\cuzctkj Cujc Icsturk

3;453434144<<

Qunncry, ]keghtth, fcg Lrckg Ncppkge

 Gy. E, lhruskc <8 tc`ug fhgecg cgci ihfucgyc uskc 1 `crk fctcge fklcwc
sucnk ih KEF \QX_C fhgecg ihju`cg lcyk tcnpci iugkge shoci < `crk ycge jcju
fcg shncikg lhrct. Tcskhg nhnkjkik ebjbgecg fcrc` r`hsus ghectkm fcg sucnk r`hsus
 pbsktkm. Tcfc phnhrkisccg jclbrctbrkun? @l 0 er%, jhuibskt 38.444/nn1. Tcfc
 phnhrkisccg fcrc` thpk nhgugouiicg cghnkc `hnbjktki ycktu fkfcpcticg
rhtkiujbsktcsks, pbjkirbncsk, fcg smhrbsktbsks. Icfcr lkjkrulkg fkrhi fcg kgfkrhi
nhgkgeict, shrtc fkthnuicg lkjkrulkg fcjcn urkg fcg tkgoc. Ihnufkcg fkjciuicg
 phnhrkisccg ebjbgecg fcrc`, fkthnuicg
fkthnuicg `cskj ? klu ebjbgecg fcrc` B (\` ghectk),
 lcyk ebjbgecg fcrc` B (\` pbsktkm).

Cpc ycge throcfk pcfc lcyk Gy.E2

Lceckncgcic` phgctcjcisccg
phgctcjcisccg icsus fkctcs2
 

KGIBNVCLKJKVCQ
KGIBNVCLKJKVCQ FC\C@

FHMKGKQK

Ksbknugkscsk pcfc klu cfcjc` phgyhlcl utcnc icsus phgycikt `hnbjktki pcfc
ghbgctus. @cj kgk throcfk cpclkjc klu tkfci nhnkjkik
nhnkj kik cgtkehg shj fcrc` nhrc` thrthgtu
thrpcocg ih cgtkehg thrshlut nhjcjuk trcgsmusk fcrc` ctcu ih ocgkg shjcnc ih`cnkjcg.
Thgyhlcl thrshrkge phgycikt `hnbjktki pcfc ocgkg-ghbgctus kcjc` kgibnpctklkjktcs
ebjbgecg fcrc` CLB fcg shgsktkscsk thr`cfcp \`. Kgibnpctklkjktcs fcrc` CLB.3

HTKFHNKBJBEK  

Kgibnpctklkjktcs CLB shrkge throcfk shjcnc ih`cnkjcg phrtcnc fcg throcfk

 pcfc shiktcr 3<% ih`cnkjcg, fhgecg ocgkg pcfc 1% ihjc`krcg `kfup. Iurcge fcrk
3% ihjc`krcg fk`ulugeicg fhgecg `hnbjksks ycge skegkmkicg.8 Fk Cnhrkic Qhrkict,
`cgyc 38% pbpujcsk ycge ihiurcgecg cgtkehg phrnuiccg hrktrbskt
hr ktrbskt \` fcg fkcgeecp
\`-ghectkm. Qhlcekcg lhscr (08%) fkcgeecp \`-pbsktkm. Qhgsktkscsk \` throcfk pcfc
shiktcr 3 phr 3.444 ihjc`krcg pcfc wcgktc fhgecg \`-ghectkm. Cnhrkic Qhrkict
 lcekcg Lcrct Fcyc nhnkjkik kgskfhgsk shiktcr 3,8 icjk ycge ihnugeikgcg throcfk
icrhgc mcitbr knercsk fcg cishs thrlctcs ih phrcwctcg
phr cwctcg nhfks icrhgc ebjbgecg fcrc`
nhrupcicg lcekcg fcrk phrcwctcg prcgctcj. Gcnug, `cgyc 35% wcgktc `cnkj
fhgecg fcrc` \`-ghectkm ycge thrpcpcr shj fcrc` ocgkg \`-pbsktkm ycge
nhgehnlcgeicg cgtklbfk \`.= Lhrfcscricg phghjktkcg ycge fkjciuicg shiktcr <4%
fcrk shjuru` ih`cnkjcg thrjklct fcjcn ihtkfciababicg ebjbgecg fcrc` CLB fcg
58% fcrk ounjc` kgk thrfkrk fcrk klu ebjbgecg fcrc` B fcg ocgkg ebjbgecg fcrc` C
ctcu L. CLB nhnkjkik ihnugeikgcg ksbknnugkscsk 3=%. Fuc phrshg cicg
fkknugkscsk pcfc scct ihjc`krcg, 5% cicg nhnkjkik cgtklbfk cgtk-F pcfc = lujcg
shthjc` ihjc`krcg, fcg 5 % skscgyc cicg "shgsklkjkzhf". 3
 

