Alexandria Engineering Journal

Irreversibility investigation in hybrid nanomaterials (AA7072 and AA70705) with

radiation effect between rotating disks
--Manuscript Draft--

Manuscript Number: AEJ-D-21-00653

Article Type: Full Length Article

Keywords: Aluminum alloy (AA7072 and AA7075); Irreversibility's; Brinkman; Rotating Disks;
MHD; Thermal radiation

Abstract: This investigation analyze the flow between two rotating disks of base fluid methanol
with mixtures of aluminum alloy AA7072 and AA70705 is considered. The entropy
generation has modeled by the second thermodynamics law. Thermal radiation, fluid
friction, and irreversibility of Joule dissipation are being considered in this inquiry.
Using suitable transformation to transform the PDEs into non-linear ODEs. ND Solve
method is used to obtain the solution of governing problem. Results are available in
graphical and tabulated form. The effect of thermal radiation, Brinkman number and
magnetic parameter on entire entropy generation and Bejan number was examined. In
addition, drag force of coefficient, Nusselt and Sherwood number has been scrutinized.
The effect of thermal radiation, temperature reduced while for higher Eckert number
temperature increased. Moreover, result of entropy generation and Bejan number are
also investigated.

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1
2
3
4
5 Irreversibility investigation in hybrid nanomaterials (AA7072
6
7
8 and AA70705) with radiation effect between rotating disks
9
10 Abstract: This investigation analyze the flow between two rotating disks of base fluid
11
12 methanol with mixtures of aluminum alloy AA7072 and AA70705 is considered. The entropy
13
14 generation has modeled by the second thermodynamics law. Thermal radiation, fluid friction, and
15
16 irreversibility of Joule dissipation are being considered in this inquiry. Using suitable
17
18 transformation to transform the PDEs into non-linear ODEs. ND Solve method is used to obtain
19
20 the solution of governing problem. Results are available in graphical and tabulated form. The effect
21
of thermal radiation, Brinkman number and magnetic parameter on entire entropy generation and
22
23 Bejan number was examined. In addition, drag force of coefficient, Nusselt and Sherwood number
24
25 has been scrutinized. The effect of thermal radiation, temperature reduced while for higher Eckert
26
27 number temperature increased. Moreover, result of entropy generation and Bejan number are also
28
29 investigated.
30
31 Key Words: Aluminum alloy (AA7072 and AA7075); Irreversibility’s; Brinkman; Rotating
32
33 Disks; MHD; Thermal radiation;
34
35 Introduction
36
37 In thermodynamics characteristic, entropy was representative as in approachability of work. The
38 production of entropy is correlated with thermodynamic irreversibility. As irreversibility
39
40 expanded, the system’s useful work become smaller. Investigators are also seeking to find a
41 realistic way to minimize the rate of object. Nano-liquids have high heat transfer capacity as a
42 fundamental part of nanotechnology. Electronic cooling, drilling nano-liquids, biomedical
43
44
applications and engine oil. In engineering fields, the use of magneto hydrodynamics involves
45 magnetic drug targeting, crystal growth and cooling system. Bejan [1-3] found that irreversibility
46 could be determined from the rate of entropy generation. Hayat et al [4] investigated
47 irreversibilities with heat and mass transfer in the mixed convective flow of carbon nanotubes with
48
49 blood flow. Hayat et al [5] addressed entropy optimization in carbon nano tubes based nano-liquid
50 flow induced by two rotating disks. Two phase mixtures modeling of mixed convection of
51 nanofluid in a square cavity with external and internal heating was investigated by Garoosi et al
52
53 [6]. MHD chemically reactive stagnation point flow of Sisko nanomaterial with irreversibilities
54 and quartic autocatalysis has addressed by Khan et al [7] have addressed MHD chemically reactive
55 stagnation point flow of Sisko nanomaterial with irreversibility and quartic autocatalysis. Bahiraei
56
57
et al [8] studied the thermodynamics second law employing V-shaped ribs and nano fluid flow
58 within a square cavity, a two phase approach. The entropy generation of mixtures of nanofluid
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60
 H2O / C2 H6O2   Fe3O4 between two stretching rotating disks under MHD and linear thermal
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 1
2
3
4 radiation effects was investigated by Hosseinzadeh et al [9]. Abbasi et al [10] study the entropy
5
6 generation investigation for nano fluid peristalsis with temperature dependent viscosity and Hall
7 effects.
8
9 Due to its countless uses in many fields, the magnetic field on a liquid past a rotating disk is
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11 remarkable research and its phenomenon can be understood as a method to explain a low magnetic
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13 field impregnated in space or elsewhere. The motion of an electric charge generating magnetic
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15
field is an important principle for understanding magnetism. The effect of magnetic field is found
16 primarily in electronic devices such as transformers and electronic motors. The two-dimensional
17
18 laminar flow of third grade fluid with magnetohydrodynamic and microorganisms over a
19
20 stretchable surface was studied by Chu et al [11]. The Darcy-Forchheimer relationship in Casson
