Implications

The electric vehicle (EV) revolution is speeding up, but it can only go so far
without the necessary infrastructure and technology. As thinking shifts from
fossil fuels to all-electric, visions of a brighter, more optimistic world come
into view. The UK government’s pledge to ban the sale of all new non-
electric cars, including gasoline, diesel and hybrid vehicles from 2035,
highlights the drive to end the nation’s contribution to Climate Change by
2050.

If the 2035 target is to be met, we will all see evolutions in the transport and
mobility routines that keep our lives moving. From using ultra-fast wireless
charging to supporting the developing world by repurposing car batteries,
WMG, at the University of Warwick, is delivering advances in electrification
knowledge and technologies, which will enable the leap to an electric
automotive future.

Limitation
The number of vans on the UK's roads is increasing faster than any other type of
vehicle, in part because of the rapid growth in online shopping
Small e-vans are already available and the choice on offer is only likely to
increase.
It is difficult to compare prices for diesel and e-vans. However, it can be
significantly more expensive to lease an electric version of a popular van, than a
diesel one. This is likely to mean that electric vans remain unaffordable for
many small firms and self-employed delivery drivers for some time.

Conclusion
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
It is of paramount interest to estimate the energy required to power California’s
automobile fleet in 2040 which, based on this study, will be comprised solely by
PEV’s and PHEV’s and compare that to the energy required to fuel California’s
automobiles in 2040 if they were all gasoline powered.Based on the information
and assumptions listed in the previous section, 4.5.1, on a given day 31% of the
total number of PEV’s, that is 8,718,280 PEV’s, will require two battery
charges, with the rest requiring just one and the same ratio holds for the total
number of PHEV’s, translating to 22,718,280 PHEV’s requiring a second
charge on a given day. Now, based on most current data the average battery
capacity of a typical PEV is estimated to be 24KWh and for a PHEV 8.5 KWh
[39]. In other words, 24 KWh are required to fully charge an average PEV
whereas 8.5 KWh are needed for a PHEV, respectively. Putting all this together,
a net 797.26668 GWh of electricity are required to adequately power 2040
California’s fleet on a given day, consisting entirely of PEV’s and PHEV’s,
based on the aforementioned analysis and stated assumptions. Therefore, for the
entire period of 2040, the State of California will need to supply 291 TWh of
electricity - which corresponds to 80% of the State’s projected electricity
consumption in 2040 (Table 2) - to adequately power its automobile fleet,
which consists of PEV’s and PHEV’s only.
Now, let us compare what would the energy demand to fuel California’s
automobile fleet if that consists entirely of gasoline-powered vehicles. Based on
2014 data, the State consumed 12.3 billion gallons of gasoline [40] which
roughly translates to 517 gallons per automobile for that year. With 31 million
automobiles in 2040, all of them assumed to be gasoline-powered in this case
and assuming all else kept equal, the State is expected to consume a total of 16
billion
gallons of gasoline. Moving on, the energy content for a gallon of gasoline is
which translates, through the necessary conversions, to 36.11 KWh/gallon.
Therefore, the State will need to supply an equivalent total of 578 TWh to fuel
its entire automobile fleet, if this is comprised only of gasoline cars, in 2040.

Table 17: Energy consumption of California’s automobile fleet in 2040, in TWh

2040 Electric Vehicles 291 TWh Gasoline Vehicles 578 TWh
We therefore see that if all gasoline automobiles are replaced by electric
vehicles, PEV’s and PHEV’s, in California 2040, the State may save 287 GWh,
nearly 50%, in energy supplied to fuel its automobile by doing so.