IJCQKMKICQK
Kgibnpctclkjktcs pcfc fcrc` thrlcek lhrfcscricg sksthn kgibnpctklkjktcs
ebjbgecg fcrc` CLB fcg AFH (\`hsus).
3.  Mcitbr \` (mcitbr \`hsus),
Nhrupcicg cgtkehg phrnuiccg shj fcrc` nhrc` ycge throcfk ihtkic shbrcge
wcgktc fhgecg ebjbgecg fcrc` \`-ghectkm thrpcpcr pcfc shj fcrc` \`-pbsktkm, ycge
nhgecrc` pcfc phgehnlcgecg cgtklbfk \`. Tcfc skriujcsk mhtbncthrgcj, shthjc`
fkprbfuisk cgtklbfk \` knnugbejblujkg E (KeE) ncthrgcj lhrtc`cg shunur `kfup
fcg fcpct fhgecg lhlcs fcrk pjcshgtc ih skriujcsk ocgkg, sh`kgeec cicg nhnlhgtui
ibnpjhis cgtkehg-cgtklbfk fhgecg hrktrbskt ocgkg \`-pbsktkm fcg ci`krgyc `cgaur,
mhtcj cjjbknnugh ycge cicg nhgyhlclicg throcfkgyc fhstruisk pcfc hrktrbskt ocgkg
ctcu nhgekgfuisk ihocfkcg cghnkc `hnbjktki.3,<,1 
Qksthn ebjbgecg fcrc` \` thrfkrk fcrk lcgyci sultkph cgtkehg (nkscjgyc, F,
A, a, H, h), cgtkehg F cfcjc` ycge pcjkge knugbehgki. Cgtkehg A-, a-, H- fcg h
nhnpugyck knugbehgksktcs ycge jhlk` rhgfc` fcrkpcfc gctkehg F, gcnug ouec
fcpct nhgyhlclicg hrktrbljcstbsks mhtcjks. Qhnuc wcgktc `cnkj `crus nhgocjcgk ths
F cgtkehg shacrc rutkg icrhgc hrktrbskt cgtklbfk tkfci thrctur fcjcn shrun nhrhic.3
Fkcegbsks kgibnpctklkjktcs \`hsus fcpct fkthnuicg `cj lhrkiut?
  Thnhrkisccg ebjbgecg fcrc` klu fcg cgci (\` fcg CLB),


  Xok Abbnls,


  \kwcyct nhgehgck lcyk yce fkjc`kricg shlhjungyc,

 s hlhjungyc,
  Kithrus ycge tknluj fcjcn wcitu <6 ocn shsufc` jc`kr,


  Icfcr `hnbejblkg fcrc` tcjk pusct : 38e%,

  Icfcr lkjkrulkg fcjcn fcrc` tcjk pusct 78 ne%,


  @hpctbspjhgbnhecjk,


  Ihjckgcg pcfc phnhrkisccg fcrc` thpk fcg jckg-jckg.


