d 3: g a n . a 1 , ~ ~ . 25
pd p~'li:.siq/ 44
,djnl.tl.brr av api:l/ 12 mediaror imi;.di.c~.l~'I15 nar~i,nrl inzl.'n.'li 8
Lords of Appeal ~n O r d l n r r y mcdicoi records I'med 1 k I mni>na1law /,nol>n.~l'la:/ 8
/,I>:& a" a p k l i n , r r k . ~ : d d30 ~nrr~onal rorcrcigny
'a:.d~.na.riI 12 medical nearmcnr i m c d ~ l i ' l Ins1.'n.9 'sov.nn.tii 8
,lii;l.manll 19. 30
 obratn b! decepnun iabrern
bur di'sepp", 44
,ohrain consent n,thr
asiignm~ntlabtccn ksn,sent
tu: i),: a'\a,n.manfl 39
110 Wlll "0 tee i n a u .w,n ,">I, ~ ~ b t am i nc d c , ~ lrecords
'fi:l i 0 iabtelo m e d ~ k " 1
~non>inal capital .,norn.~.n>l , r c . k ~ : d d30 pafA:mdl36 .
'ksp.r.t"ll 2 1 occupsnrm i,nk.jo'pri.J'n; 39 prrmer,po:t.nar/ 9. 11. 19
nocninal "ll""/,"""l.l."il 0""~""""l pcmion rchcmc oartncrlcd rcrm Iou:t.na lcd
'"sl.j":i21. 31 /,ot.ju.pc,.pn.'l p e n t p n
nominated ro receive , r k i : d 24
disclusurea i,nnm.l.ne#.i#d occup~iti ~ k . j ~ . p ~ ~i Y. a ' i
t ~ c ~ , s l : v d ~ ' s kI 5l ~ ~ ~offcncu
. ~ ~ ~la'funtrl 28
non~l,,nd,ng,nrrrurncno offence under r h ~ sregillailon
i,n"n.bam.d,g iafents nn.d3 n,s
'8n.stra.mantd 45 r e q j u ' l e 8 p i 15
nanm~shcunsiderrrion 1,non. oifcndur 1a'fen.d~'l I, 5
k s j kan.sld.a're~.pni21 otter [n)/'of.ari 31. 37
n,ln~compllunic ~8th offer [r)i'nf.ari 13
i,nnn.k?m'p1v~.antswlil' 28 ,offeree/,nf.~'~:i 27, 31
"On~COnfunflOulllni.ar,<m offcrori,of.a'r~:i 27, 3 1
Orncc for Hsm,<,n,sar,on I,,
rhc internal blaikur tOHL\l,
i . 0 f . l ~f ~ : r
hu:.ma.nai,zcr.~nin da
!n,,3:.n?l 'mu:.k,t/ 43
oificc mnoual/,of.,r
'msn.jo.ail 14
on hcllali o i l o n h1'ha:f ovl
non~prucriains/,no" Ih. 24, 36
'przk.t,.sq/ 111
not be Itable whariocvrr /,nor
bi: ,la,.a.bl wot.saii'cv.a'i
is
""t gullry pc,, 'no1 ' q r l t i
,pLl 5
noticu r o i /,">".ti, 2"
'tJelnd3i 23
norice of rerminarlun ot
e"ll'l0yl"e"t i.na,,.t,a ov
t3:m,,ne,.pn a"
~m'pl,l.manli 41
n,,tliiahlc , , i f u n ~ ~
l,nl,,.tl.fn,.3.irl 3'fentsi 5 ~ i c r s ~ ~asscrs
n s l i,pa.san.'l
notli) Pnau.tl.fa~i 26 ,irs.et,i 19
~nonv~rhiraod~ng personal Jsra /,ps:.s'n.'l
/,not.w~d'st~n.d~g/ 18 ' d e ~ t a44 i
nausti~,ninau'vsr.pn/36 ~'enonal,","~y/,~,:.s~".~l
navel i'nov3Y 42 <nut"t office illciiagc i n u t a" ' i n d f r l i 29
nulsancc~nju:.s'ntai 29 ' n i t s ,mesrd3i I I persons ips:.?nd 8. 2.3
