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SHS
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Quarter 1 - Module 3
Rectifying Research Misconduct
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Practical Research 1
Quarter 1 – Module 3 – Rectifying Research Misconduct

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Shiela Mae Bongon-Buara

Editor: Jily L. Roces
Illustrator: Jason C. Borabo
Layout Artist: Atty. Catherine B. Panti
Reviewers: Lany M. Abainza and MASBATE CITY DIVISION
(headed by Jeanette M. Romblon)
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MODULE 3
Rectifying Research Misconduct
(Describing the Characteristics, Processes,
and Ethics of Research)
Hello! It’s me again, Teacher Jill. Welcome to another journey to
Practical Research 1!

In the previous lesson you have learned what research is and its
importance in our daily life. As a young researcher, you probably think
that research is hard. It’s normal to think that way. Let’s face it--research
is not an easy road but it is one worth taking.

In this module you will learn the characteristics, processes and ethics of
research. At this point, you will know how research is done.

Specifically, at the end of this module, you should be able to describe the
characteristics, processes and ethics of research.

YOUR VOCABULARY BUILDER

As you work on this module you will encounter unfamiliar words. Look for the
meaning of those words and add it to your vocabulary bank. In the future, you can use
these words in your oral and written communication.

We’re Matched!

Directions: Match the words in Column A to its meaning in Column B. Do it on your

notebook.

Column A Column B

1. bias a. to have a strong and often unfair influence on

someone or something
2. strategy b. to create or make up in order to trick people
c. a detailed plan on how to do something
3. blueprint d. a careful plan or method for achieving a particular
goal usually over a long period of time
4. fabricate e. expressing a command in a forceful and confident
way
5. imperative f. done in one’s free will without valuable
consideration or legal obligation

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Congratulations. You have unlocked some new vocabulary words. Good luck on your
next task!

YOUR READINESS CHECK

Let’s Warm-Up

Directions: Read the sentences. Put a check (√ ) on the space before the number if you think
that the sentence is correct. Put a cross (X) if you think that it is not. Write your answers on
your notebook.

_____1. Research must observe a step-by-step process.

_____2. The steps in conducting research are patterned.
_____3. The student-researcher must read literature related to the problem he or she is
studying.
_____4. The researcher must avoid listening to another researcher to have an objective view
of his or her study.
_____5. A person’s opinion is acceptable and considered as an answer to the questions
asked by the researcher.

YOUR INITIAL TASK

Mind Your Ethics

Directions: Read and analyze the article below and then answer the guide questions that
follow. Write your answers on a one whole sheet of paper.

Ethics in Qualitative Research

Ethical issues are present in any kind of research. The research process creates
tension between the aims of research to make generalizations for the good of others
and the rights of participants to maintain privacy. Ethics pertains to doing good and
avoiding harm. Harm can be prevented or reduced through the application of appropriate
ethical principles. Thus, the protection of human subjects or participants in any research
study is imperative.

Violations of human rights in the name of scientific research have been among
the darkest events in history. From 1932-1972 more than 400 African American people
who had syphilis were deliberately left untreated to study the illness.
Although the Tuskegee syphilis study was sponsored by United States Public Health
Service, the disclosure of the 40-year study caused public outrage (Caplan, 1992).

Another example of unethical research is the experiment conducted between

1950-1952 in which more than 1,000 pregnant women were given diethylstilboestrol to
prevent miscarriages. These women were subject to a double-blind study without
consent. Only 20 years later, when the children of these women had high rates of cancer
and other abnormalities did the participants learn they were subjects of these
experiments (Capron, 1989).
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The nature of ethical problems in qualitative research studies is subtle and

different compared to problems in quantitative research. For example, potential ethical
conflicts exist in regard to how a researcher gains access to a community group and
the effects the researcher may have on participants. The literature provides few
examples of ethical issues in qualitative health research. Punch (1994) claimed that
one hardly ever hears of ethical failures in qualitative research. However, Batchelor
and Briggs (1994) claimed that the failure of researchers to address ethical issues has
resulted in those researchers being ill-prepared to cope with the unpredictable nature
of qualitative research.

Qualitative researchers focus their research on exploring, examining, and

describing people and their natural environments. Embedded in qualitative research
are the concepts of relationships and power between researchers and participants. The
desire to participate in a research study depends upon a participant’s willingness to
share his or her experience. Nurse researchers have to balance research principles as
well as the well-being of clients (Ramos, 1989).