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22 type MHD nano fluid flow over non-linear stretching porous surface is proposed by Rasool et al
23
24 [12]. The magnetohydrodynamic three-dimensional boundary layer flow of incompressible Casson
25
fluid in a porous medium was discussed by Shehzad et al [13]. Impact of mass and heat transfer
26
27 on magnetohydrodynamic flow via a porous vertical plate under oscillatory suction and heat source
28
29 discussed by Das et al [14]. Heat and mass transfer analysis in convective flow of Jeffery nanofluid
30
31 by vertical stretchable cylinder explored Hayat et al [15]. Hughes et [16] analyzed an electrically
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33 conducting, viscous fluid and incompressible in the presence of a magnetic field between two
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35 parallel disks. Some relevant studies about this topic are mentioned in Refs. [17-20].
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37 Nano-liquids are commonly composed of nanocrystals or nano powder nanocrystals, also refers to
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39 as nanoparticles, the size of which, in the form of microscopic particles, is less than 100 nm. Due
40
41 to potential applications in the electronics, biomedical and optical field. Initially Choi [21-22]
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43 introduced nanoparticles to improvement of the rate of heat transfer. Gan et al [23] evaluate the
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45
thermal efficiency and performance entropy generation an ETSC in which TiO2 nanofluid is used.
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47 Muhammad et al [24]. Addressed an unsteady squeezing flow with melting heat transfer with
48
49
nanofluid ( CNTs , H 2O ) and hybrid nanofluid ( CNTs  CuO  H 2O ). Hayat et al [25] examined
50
51 the three-dimensional flow of carbon nanotubes filled with non-linear stretching sheet with slip
effect. An analysis hybrid nanofluid  Al2O3  Cu / H 2O  thermohydrulic in a micro pin-fin heat
52
53
54
55 sink by applying a multiphase Lagrangian-Eulerian method has been explored by Ambreen et al
56
57 [26]. Efficacy of temperature-dependent properties of Ag , Au, Fe3O4 , Cu nano-materials Abbasi
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59 et al [27] investigated the peristalsis nanofluid. investigated magnetohydrodynamic flow utilizing
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 1
2
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4 Cu-water nanofluid In a concentric annulus with lattice Boltzmann Sheikholeslami et al [28]
5
6 investigated magnetohydrodynamic using Cu / H 2O nanofluid.
7
8
9 A type of flow that distributes flow over a rotating disk is swirling flow, initially examined by Von
10
11 Karman [29]. As a guide, this scrutiny is used and in this area there have been massive variations.
12
13 While researcher did not cease work succeeding this acquirements, and they are still working on
14
15 this subject. This flow is based on conditions where steady flow occur that define the Blasius
16 boundary layer with suction and turbulence produced on a compact surface. Rauf et al [30]
17
18 discussed the magnetohydrodynamic swirling flow with Maxwell-Cattaneo law subject to porous
19
20 medium through oscillatory. Shehzad et al [31] investigated double diffusive Cattaneo-Christov
21
22 heat flux squeezing flow. Hayat et al [32] analyze the irreversibilities MHD swirling flow of third
23
24 grade nano liquid over a non-linear embedded stretching surface in porous medium. The effect of
25
26 Arrhenius activation energy in the binary chemical reactive flow of hybrid nanomaterial was
27 investigated by Khan et al [33].
28
29
30 Three dimensional magneto hydrodynamics swirling flow between two coaxial rotating
31
32 disks is investigated in this article. We tested aluminum alloys AA7075 and AA7072 with
33
34 methanol with base. The numerical solution obtained by implementing of ND Solve [34-35]
35 technique. Some effects like thermal radiation, chemical reaction parameter, Joule heating, entropy
36
37 generation and Bejan number are discuss via graphically and tabulated for lower and upper disks
38
39 with nanomaterial aluminum alloys.
40
41
42
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45
Methodology
46
47
Between two parallel disks, we consider a three-dimensional steady, incompressible and
48 magneto-hydrodynamic nano-fluid. Consider to be lower disk at  z  0  . The distance from lower
49
50
51 to upper disk is h . The angular velocities of the of lower and upper disks are 1 and 2 . The
52
53 parameters of stretching, temperature, concentration are respectively a1 , T1 and C1 and a2 , T2 and C2
54
55 . Applied magnetic field in z direction. Methanol is considering as base fluid with nanoparticles
56
57 aluminum alloy AA7072 and AA7075. Holding the above condition in concentration, after field
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 1
2
3
4 equations carrying the conversation of total mass, momentum, thermal energy, nanoparticle
5
6 volume fraction is given as
7
8
u u w
9
   0, (1)
10 r r z
11
12
 u u v 2  p  1 u u  2u  2u  nf
13 nf  u  w      nf   2  2  2    nf B 20  u   u (2)
14  r z r  r  r r r r z  kp
15
16
 v v uv   1 v v  2v  2v  nf
17
nf  u  w    nf   2  2  2    nf B 20  v   v (3)
18
19
 r z r   r r r r z  kp
20
21  w w  p  1 w  2 w  2 w 
nf  u  w     nf   2  2 (4)
 r z  r  r r r z 
22
23
24
 T T   16 0*T23  1 T  2T  2T 
 c 
25
26 u w    nf 1     
 r z 3k*   r r r 2 z 2
p nf
27    (5)
28
29    nf B 2
0 u 2
v ,
2