oblecrr i'oh.djcktsl 20 outiomei'wl.kuni 30 pcrsuas8vc i p a ' s w r ~ . s ~8v l
ohl~g:ir#on on /,nh.l~'ge#.r'n <ouo~dc i,aot'sardl 35 perwaswe i ~ i r h < l i l ~ ) -
on/ 8 ~~verull iesoanribliitv fur /pa,swcl.slv s:oor.,.til 3
ohllgscions undcr conrracr peilnnn rhc C i l l l l T /p,r,/'o h,
lnh.lt,gcr.pnr m d a '%>:!I 24
'kon.trskt1 36 prmy cilnie Ipr1.i ' k m c d 4
~~hs~~lcn/'nh.a'.li:ti 2 phanli,1grfu:.mlgi 44
ohtam a di.grcc/ah,recn a phlshiogrfi.Jlnl 44
dr8gti:l 9 phccmcia~plc~s.manti 9
o b r a ~ nappnwal i a h t e ~ n plrinntt rple~n.tlfi4, 6 . LY
>'pru:,v'V 14
planrung permisalon i p l a n . i q
pa,miJ>ni 40
plvad p,uilih~ 1 , p k d ' g ~ i t i '5
nlenie find enclosed / o1i:z
f a m d ln'klaoidl 1:
pledge Ipledjl 22
oorna of law / . ~ ~ l nav t s ' 1 ~ :4~
pollurinn control I r i s
/pa,lu:.Pn kan'lraol .l~:u'
porrsl scccpr.?nce rulc /,p~ii.st'l
a k s e p t ' n t s ,ru:V 31
postgraduate Diploma ~nI aw
iGUL) / . p a i i a t . g r s d j u a t
d,,plao.m3 m 13:. 10
pc>fe~>ti.l cialnl /PW , t m . r p i
'klenN i n
practlcableipriek.ti.kab11 1 5
praaice /prek.t,r/ 9, 43
prvcrlce dlrccrions 1 , p r s k . c ~ ~
dar'rekpnzJ 6
pracrt,c Pprakicsl .3. Y
pracilse nr the 83r /,prsk.l,b
irt da 'bu:' 10
pre-conlilnun,
/,prk.kan'dlJ.ana 3.;
prcionrmcr enqulnu5
/.pri;.kon.triekt
m'kwara.riri 4 0
prc-emptson /,pri'ernp.,pnl 21
Pre~Quahticrrion
Quesrionnairc llll'Ql
/,pri.kvnl.~.f~.ke~.pn
kwcs.lJ2'near, 1.3
p r e l m b l ~/'pn:.nm.hY 31
pxcaur8onary prrnclple
/pi~,k~:.pn.'r.i' p i r n t ~ r p !
"Td
' pmcure the sstirfacr~ono f rhc
precedenr lunurs ipre,.,.d'nr
.let.arz/ 14
24
prep.!nrury hearing
ipn'pirr.'.lar.i , h ~ ~ . n g5 ,
prepare a iepon lprl,pea'a
n'pxfl 30
preparc ihc first dratl lpr1,pea
BJ ,f3:sl 'dra:ft/ 14
prepared aa l f iprz'peai ;ez sf!
14
pressure group ipic1.a ,gru:p/
2
prevarl /pn'vell/ 35
p r r v i o ~ ~dealingb
s /,pri:.vi.as
' d i : . I ~ ~ z34'
pnms faoe i p i a ~ m a ' f e i . J i 1I X
p n n n r y legirhtaln /,prul.ma.n
lcdi.~s'ler.pnlz
primipal ~ p i ~ n t . s ~ . p '16
princ~pleof hlndlng przcedeni
I,pnnt.s~.plav ,bn!n.drn
' p r e s i d a n t l .3
prior Ivnllca conlcnf /,prvlJ
r i t % kan'sen~! 3 5
Prlilfc rict !pia,.vai s k t i 2
45 1'rli.ate <:1,enr /pra,.vat
k l u l P t l 13
Privxtc kinancr ln~rxsrhvciPFl!