Qualitative health research is focused on the experiences of people in relation

to health and illness. Yet nurse researchers may find that their roles as researchers
and as clinicians may be in conflict. Qualitative studies are frequently conducted in
settings involving the participation of people in their everyday environments. Therefore,
any research that includes people requires an awareness of the ethical issues that may
be derived from such interactions. Ethics in health research includes appropriateness
of the research design, the methodological design, and the funding sources, as well as
behaviors in reporting data. The purpose of this paper is to show these and related
ethical issues and ethical principles to be used in qualitative research.

Source: Ethics in Qualitative Research by A. Orb, L. Eisenhauer, and D. Wynaden (2000)

Guide Questions

1. Based on the article, how will you define ethics in research?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Are the Tuskegee syphilis study and diethylstilboestrol study on pregnant women
unethical? Why?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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3. If you were part of the research teams who conducted the research studies, what will
you do to correct the unethical aspect of the experiments?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Excellent! You did a good job on that task. This time, read
“Your Guide” to know more about the characteristics,
processes and ethics of research.

YOUR GUIDE

Characteristics of Research

1. Empirical- Research is based on direct experience or observation by the

researcher.

2. Logical-Research is based on valid procedures and principles.

3. Cyclical-Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends

with a problem.

4. Analytical-Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data,

whether historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study.

5. Critical-Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.

6. Methodical- Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using

systematic method and procedures.
7. Replicability- The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to
enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.

Characteristics of the Researcher

1. Intellectual Curiosity-A researcher undertakes a deep thinking and inquiry of the

things and situations around him.

2. Prudence-The researcher is careful to conduct his research study at the right time
and at the right place wisely, efficiently, and economically.

3. Healthy Criticism-The researcher is always doubtful as to the truthfulness of the

results.

4. Intellectual Honesty-An intelligent researcher is honest to collect or gather data or

facts in order to arrive at honest results.

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5. Intellectual Creativity-A productive and resourceful investigator always creates
new researches.

The Research Process

Research is a process that requires patience and thought. There is no easy way
to make certain that you have exhausted every resource and found the best research.
Research is more of an art rather than a science. Below is a diagrammatic presentation
of the steps taken when doing research.

Define Research
Problem

Interpret and Review the

Report Literature

Formulate the
Analyze Data Hypothesis

Design
Collect Data
Research

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Step One: Define the Research Problem

The first step in research process is to develop a research question. This can
be a problem that needs to be solved or some piece of information that is missing
about a particular topic. Answering this question will be the focus of the research
study.(Offord Centre for Child Studies, 2017)

Step Two: Review the Literature

The researchers must now learn more about the topic they are investigating.
This not only provides important background information about the issue they are
researching., but it also tells them what other studies have already been conducted,
how they were designed, and what those studies found. In research, you often do not
want to repeat old studies, but rather add something new to the field. (Offord Centre
for Child Studies, 2017;Cornell University Library,2016)

Step Three: Formulate the Hypothesis

The hypothesis is a clear statement of what is intended to be investigated. It

should be specified before research is conducted and openly stated in reporting the
results.

Step Four: Design Research

The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate
the different components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring
you will effectively address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the
collection, measurement, and analysis of data.

Step Five: Collect Data

The collection of data is a critical step in providing the information needed to
answer the research question. Every study includes the collection of some type of
data-whether it is from the literature or from subjects –to answer the research
question. (Blankenship, 2010)Depending on the plan of the research, data can be
collected in the form of words on a survey , with a questionnaire, through
observations, or from the literature.(Offord Centre for Child Studies, 2017; Human
Kinetics, 2017)

Step Six: Analyze Data

Analysis of data plays an important role in the achievement of research aim
and objectives. (Dudovskiy, 2016) Once the data have been collected , these must be
analyzed in order to answer the original research question.

Step Seven: Interpret and Report

In this final part, you will have to justify why you think that research aims and
objectives have been achieved. (Dudovskiy, 2016) Profread the paper you have
created and report the results. There are different ways to share the results of your
research, among them is by publication either in print or on the internet. Another is by
sending or submitting the research report to those persons concerned or stakeholders
such as policy makers, government officials, company or business executives, etc.
Another way to share the results of your research is through a colloquium where the
researcher presents orally the research report to an audience or to the public.