30
31
32
 C C   1 C  2C  2C 
 2  2   k2  C  C2 
2
33
 u  w   DB (6)
34  r z   r r r z 
35
36
37 having boundary conditions
38
39 u  ra1 , v  r1 , w  0, T  T1 , C  C1 at z  0, 
 (7)
40 u  ra2 , v  r2 , w  0, T  T2 , C  C2 at z  h.
41
42
43 Where
44
45  u 2  u 2   w 2  v 2  
46   2     2        
47  r   r   z   z   
48  (8)

2
 w u     v  
2
49
50  r  z    r r  r   , 
51      
52
53 Invoking Eq. (8) into Eq. (5) become,
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
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 1
2
3
4
 T T  
 16 0*T23  1 T  2T  2T 
5
6   c p nf  u
 r
w
z
   nf

1    

3k*   r r r 2 z 2 

7  
2
8  u   u   w   v    w u     v   
2 2 2 2 2

9   2     2              r    (9)
10   r    r  z   z    r z   r  r   

 
11
12  nf B 2 0 u 2  v 2 
13 
14 
15
16 Following similarity transformations are used
17
T  T2 
u  r 1 f '   , v  r 1 g   , w  2h1 f   ,    
18
,
T1  T2 
19
20
 (10)
21 C  C2  r 2  z 
22     , p   nf 1 nf  p    2  ,   .
23 C1  C2  2h  h 
24
25 After applying the transformation. Eq. (1) and Eqs. (2,3,4,6 and 9) are transform in the following
26
27 form

 
28
29 b1 f iv   Re f ''  Re  2 ff ''' 2 gg '   b2b3 M Re f ''  0, (11)
30
31
32
b1 ( g ''  Re g )  2Re  fg ' f ' g   b2b3M Re g  0, (12) (13)
33  '' 2 Re Scf  '  Sc 2  0, (14)
34
35
36
Where
37
1 1
38 b1  , b2  ,
39  2.5      
40  1    1    s   1    s 
 f  f 
41   
42
43    
 3  s  1  
44

 
  2k f  2   k f  k s   k s 
45
b3  1   f  , b   , (15)
46  s   s  
4
 2k f    k f  k s   k s 
47    2    1    
48    f  
  f
 
 
49

50 1 1
b5  , b6  .
  p s    
51
 
2.5
 c 1
52 1   
53
54


  c p  f 
55
56 The non-dimensional boundary conditions are
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 1
2
3
f '  S1 , g  1,   1,   1, at   0, 
4
5 f  0,
 (16)
6 f  0, f '  S2 , g  ,   0,   0, at   1, 
7
8
9
10
11 Physical quantities
12
13 The non-dimensional form of coefficient of drag force and Nusselt and Sherwood number are in
14 form
15
16
1/2 

  
 f '' 12  g ' 12  .