l , p r u ~ . v ~' fta l n a n f s
l,"~J.>.t8"! I I, 1.3
i"irare law /'prurv3t ,Is:/ 1
Prlvsre Llmlted L<,mpany
(Lfdl /pral.vat l ~ m r t l d
knm.pa.ni/ 19
Prirrru Meznher~Bill
I p r a l v a f ' m e m b z r , b # i1
prillri,_lt,~~,
/,pm#.v~.ln#'zei.j'n9
pririry ,,i contract 1,pnvaii a i
'konlrirktl 36
pro "'2 /,p'"'ro:.ta/
piohanon officcr l p r a o h e ~ . P n
,nf.>.~a'/12
Pnihaoon Serv~cc
1prauhci.p" r , : . , , ~ . I ?
procedural ludge
/pra'si:.djii.ral , d j n d y 6
proceclural la\\' rpra'r8:djiiri
I,:/ 1
prci~~di~i~/pra'ai:.dj$!
proceed to sentuncc 1 p r ~ o r i : d
ia'aen.tantsl i
procecda of l'prjo .si;dz orr 1 5
cundrtvln ipra,kjua aa
r x t . l s , f ; e k . ~ navda
kan'di i.*d33
pinrwcmcnr /pra'kjua.manrl
13
produrn defrcr~i,prnd.nkt
di:.fcktr/ 29
pn,duce sansfaco," evidence
lpra,dju:s ,sat.~s,f;ek.l'r.i
'ev.r.d'nts1 IS
produce unlfurmiry/pra,dju:s
ju:.nc'f?:.n~~.ti/3 7
profcrr I p r a ' f c ~ l38
pnrfuss,onal hlxly
!pm,fcJ.'n.l 'hod." 1
professl,,nal andemnlry c o i r r
/pra,fcf.'n."l in'dcrno3.li
knv.?/ I I
pn,r,t or rlrle 1,piu:I a,, ta,.t1/
40
prhmem. I ' p m p a n l 22, .39. 40
p"'pC'"r intcrcst / ' p r o p a t i
~ n l ' r e s t ! 42
lr prup"'? "f the cro,vn
1 , p r n p a l i a\, da 'kniuni 23
propurfy prrriiulrrr /,prop.a.ti
pa'tlkjolad 40
p r < , p ~ \/prap~u.z'li
~l 2
propose n hill /pro,paiir a
'hh 2
pnq?rlecor 1pr?'prala.tar1 43
~>tn\ccucc/ ' p r o ~ . ~ . k ~ a 1,4,
:t.
i
1>80tccrbcrt L~fcrcrrripra,tekt
hest ' ~ n . t ~ . e s fI1~ i
prorecr rhc cnvlnrnmenr
ipratekr M:
in'vula.r~n.mantl45
prorrcrcd /pra'rek.f!di 3 8 , 43
~ I O V C Ihcyond I C ~ S U L I A ~ ~ C
douhr Ipru:" h i j n n d
ri:.r'n.a.bi & o t l i
proilde ideralls) !pn'vslN 23
iclamcl pnwide5 rhar
lpra'valdr a;efl 36
IS pruvrdc r cnmprehcnilvc
wrv~cem /pra,vard 3
, k o m . p n ' h c n t . s ~ 'vs s : . v ~ s
fu:' I i
pr<rridc a frc ubrnilrrc
lpr:,,vaid z f i : r s t ~ m a r l14
p""ldc replics tu lpravvld
rl'plalz fu:r 40
provide rcprc*cnrrrion
Ih, 17 /pv:,,vaid r e p n z e n ' t e r Pn!
10
pmrin,,n i,t rpra'vlj'n "\,I 13
prurln<,n, /pia'vl3."U 8. i i ,
35.37
r,p\b.lzk i r k ~ e fsu
,".fa'",c,,p,,l 4.5
I'uhl~cAcr !,pnh.llk a k r / 2
puhlrr lax,, /,pnh.hk !a:/ I
I'uhlir llmlced <:ompany
IPLC) !,pnb.llk l81~i.l.trd
k n m na.ni/ 19
. .