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Ethics of Research

Ethics generally is considered to deal with beliefs about what is right or wrong,
proper or improper, good or bad. According to a dictionary definition (Webster‘s 1968),
to be ethical is to conform to accepted professional practice.

Ethics should be applied in all stages of research from planning, to gathering of

data, to the analysis and interpretation and evaluation (oral examination) of the
research.

Research ethics provides guidelines for the responsible conduct of research. In

addition, it educates and monitors scientists conducting research to ensure a high
ethical standard. The following is a general summary of some ethical principles:

Honesty:
Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not
fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data.

Objectivity:
Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer
review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of
research.

Integrity:
Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of
thought and action.

Carefulness:
Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work
and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities.

Openness:
Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.

Respect for Intellectual Property:

Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use
unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is
due. Never plagiarize.

Confidentiality:
Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for
publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.

Responsible Publication:
Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own
career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.

Responsible Mentoring:
Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow them to
make their own decisions.

Respect for Colleagues:

Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.
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Social Responsibility:
Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research,
public education, and advocacy.

Non-Discrimination:
Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity,
or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity.

Competence:
Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong
education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.

Legality:
Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.

Animal Care:
Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not
conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.

Human Subjects Protection:

When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and
maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy.

Source:
What is Ethics in Research & Why is it Important? U.S. National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences

Research Misconducts

(a) Fabrication - making up data or results and recording or reporting them.

(b) Falsification - manipulating research materials, or changing or omitting data or

results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record.

(c) Plagiarism - the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or

words without giving appropriate credit.

Research misconduct does not include honest error or differences of opinion.

Source: Definition of Research Misconduct

The Office of Research Integrity, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services

The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines or R.A. 8293 contains

provisions regarding published works and copyright ownership. The term “published
works” means works which, with the consent of the authors, are made available to the
public in such a way that these works can be sourced from a place and time individually
chosen by them.

Let’s see if you have learned something from that. Answer the
following activities.

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YOUR DISCOVERY TASKS

Task 1: Check-Up

Directions: Put an “X” on the space before each statement that describes plagiarism. Write
your answers on a ½ sheet of paper.

__________1. Alex puts his name on a quotation of Dan Brown.

__________2. The author is Mulroney, Dermot but the reference of JC is Mulroney,
Demot.
__________3. After reading a selection, Ally correctly wrote the contents of the selection
and cited the author.
__________4. In Jenny’s project, she carefully expressed the ideas of the author and
wrote the author’s name.
__________5. Because of lack of time, Pauline omitted some of the important details from a
source in her thesis.

Task 2: 7 Steps

Directions: Identify the stage/step in the research process of the given scenario. Choose
your answers below. Write your answers on a 1/2 sheet of paper.

A. Step One: Define the Problem E. Step Five: Collect Data

B. Step Two: Review Literature F. Step Six: Analyze Data
C. Step Three: Formulate Hypothesis G. Step Seven: Interpret and Report
D. Step Four: Design Research Data
Scenario 1: Jessie distributed questionnaires to Grade 7 students who have been bullied
and at risk of dropping out.

Scenario 2: Bella shared her research findings to the Supreme Student Council so that they
can help to address the problem.

Scenario 3: Don was a victim of body shaming so he personally chose body shaming as his
research topic.

Scenario 4: Kristine visited the municipal library to look for previous studies about the
research she’s working on.

Scenario 5: Cris decided to make a case study because he wanted to know the experiences
of typhoon Tisoy survivors and how they recover from the physical devastation and haunting
memories brought about by the typhoon.

Scenario 6: Val summarizes the data he collected. He interpreted the data and looked for
patterns, relationships and trends among the data.

Scenario 7: Rose has already her research title. She’s now making prediction of the
outcome of her study.

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Task 3: Correct Me if I’m Wrong

Directions: Determine the appropriate ethical action to address the unethical practices
described below. Write your answers on a one whole sheet of paper.

Unethical Practices Ethical Action

1. Joy, a TVL student, is planning to

conduct her first research on misbehavior
of fellow students inside the classroom.
However, she has no idea on the ethical
guidelines in conducting such research.

2. Jose was always absent and got

addicted in mobile legends. Though he’s an
honor student, he ranked last in the honor
roll. A qualitative research about Jose is
conducted without informing him.