 

<.  Kgibnpctklkjktcs fcrc` CLB

Nhrupcicg ihtkfciababicg CLB fkshlcekcg lhscr icsus rkgecg icrhgc
cgtkehg C fcg L ycge jhlk` rhgfc`. Ihtkfcibabicg CLB nhnphgecru`k ih`cnkjcg
 phrtcnc fcg jhlk` rkgecg pcfc ih`cnkjcg lhrkiutgyc.3 Kgibnpctklkjktcs CLB
ihcfccg Klu nhnkjkik ebjbgecg fcrc` B fcg ocgkg nhnkjkik
nhnk jkik ebjbgecg fcrc` C ctcu
L. Tcfc Klu ycge nhnkjkik ebjbgecg fcrc` B cicg thrfcpct KeE cgtk-C fcg cgtk-L,
sh`kgeec cpclkjc cgci fcjcn icgfugecg nhnkjkik ebjbgecg fcrc` C ctcu L, ncic
KeE cgtk-C ctcu cgtk-L cicg nhjhwctk pjcshgtc fcg nhgyhrcge hrktrbskt lcyk
sh`kgeec throcfkjc` `hnbjksks.6
Irkthrkc nhgheciicg `hnbjksks ghbgctus ciklct kgibnpctklkjktcs sksthn
ebjbgecg fcrc` CLB, ycktu?
   Klu nhnkjkik ebjbgecg fcrc` B fhgecg cgtklbfk cgtk-C fcg cgtk-L fkfcjcn
shrun fcrc`gyc, shfcgeicg ocgkg nhnkjkik ebjbgecg fcrc` C, L ctcu CL.
   Fkthghnuicg knnugbejblujkg E klu ycge lhrhcisk fhgecg hrktrbskt pcfc
 lcyk.
   Kithrus fhgecg wcitu <6 ocn phrtcnc ih`kfupcg.
   Cfcgyc cghnkc rhtkiujbskt fcg hrktrbljcstbsks fhgecg fhrcoct ycge lhrcecn.
   Thgyhlcl `hnbjksks ycge jckg thjc` fkskgeikricg.
   Thnhrkisccg jclbrctbrkun pcfc kgibnpctklkjktcs CLB ycktu icfcr
`hnbejblkg gbrncj ctcu ceci nhgurug (34-3<%) rhtkiujbsktbsks,
 pbjkirbncsk, smhrbsktbsks fcg ounjc shj fcrc` nhrc` lhrkgtk nhgkgeict,
   Xok Abbnls (FCV-fkrht cgtklbfy thst) fcpct ghectkm ctcu pbsktkm
pbsktk m jhnc`.

@cj ycge nhnlhfcicg kgibnpctklkjktcs CLB fcrk kgibnpctklkjktcs AFH

(\`hsus) ycktu shlceck lhrkiut?3
  64-84% kgibnpctklkjktcs CLB shrkge thrjk`ct pcfc lcyk sujuge.


  Ihlcgycicg sphskhs cgtk-C fcg cgtk-L cfcjc` knnugbejblujkg N (KeN),



ycge tkfci fcpct nhghnlus pjcshgtc sh`kgeec tkfci fcpct nhgacpck hrktrbskt
 ocgkg.
  Kgibnpctklkjktcs CLB shjcju jhlk` rkgecg fcrkpcfc F-ksbknugkscsk


(kgibnpctklkjktcs \`hsus) fcg

 

   Kgibnpctklkjktcs CLB ocrcge nhgeciklcticg cghnkc ycge skegkmkicg. Lcyk

ycge thrkgmhisk lkcscgyc tkfci nhgekfcp mhtcjks hrktrbljcstbiks, thtcpk jhlk`
nkrkp fhgecg cghnkc ghbgctcj fcg phgycikt iugkge, ycge fcpct fkblctk
fhgecg mbtbthrcpk.
   CLB ksbknugkscsk fcpct nhnphgecru`k ih`cnkjcg fk ncsc fhpcg fcg
 ocrcge nhgocfk shncikg pcrc`. Ihnugeikgcg ihicnlu`cg shlhscr 05%.
Fkcgtcrcgyc, =<% nhnlutu`icg phrcwctcg ycge ihlcgycicg `cgyc
thrlctcs pcfc mbtbthrcpk ghbgctcj.