'prnr.~.kju:.tdl 5
public purbc / , p n b . l ~ kps:a/ 7
pnhllc <crut,ny l,pnb.lrk
'rkru:.l1.d2
IP~lhll~
\ U C ~ O T l'phhllk ,\ek.tarl
, I
purchaser i'p3:.tfa.~a'l 37.40
purport tn 1pa'p:t tud 3 5
pursue n c l a m /pa,sju: a
' W e l d 29.30
purpuer /pa'sju:.a'/ 29
put another wry / , p i a'm3.a
,we,/17
put i,,ro llq"idrtion /,put
1 n . 1 ~l:~ k . w ~ ' d e ~ . l24
ad
put up barnerr to /,put np
'bier.i.2~tu:l 28
qualified icccprnniu
I,kwol.~.fd~d ik'srp.tants/
31
rslsc share capital /,rc#z'lea
,kap.l.faV 19
re-prcrcnred /,ri:prm'zen.t#di 2
reading i'ri:.dr~l 2
wad" o, gci onr 1,red.i Ia ,gal
'a"t/ I I
real crrsrc I'rtd is,lecl/ 9
rcoliic n s c t \ P n a h r r ;;rs.etd
,A
A 7
rcrI15t1cprospect of conviction
I ~ J . I I E . I .pmr.pekt
I~ av
kan'"1k.J-d 5
reasonable o ~ n r m l
/,ri:.z'n.a.hl kan'trwV 35
rrhuxil presumpnc,n /n'hnt."l
pn,mmp.f"d 31
rrcelve acccptancr /ir.si:v
ak'=p.tanfd 31
recctvcrsh~p/n'si:.va.Irpi 24
~ c . - c ~ , ~rulc
o " 1n'rep.f n ,m:U
icdoced sentence /re,dju:st
'rm.tantd s
refer to ln'f3: tu:/ 3, 7. 8, 14,
17,2S
referral hx'f3:.aV 28
reflccr rhc s h r of /n.flekI bi
' e m " " / 37
.
registcrcd company
1,redj.t.rrad 'hm.pa.ni/ 20
regisrercd number /,red3.,.stad
'nnm.ha'/ 20
reg~sreredufticc /,red3.1.stad
'nf.rsl 20
rc~iscrarI,red~.!'%lru:'/43
1icgi5rrarat companres
/,redi.r.atro:rav
' k n m . p a . d 19, 20
registrarloo I,redi.~'stre!.Pnl
20.43
b"
rcsbrry Trcdj.8.rtrii 43
rcgular and consisrent trading
/,rcy.j".l~r"n k ~ n , n s . t ~ n t rest o f /rest ""I 16
'trel.d!g/ 37
iegi~lare/'rcy.ju.leal 1
Regularimns 1,reg.ju'ler.jand
8, 9, IS
r e ~ u l s o ~ r/,reg.ju'le~.Iar.i/
y 27
' e g u l a l o ~mcchml\m
I.reg,u.le,.l*.i
'mek.a.nr.Zmi 45
~ e g ~ l a f opoiierr
ry rhc
ii~~clcr
Act /,rcg.jo.lel.tti 'paclar
m d a d i : ,ickt/ 28
rclc~.c from / n , t i r fmmi 35.
36
rclcvrnt cxpcrrirs /,rel.;l.v'nt
ck.sp3:'ti:zI 1.3
relevant rccvrirics /,rela.vant
s~'kjoa.n.ti:zI 27
remed~alaction /n,mi:.di.al
' a k l a n i 28
rcmcdr Trem.~.dli 17, 28. 36
renw ih.mri/ 2.3
rrndcr ~mcnforccablc1,ren.dai richr to dlwdend /,rut t a
nn.~n'f~:.sa.bl/.32
?,",",,I of tl,, ,I /n,nju:al
a" d3 '11:sl 39
rent rc\,cr clruru i'rent
n'viu:
> ,.kb:,J 19
r c p ~ i/r"'~cJ'/ 34
replymcnr /rl'pel.mantl 22
rcpcvl ahsolerc law /n,pi:l
,nh.sa1~:t'IsJ 2
rephrrrlng I,":'fre~.ng/ 17
replace hl'pleld i 4
report /n'p~:t/ 30
represent g'aphic.llly
/,rep.n'rcnI 'yr.cI.l.kW 43
resene punrrhmenr 1 n . u : ~
'pnn.lj.mant/ 1
rocrvc the righr to / n , ~ : vba
'ra~fI":/ 38
reserved for c i a 1 /rr,u:vd fa
'fralav 4
reserved ro 1n'u:vd I":/ 1
rc51en In'zard 41
r u s ~ l u cdisputes /r~,zolv