3. Afraid not to graduate, Greg claimed the

research work of his classmate. He erased
the name of the original researcher and
placed his own.
4. A group of GAS students secretly chose
their adviser as the subject of their
research.
5. In order to finish his data gathering for
his study, Rommel, the class valedictorian,
forced his friends to answer his
questionnaire.

Well done! You did an amazing job in accomplishing all your tasks.
Now, we are going to sum up all that you have learned.

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LET’S SUM IT UP

 The characteristics of research are empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, critical,

methodical and replicabilty.
 The research process is composed of seven steps:

 Define the Problem

 Review Literature
 Formulate Hypothesis
 Design Research
 Collect Data
 Analyze Data
 Interpret and Report Data

 Ethics in research promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth, and credibility; helps
ensure researcher’s accountability; and builds public support for the study.
 Participants in research have the right to voluntary participation, informed
consent, freedom from risk of harm, confidentiality and anonymity.
 Plagiarism is the claiming of other works as one’s own work.
 The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines or R.A. 8293 contains provisions
regarding published works and copyright ownership.

If you would like to know more about the characteristics, processes and
ethics of research, you may visit the links below:

https://www.powtoon.com/youtube/

https://libguides.library.cityu.edu.hk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jD-YCDE_5yw

https://www.ethicsguidebook.ac.uk/EthicsPrinciples

https://library.sacredheart.edu

https://up-za.libguides.com

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YOUR FINAL TASKS

Task 1: Fact Check

Directions: Identify what characteristic of research is being described in each item. Write
the letter opposite each number. Write your answers on a one whole sheet of paper.

A. Empirical C. Cyclical E. Critical G. Replicability

B. Logical D. Analytical F. Methodical
________1. Research requires expertise and competence.
________2. Research is based upon observable experience.
________3. Research is guided by the rules of logical reasoning.
________4. Research starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
________5. Research procedures are repeated to arrive at a definite result.
________6. Research attempts to find objective, unbiased solution to the
problem.
________7. Research employs carefully designed procedures and rigorous
analysis.

Task 2: Can You Help?

Directions: List down reasons that drive people to commit research misconduct.
Opposite the reason suggest ways on how to prevent it. Write your answers on a one
whole sheet of paper.

Reasons for Committing Research

Ways on How to Prevent It
Misconduct

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YOUR REFLECTION/S

Exit Slips

Directions: On your notebook, reflect on the learning that you gained in this module by
completing the chart below.

I thought…

I learned…

Bravo! You did it! See you again in our next module.

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References

Cristobal, A. P. & Cristobal, M. C. D. (2017). Practical research for senior high school.

Quezon City, Manila: C & E Publishing, Inc.

Jerusalem, V. L., Garcia, M. D.R., Palencia, J. M. & Palencia, M. M. (2017).Practical

research 1: Basics of qualitative research. Sampaloc, Manila: Fastbooks.

Matira, M. D.(2016).Practical research for the 21st century learners. Sampaloc, Manila: St.

Augustine Publications, Inc.

Prieto, N. G., Naval, V. C., & Carey, T. G. (2017). Practical research 1. Quezon City, Metro

Manila: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.

Merriam-Webster.(n.d.). Bias.In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved July 22,

2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bias

Merriam-Webster.(n.d.). strategy.In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved July 22,

2020, fromhttps://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/strategy

Merriam-Webster.(n.d.). Blueprint.In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved July 22,

2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blueprint

Merriam-Webster.(n.d.). Fabricate.In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved July 22,

2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fabricate

Merriam-Webster.(n.d.). Imperative.In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved July 22,

2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/imperative

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Answer Key
Vocabulary Builder Your Final Tasks

Task 1: Fact Check

We’re Match 1. E
2. A
1. a 3. B
2. d 4. C
3. c 5. G
4. b 6. F
5. e

Your Readiness Check Task 2: Can You Help?

(Answers may vary.)
Let’s Warm-Up
1. √ Your Reflection/s
2. √
3. √ Exit Slips
4. X (Answers may vary.)
5. √

Your Initial Task

Mind Your Ethics

(Answers may vary)

Your Discovery Tasks

Task 1: Check-Up
1. X
2.
3.
4.
5. X

Task 2: 7 Steps

Scenario 1: E
Scenario 2: G
Scenario 3: A
Scenario 4: B
Scenario 5: D
Scenario 6: F
Scenario 7: C

Task 3: Correct Me if I’m Wrong

(Answers may vary.)

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