1/2
17 1  f ''  0 2  g '  0 2  , Cf  1
Cf1    (17)
1    Rer  
1    Rer 
18 2.5 2 2.5
19 

20
21 Nur1   '  0 , Nur 2   ' 1 , (18)
22
Shr1   '  0 , Shr 2   '  0 .
23
24 (19)
25
26 Entropy generation
27
28 For nano model for entropy generation is expresses as
29
 T  2  T  2   nf  u  2  u 2   w  2  v  2  
30

31
SG  2 1  R        2 2     2        
 r   z   T 2  r   r   z   z   
32 T 2
33

 w u     v   RD  C T   C T    nf 2 2 2 
34 2 2
35
 r  z    r r  r    T  r r    z z    T 2 B0 u  v
    
   (20)
36 2     2 
37 
RD  C   C  
2 2
38
   
39     ,

C2  r   z  
40 
41
42 Where the ideal is gas and is diffusivity.
43
44 Applying the transformation, the non-dimensional form of Eq. become.
45

  f '   g  
46
N g  1  R  1  '  b6 Br 12  f '  S *  f ''  S *  g '  Mb3S *
2 2 2 2 2
(21)
47  
48
49
 T  nf r 2  1  r 
2 2
50 1 SG T T1  T2 
51 Sg  , NG  ,   2  2 , Br  , S*  2 . (22)
 nf T22 S0 T2 T 2 T h 
52 
53
54 Entropy generation dueto heat , mass and gyrotactic flow
55 Be  .
56 Total entropy generation
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
 1
2
3

1  R    '
4 2
5
1  R    '  Br 12  f '  A  f ''  A  g '  M   f '   g ' 
6
Be 2 2 2 2 2
(23).
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24 Table 1. Thermo physical properties of nanomaterial.
25
26
27 Physical properties AA7072 AA7075 Methanol
28
29
30
 Sm   34.83  106 26.77 106 0.5 106
31
32 k Wm 1 K 1  222 173 0.2035
33
c p  JKg 1 K 1 
34
893 960 2545
35

 
36
2720 2810 792
 Kg
37
38 m3
39
40
41
42
43
44 Discussion
45
In this segment, we analyzed the numerous key parameter g   . Rotational parameter  ,
46
47
48
49 suction/injection Ws variable on velocity f   , f '   and g   , temperature    ,
50
concentration    , entropy generation Ng   , Bejan number Be , skin friction coefficient Cf x ,
51
52
53
54 Nusselt number Nux and Sherwood number Shrx .
55
56
57 Velocity distribution
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
 1
2
3
4
5
Figures 2-10 are display to analyse the lower and upper disks stretching rate S1 and S2 ,
6
7 suction/injection W parameter, porosity parameter  , Reynolds number Re and magnetic M
parameter on axial f   , radial f '   and tangential velocity g   . Figure 2 and 3 presents the
8
9
10
11 behavior of lower stretching rate S1 on axial and radial velocity respectively. Enhancing values of
12
13 S1 velocity distribution increases close the lower disk and velocity are getting negative value.
14
15 away from the lower disk due to S1 of lower disk is more as associate to S 2 . For varying S 2 of
16
upper disk effect of f   , f '   and g   velocity is portrayed in Figures 4-6. Magnitude of
17
18
19
20 f   decreased for higher. S 2 (Figure. 4) Radial velocity f '   rises for higher values of S 2 .
21
22
23
f '   has negative values close to lower disk due to S 2 is additional as associate to lower disk
24
25 (Figure. 5). Tangential g   velocity increased for higher S 2 stretching rate of upper disk (Figure.
26
27 6). Figures 7 and 8 demonstrate to study the influence of W parameter on f   and f '  
28
29 velocity profile. We found that suction/blowing parameter does not proposal any confrontation to
30
31
32
flow in axial direction. Figure 7 shows that by increasing values of W , f   rise close to lower
33
34 disk. Unlike the axial velocity and radial velocity reduced for higher W (see Figure 8). The flow
35
36
of nano fluid towards the middle of disk reduces the thickness of the hydraulic boundary layer
37 highly decreases W (Figure. 8). Figures 9 and 10 illustrate the influence of porosity  parameter
38
39 on f   and f '   velocity. For higher values of  parameter, axial velocity of lower disk
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42 decrease while increased for upper disk. Magnitude of radial velocity reduced near the lower disk
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while enhance away from the lower disk.
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29 Figure.2. S1 versus f   .
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Figure.3. S1 versus f '   .
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34 Figure.4. S2 versus f   .
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Figure.5. S2 versus f '   .
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31 Figure.6. S2 versus g   .
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Figure.7. W versus f   .
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29 Figure.8. W versus f '   .
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57 Figure.2.  versus f   .
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29 Figure.10.  versus f '   .
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33
34
35 Temperature distribution
36
37
38 Figures 11-13 are demonstrating to explore the thermal radiation R , Eckert number Ec
39
40 and Reynolds number Re against temperature    . The influence of Re on temperature   
41
42 field has shown via Figure 11. For higher values of Re number temperature    reduced. Inertial
43
44
forces dominant over viscous forces therefore temperature reduced. Figure 12 displays an impact
45
46
47
of Ec on temperature    . Heat transfer rate enhances with greater Eckert number Ec . Through
48
49 an internal friction of molecules, the mechanical fluid energy transformed to thermal energy. The
influence of R on temperature    has shown in Figure 13. The impact of radiation parameter
50
51
52
53 R is to reduce the temperature    in flow region. Thermal radiation is watch to be energy transfer
54
55 to be energy transfer by the emission of electromagnetic waves, which carry heat energy away as
56
57 the fluid flows.
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27 Figure.11. Re versus    .
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50