dz'spju:rr/ 7, 25
resource In'z3:si 13
rc,pundenr In'spnnd'ntI
,,
7 2,
restrain ln'stre8d 36
resrrainr at rradc /n,sIiemt 3v
'rrrrdi 28
rrrtricr the eyrenr l n r t n k i hi:
1k'sIentI 38
ierrr,cr unauthorised use
/ r ~ , s r r ~~n,~:.8a.rulzd
kt
rritrlcfire covcnanr
h ~ , s t n k . t ~'hv.%.'nt/
v 41
rcvieiv (11) /n'vju:/ 45
r c v ~ c ,(annuallyI /nivju:/ 13
r c v ~ e w(rhc proccssl 1r~'vju:i 6
r e v ~ e wlicencch l n ~ v j u :
'lal.sanl.s17i 45
revised hl'va~zdl3
iei,,,kc 1 r h " k I 42
r audience / , r a t av
r l ~ h of
~:.di.antr/Y. 10
d#v.t.dendl 21
m e ~ c l u ~/,ralt
l c fu
8k'skIu:dl 42
fc, rcpudlate /.rart 13
c#'pju:.di.c~U.36
ngbrholdcr I'rant,h~ul.d~'/ 43
ngbrr Iraltsl 1. 4.3
rigl,r; m d ~ h i , ~ ~ n "1,m4t\n,
a" "h.ll'ge,.pnd 3.3

real 1si:ll 32
search h3:tII 40
scarch order / , s ~ : f J'5:.dar/ 43
ircuncl cisenrial lcg /,sek:'nd
~ l 30
~ , n e n . t'leg/
rcconriary lcgi,lan,~ii
/sek.'n.dti 1 e d j . r s l e r . p d
2.8
S Y T ~ credlr~vl s ~ k j i i ~ ~ d
' k c d . ~ . t a ' / 22. 24
ierurcd lcndlng l s ~ k j u a r d
' l e n . d ~ ~22/
iecunty/a'kjua.n.ti/ 19, 23
security provislurls
/s~'kjua.n.tipravsj?nl/ 39
5rcurity aysrcnl /s~'kjoa.rc.ti
, S ~ S . I J44 ~ \bareholdur /'Jea,haul.d~', 19.
arck r legal rcmedy /,ii;k a
,li:.ga1 'rem.a.d'/ 4
heck an iniuncriun/,s~:kan
, n ' d 3 ~ g k . p d 12
s c r l ~xncdlcal advrcc1,si:k
'med.r.k'l a d , v a ~ dI0
seek to excludc1,si:k tu
,k'sklu:dI 35
scli-cmployed practice ,,self.
c m p l ~ ~' pdr z k . l ~ s /10
rcllcr I'acla'l 40
..
x o d aceptancc i,send
awsep.ta"tsl 31
senlor barnstir 1,si;ni.a
'bcr.i.star/ 10
rcnrence l r e n . t ~ n t r /4,s
se~ltencini:ilsen.tanl.s~gl 12
ierlrs of law report, /s,a.n:z
2" '13: n , p 3 : t i 3
servu a \ummoni 1.33:" a
'snmand i
'nau.tls/ 3 9
IULVC I I O ~ I C C / S ~ : Y
serve un fs3;v onl 6, 2.3
scrvc bv8rli / ' s ~ : v wrdi 2.1
/sa'sa~.a.tY
,,Ic~c~ . 26
sold h) suction i,isuicl bn8
's:k.rnl 40
sold hg prlvare rreary /,saold
bal ,pral.vat 'tn:.til 40
' i a ~ m . t e ~ . bhl / role rradcr /,raul 'iiei.dar/ 10,
set a i d e / s e t a'sard/ 32 I9
rct o,,t /,set a u t 1 2, 3 4 ~"IIcITo~,s~'~,~.,.~-~'! 9
5ei our m /,set 'auf in/ 14, 2 1 rulrunr 1snl.vant1 24
,it rhc precedcnr ,,ref da w n n d file /,saond 'faill I I
'prcs.r.d'nt/ 3 iouriu /ss:s/ 43
i ~ t t l ca cla,rrl rbet.1 a sprc8al drmrpc\ /,speJ.'l
klclm 19 'daem.~.dg~r/ 24
accrle dittcrcilces 1se1.i penal expcrriw / ~ p e J . ' l
'drf.ar,%t,s~d6 ek.sps:'ti:d 7
senlcmenr l'ssr.l.mant; 2 5 *1,eaa1,se 1" lspeJ'.al.arr I"/ Y
runlemenr of diipurei 5pcclili,m fspeJ.Y.,.z" 9
/,set.l.mant av dl'rpju:tsl spccn,~l~~rI'speJ."l.!st 1.3
.