Figure.12. Ec versus    .
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28 Figure.13. R versus    .
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33
34 Concentration distribution
35
36
37 Figures 14-16 are display to study the influence of variables such as Schmidt number Sc ,
chemical reaction of second order  and Reynolds Re number on concentration    . Figure 14
38
39
40
41 is drawn the nature of Schmidt number Sc on concentration    , for both aluminum
42
43
AA7072 and AA7075 with base fluid is methanol. Figure 14 shows the    decline when we
44
45
46 keep on increasing the values of Schmidt Sc number. Physically, improving Sc leads to a decrease
47
48
in the rate of molecular diffusion, which is why it is equals the ratio of the rate of viscous diffusion
49 to the rate of molecular diffusion and, therefore is a decrease in the distribution of concentration
50
51    . Figure 15 portrayed to analyse the Reynold Re number versus    . For enhancing the
52

Re number a reduction in concentration    is observed. Figure 16 present the behavior of

53
54
55
56 chemical reaction  versus concentration    . Concentration    reduce with an increment in
57
58 chemical reaction  parameter. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that positive values
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4 of denote a form of chemical reaction. Of course, higher values mean the consumption of species
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6 at a healthier rate and, as a result, the concentration    reduced.
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Figure.14. Sc versus    .
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57 Figure.15. Re versus    .
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Figure.16.  versus    .
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30 Explanation of entropy generation and Bejan number
31
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Figures 17-26 are depicted to describe the behavior of varying Brinkman Br number,
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34 diffusion L parameter, Reynolds number Re , temperature difference parameter  1 and
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concentration parameter  2 versus entropy generation NG   and Bejan Be number respectively.
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39 Figures 17 and 18 are sketched to analyse the behavior of Br versus entropy generation Ng  
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and Bejan number Be . From Figure 17 and 18 entropy generation NG   increased for higher Br
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44 number. Reverse procedure for Bejan number Be against Brinkman number Br . Physically,
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Brinkman has direct relationship with heat generated by fluid friction and heat transverse through
47 molecular conduction. Hence, more heat is generated in the system which increase the
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49 disorderliness of system. That is why NG   increases. Figures 19 and 20 are portrayed to discuss
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52 the behavior of diffusion parameter on Ng   and Bejan Be . Increasing behavior is noticed for
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54 both Ng   and Be number for higher values of diffusion parameter L . Since for higher values
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56 L , diffusivity in fluid particle is increased which increases disorderness. Therefore, with a rise in
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58 value of L , there is increment in entropy generation Ng   and Bejan Be number. Influence of
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Reynolds Re number on entropy Ng   generation and Bejan Be number are portrayed in
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7 Figures 21 and 22. In Figure 21 enhancing Reynolds number Re , entropy Ng   decreases.
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9 Inertial forces dominant over viscous force for higher Re , and more disturbance appears.
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11 Therefore, entropy Ng   reduced. Opposite behavior of Re against Be number is noticed in
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Figure 22. Figures 23-26 are display to outline entropy generation Ng   and Bejan Be number
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16 for dimensionless temperature  1 .and concentration parameter.  2 respectively. Entropy
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18 generation Ng   and Bejan Be number are increasing function of higher temperature  1 and
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concentration  2 parameter.
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45 Figure.17. Br versus NG   .
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26 Figure.18. Br versus Be .
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50 Figure.19. L versus NG   .
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25 Figure.20. L versus Be .
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48 Figure.21. Re versus NG   .
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25 Figure.22. Re versus Be .
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Figure.23. 1 versus NG   .
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25 Figure.24. 1 versus Be .
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49 Figure.25. 2 versus NG   .
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Figure.26.  2 versus Be .