A, , \pcclfiud m /'spei.~.facdm/ 15
5eirrancc clause Isev'ranfr \pcc#alhc ki~on~lrdgc
, k l ~ : d35 l , s p e f i l . ~ s tnol.rd31 1 3
rpccihed monerarr \urn%
shall l ~ z v
17
ilvsre cip8ml : l e a ,kzp.l.tal/
l l i 71
511ar; rransai.r8,,n /,Jea
tranrzkJalll 27
,I,are v;,l,,e !lea ,viel.j":/ 21
20.24
~hrrchaldmng~Jeahauld~g! 21
,hares ljearl 19
5harc7 issued /,Jeaz '~J.u:d/ 20
rllelt cornpan)- /'JeM
.knm.pa.iui 20
$hi-mk-iriap lhccnsc
!'Jngk.rzp ,la~.s'nrsl 38
ilck p s y r r l k pel1 41
sign / s a i d 43
slF""'"r) of P s l g n a t t i a"/ I
ilgnitirrnf prop"rric>nc,f
/scg,n~f.r.kantpra'p?:.l"n
avill
<r">ll*rr,> ils,m.,.12 I":/ I?
rcay ~n pnreedxngs / , s t e ~rn
pra"'sk.d,!la b
S I I ~ ~ C Magiscrate
~~IPI~
1rtu1,pcn.di.lr.i
f i 12
' m e d ~ . ~ . s t r e 4.
rt%pulatc/'sl~p.ju.le~tl 3.3, 34
stip~~lared amuonr
/,slrp.jo.le~.t&d a'm?ont/ 1 6
rrolen ldenriv l,rtx~.l%
uc'dcn.ll.tll 44
inxrt lhahllln. /,stnkl
I~.a'b,l.,.t329
strictly prirste and confideniirl
1,slnkf L i ,prn~.valn'
knn.fl'den.rlal/ 16
strike o f f / , s t n ~'of/
k 23
rrrvcrure oi a commcrc1al
collrrvrr 1,strhk.lJar JV J
ka,ms:.pl 'knn.lmkt/ 3;
rub )"dice /,s~b'd3u:.d1.~iI18
whdelie i,s~b'ii:sl 39
~ ~ bto /'snh.d3ekl
j ~ ~ t ru:/ 26,
/,snb.d3ekt tu
~ n . r ~ : . p i ~ ' t c $ .3p n /
suhiecr ro ivdic~slreview
iubjccr to ihe provisn
/snh.d3ekt la da
pm'var.zau/ 27
submit a tendcr /sab,m$ta
'tenda'l 13
submnan A ~ ~ l s a b man tt
'aktl 2
suhru~ran ofier /rab,m~tan
nf.arl .;I
submsr annual reruins lrabmit
,ucn.ju.aln'ts:nd 21
suhicnbc fur sharer /sab,skralb takcuver /'teik,x~.va'l 27
fa 'Yead 2 1
iubaidlariry /,s~b.sld.i'ier.l.tii
,ue Is":/ 19
ruc for damage- I,"": fa:
'dem.l.d3ld 34
suffcr a hmvch /,mf.a'a
'b&tJl 1 6
sottcr harrn/,s,~f.a'ha:m, 4
suffer hnlurv 1mf.a'
'rnd3arii 4.29
softer loss 1,shf.a 'lad 29, .34.
1<
suffer ~ancriiinsfrom 1,mf.a
'ssok.Pnz fromi 45
~ u n l n ~ a rdamissrl
y 1,snm.f.i
dl'smrr'V 41
su~nrna?<iffence 1,mm'r.i
a'fcnls/ 5
siimmons irhm.?nd 6
~"pc'vising paltllur
l,\u:.pa."ui.z,q 'm:t."ac/ Y
aupcrui.~on uf the courr
PSu:.M1\13.'n av h 'k3:tI .36
rupcn~rorisu:.pa.va~.r~'/24
supplemented i s n p l t m a n l u i
6 'tJu:d$ 22
supplirr lsa'plal.a'/ 24, .37. .3X
supply legal services /s~,plar
,l,:.gal 's3:.",? ,d 111
,uppros, / r ~ ' p r c s /28
supremacy rircr /ru:prcm.a.si
,ao.v3'/ 8
suney is-i:.vel/ 22
,uipcct In) /'s~s.pekt/5
suspect (vl ha'spekti 1 7
,",pcnded renrcace
1ra.spen.dld 'ren.t?ntr/ I1
sustain un miuy /ra,stcm an
'tn.dr7r.i/ 29
ru.trmrhlc duvcIopnlenr
prlnc!pie /sa,sle~.na.hl
d~'vcl.ap.m~nt ,pnnf.sr.pV
A'. ,
sworn in 1,rw~:n'mi 5
rske all reainnahle srepr /,,elk
,=:I ,n;.zan.~.hl'stcpsl 15
rske ihro accounr 1,telk ,~n.tu: lllnc ~ ~ f i / , t a l'nil
a'kuunrl 15
u k e nlcaiurcs 1,telk ' m e 3 a d
8. 15
rake nlcsrsgcs 1,telk
'mes.td.3>dI1
rake the lerre /,terk da '1i:rl i Y
rakeovrr h ~ d/'telk.ai~.v?,hid/
,7
-,
rang~hleform 1.r7end3a.hl
b : d 42
target company Pto:.grt
,knm.pa.nii 27
r a y ai<,ldanur r t a k s
a,v~c.d'ntn/ 26
rar hmetiri r a k r , h e n . ~ . f ~ t s / a . i z o . r i , e l . ~ n26/
26
ray h#11/'tucks ,hrll 26
tax ~hargcsblc/,tucks
'l/o:.~i3ahl/ 26
tar iiur /,lzks 'dju:/ 26
r a r efhrialc) I f z k s
l'f~Y.'nt.si~
26
rei,ns <>icliarge 1,r-r:m~a"
rrrrns of the aerccmcni i,l=:mr
au di a'gri:.m=nt/ 31
rerr,rori.,i /,ter.,'t3:.".aV 4.3
tcrrirorlrl /,ter.~.l~:.".~I
'rat/ 42
rhcreafrcr /,&~r'u:f.ta'/ 1 8
rhcrcbv /,<ka'ba~/18
rhcrc~li/ , & a ' n i 18
rhermf /,ck)e?'mv/18
thcrcro /&a'te:/ 18
rhurew~rh1 , ~ k a ' w ~ 18 dl
rhirdprrn /,bdipa:.tiI
2.i. 36. 4.3
'[rhc) three pillrrs' r o e
,pll.arl 8
time crienrlon itarm
rk,sten.tPn/ 6
rime of the crsencc clause
/,ratm av di: 'er.mts , k l ~ : d
.
I.<
m 41
t i r r ~ r r c r l citaml.skerli 6. 14
rirlc irac.lV 411
liclc m rhc propcrt) 1,tar.tl f a
ha 'prnp.?.tU 22,40
to rbe contrary Itu: da
knn.tr;l.n/ 34
to thc 11": da 'plmti 3
iiq, lerrl dornaln I1 LL!) 1,tnp
, I ~ u .dl ~ r n c 43 ~ i
rnrr l t ~ : t /29. 30, .3S
tc>\vn2nd counrr" plrnn1ng
1riv /,tau" " n k n n t "
p1sn.in ,I>:! 43
track /lrsk/ 6
rsrdu r,,uciat>on l'tre~d
trrdc ~ n n rI'trc~d l ,ma:kl 43
tradr o n p n ot goods !,weld
,nr.,.d~,na" g u d d 43
rrrdr un,iln /.tre~d'jo:.ni.an
Trading <:crrific2re/,lrer.drq
~a'11f.t.katl 19
rrsdlng ennty/,tre~.d~q
'cn.t,.tii 19
tmdlnp goodwill l t r e r d l q
gud'wtl 43
rratling namePtre,d", ,nerm/
""

~ m i a c<,nrracr
~r rcrrnr /hn,iea
' k n . t w h ,fl:rnz/ 35
unfair d # \ a ~ ~ sinn,Iea
ial a'rerll 5
d r ' s m l ~ . ~7.l I 41 %,arrantyi'mr!n.ti/ 33, 34,
"nlforllllry /,ju:.n,'f,:.m,.til 37.40
.