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Physical properties
30
31 Flow variables such as suction/blowing parameter, porosity parameter, stretching rates of
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33 lower and upper disk, respectively, and rotation parameter against skin friction is represent in table
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35 2. The influence of radiation, Eckert number, heat generation and magnetic parameter for both
36
37 nano-liquids is analyze via table 3. The behavior of Schmidt number, chemical reaction variable
38
39
and nanoparticle volume fraction on Sherwood number is address via table 4.
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41 Table 2. Numerical results of coefficient of drag force.
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43
44 M   S2 Methanl  AA7072 Methaanol  AA7075
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46 0.1 -5.51277 -5.51238
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48 0.3 -5.52798 -5.52759
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50
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0.5 -5.54322 -5.54283
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53 0.1 -5.55849 -5.55810
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55 0.2 -5.57364 -5.57325
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57 0.3 -5.58880 -5.58842
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59 0.2 -5.54896 -5.55810
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5 0.4 -5.56557 -5.57385
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7 0.6 -5.59606 -5.59577
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9 0.6 -5.34680 -5.35192
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11 0.7 -5.55294 -5.55810
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13 0.8 -5.75881 -5.76401
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18 Table 3. Numerical results of Nusselt number.
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21 R Ec M Re Methanl  AA7072 Methaanol  AA7075
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23 0.1 -2.29813 -5.51238
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25 0.4 -21.5969 -5.52759
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27
28
0.7 -40.8959 -5.54283
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30 0.1 -2.65565 -5.55810
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32 0.2 -7.81261 -5.57325
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34 0.3 -12.9396 -5.58842
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36 0.1 -0.102598 -5.55810
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38 0.3 -0.109155 -5.57385
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40
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0.5 -0.115684 -5.59577
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43 0.6 -10.79870 -5.35192
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45 0.7 -12.76260 -5.55810
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47 0.8 -15.01040 -5.76401
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49
50
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52 Table 4. Numerical result of Sherwood number.
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54 Sc  Re Methanl  AA7072 Methaanol  AA7075
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57 1 1.25823 1.23349
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5 2 1.54899 1.50051
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7 3 1.87319 1.80272
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10 0.1 1.54898 1.54899
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12 0.2 1.64229 1.64230
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15 0.3 1.73121 1.73122
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0.1 1.15368 -1.10549
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20 0.3 1.27431 1.22584
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23 0.5 1.40589 1.35732
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31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38 Remarks
39
40
41 Some key points are listed below
42
(1) Axial velocity f   increased for S1 , S 2 and W while radial velocity f '   decreased
43
44
45
46 for
47
48 (2) Tangential velocity g   increased for higher S 2 stretching rate of upper disk.
49
50 (3) Temperature    increased for higher Eckert number Ec while reduced for higher
51
52
thermal radiation R and Reynolds number Re .
53
54
55
(4) Concentration profile    reduced for higher Reynolds number Re , Schmidt number
56
57 Sc and second order chemical reaction  parameter.
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(5) Entropy generation NG   increased for higher Brinkman Br , diffusion parameter L ,
4
5
6
7 temperature  1 and concentration parameter  2 while reduced for higher Reynolds
8
9 number Re .
10
11 (6) Bejan number Be increased for higher diffusion L , temperature  1 , concentration  2 and
12
13 Reynolds number Re and reverse for higher Brinkman number.
14
15 (7) Coefficient of drag force Cf reduced for magnetic, Reynolds, rotational and upper
16
17 stretching parameter for both AA7072 and AA7075 with base fluid methanol.
18
19 (8) Nusselt Nu number reduced for higher R , M , Ec and Re .
20
21 (9) Sherwood Sh number increased for Sc ,  and Re .
22
23
24
25 References
26
27 [1] Bejan, A. (1979). “A study of entropy generation in fundamental convective heat
28
29 transfer”. pp 718-725.
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35 [3] Bejan, A. (1996). Method of entropy generation minimization, or modeling and
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