27. where hveSl 34
unllrterally varied whuicas/wea'rszl 3 3 ~ ~

i.ju:.nr'kt!r.'l.i 'ue~.ndi41 xvherehy huo'M 33

transfer shares /tmn,fs:r
' r ~ 20 ~ d
nan\noicd into /lren'soatmd
,~n.'tu:/ 8
treat ar i'fn:f arl 24, 32, 34
rrcvcy Pt";.fii 4s
r r e a r ) on European Union
IrCU! /,lni.ti on
,jua.r~.pi:.an 'ju:.ni.ad R
rroparsPtres.pasl 24
crirhle exrhrr waui'tra~.a.bl
'mmer.,.li/ 4 llppcr l,c,ure i,~p.3'hausl 1
turn our a,Ihr /,l=:n ' k t la
hid 34
type up /,?alp 'npi 1 I
typography ha~'pog.m.fli42
u1crr vices /,nl.tra 'v,a.rc,ri 18
unaurhanied scccm ro
lnn,3:.0a.raad 'zk.ses
,":I 44
undcr an hcrl,m.dar an ' a k t l
undcr arrest l,hn.dar a'rcsV 5
under nn iiahilin/,nn.d~'nw
l a ~ . a , b r l . ~ .35
~ii
undercennnf i'nn.da.ten.an11
,,
20
under the iem, oi1,nnda d~
'?s:mzovl 38
unlawiul dcducri<rnrl n n . l ~ : . f l u.ill /w,u 9
dr'dhk.pnzl 41 winding up ardcr i , m n . d t g
unl8mited habdlry /m,l~m.m.t~d 'np ,a:.dari 24
la,.2'b,l.,.lii 10 World fntelle'tll.ll I'rr>pcrry
unl~qu~dated damapr Or,qamzsra,n IWiFO!
l~n.llk.w~.der.trd /,w.:ld m.tl,ek.tju.al
'dsm.r.dgri 36 'pr"p.a.ti
unqualified agrccmcnr >:.gh.ar,zer.pd 43
lm.kwol.~.fdrd a'grkmanli with the arsisrancc of Iwld di:
31 a ' r ~ r . t h fnvi
s 24
withdraw a claim /wld,dr>: a
'We,"" 7
wirhxn iwr'dxd 30, 34
wichin rhu ruquirirc period
Iw1.6mda.rek.wr.zml
'p13ri.d 23
wirhour lawful ~urnfication
/w,,but ,b:.ial
use and cnioyinenr oii,ju:r >n dws.tr.f~'ker.pd 29
m'd33lmanl a"/ 29 \virhout thr cunlcnt o i
use by mulrrplcsysreals i,ju:r /w~.daulda kan'scnr oul 36
ha, , d . r r p l ' s ~ r . l m d38 wirnes~rr.~iemenr/'ws.nx
uac discretion to i,ju:r ,slell.manf/ 6. 7
d ~ s ' k r e f h t u d36 rrimurr Pm.naci 5
vague m,g/ ;1 wound up l , w o n d 'A# 2 I
v~,l"atio" ~ " ~ l . j u e l . p 22
d writ ,,f rummonsim 7",
vary Pvcaril 41
iilriln~n 0 t cnncr2,cf
i,vea.ri'ct.fi -na 'kon.trekt/
41
ueniicrPv~:.drktl S
m t c d in i'ves.trd m i 42
vice >errs i,vatr'v~:.sai 33
V I ~ Fy ~ r e a d i n g P v a r ~ r ~ r
,spre.d~q/44