HVKBJBEK

Lhrkiut fcpct nhgyhlclicg kgibnpctclkjktcs? 5

   Klu \` ghectkm nhgecgfuge mhtus fhgecg \` pbsktkm ctcu Klu fhgecg

ebjbgecg fcrc` B fcg mhtus ebjbgecg fcrc` C ctcu L. Okic
O kic pcpcrcg cgtkehg

\` F throcfk shjcnc ih`cnkjcg phrtcnc klu, lkcscgyc tkfci nhnhgecru`k

ih`cnkjcg cwcj icrhgc ocgkg shrkge fkjc`kricg shlhjun cgtklbfk cgtk-F
 lhrihnlcge. Qhthjc`gyc ih`cnkjcg shthjc`gyc lhrkskib nhgecjcnk @FG
ciklct kgibnpctklkjktcs \` okic ocgkg \`-pbsktkm
   \kwcyct nksncta`hf scct trcgsmusk fcrc` ctcupug ihcfccg trcgspjcgtcsk
sunsun tujcge fcg sthn ahjj ycge fkjciuicg.
   \kwcyct ahfhrc ocrun sugtki ycge thribgtcnkgcsk fhgecg fcrc` \` pbsktkm
ncupug ebjbgecg fcrc` C ctcu L.

VCVCJCIQCGC

Qcjc` sctu prkgskp utcnc phgctcjciscgccg kgibnpctklkjktcs \` cfcjc`

 phgahec`cg shgsktkscsk klu. Knugbejblujkg
Knugbejblujkg \` F (\`Ke) thjc` nhnlhrkicg fcnpci
ycge skegkmkicg fcjcn nhgahec` phgycikt \`. \`Ke thrfkrk fcrk cgtklbfk cgtk-\` F
ycge nhgcrehticg hrktrbskt \`-pbsktkm ugtui nhgahec` shgsktkscsk klu. Kgk thjc`
nhgeurcgek tkgeict cjbknugkscsk fcrk 3=% nhgocfk iurcge fcrk 3%. Jhlk` jcgout,
knugbprbmkjcisks \`Ke thjc` nhgurugicg prhvcjhgsk @FG ycge fkickticg fhgecg
cgtklbfk cgtk-F nhgocfk iurcge fcrk 3%.
 

Thgeblctcg kgibnpctklkjktcs \`hsus fkjciuicg fhgecg trcgsmusk tuicr.

Tcfc kgibnpctklkjktcs r`hsus (\`), thrcpk mcrncibjbeks ycge fcpct fklhrkicg cfcjc`
knugbejblujkg cgtk-F (cgtk-\). Thgahec`cg cecr nhnkgkncjkskr throcfkgyc
kgibnpctklkjktcs \`hsus fhgecg phgyugtkicg ecncejblujkg cgtk-F fcjcn wcitu 1=
 ocn shsufc` jc`kr pcfc klu ycge lhjun phrgc` nhgfcpct shgsktkscsk ctcu clbrtus
 prbvbictkm fcrk klu fhgecg \`hsus ghectkm
ghectkm fcg ocgkg \`hsus pbsktkm.
 

FCMVC\ TXQVCIC

3.  Auggkge`cn M, Jhvhgb I, Ljbbn Q. Ukjjkcn Blsthtrkas.

Blsthtrkas. Xgkthf Qtcths?
NaErcw @kjj Hfuactkbg. <430. =45 `cj.

<.  Jhbg Qcjhn, NF, NQ. \`

NQ. \` Kgabnpctklkjkty Ubriup.
Ubriup. <434. Cvckjcljh mrbn?
`ttps?//hnhfkakgh.nhfsacph.abn/crtkajh/5;5384-wbriup.. 
`ttps?//hnhfkakgh.nhfsacph.abn/crtkajh/5;5384-wbriup
1.  Cecrwcj I, \cgc C, \cvk CI. Vrhctnhgt cgf Trhvhgtkbg bm \`
 Ksbknnugkzctkbg.. O Mhtcj Nhf. <436. 03 ‑ 0 `cj.
 Ksbknnugkzctkbg
6.   Gcecs`rhh X, Ncgb`cr Q, Tcrt`cscrct`y JI, ht cj. CLB
cj.  CLB kgabnpctklkjkty? kts
knpcat bg prhegcgay cgf ghbgcth.
ghbgcth . Kgt O \hprbf Abgtrcahpt Blstht Eyghabj.
<43;. 5== ‑ 0 `cj.
8.  Qcjhn J. \`
J. \` Kgabnpctklkjkty.
Kgabnpctklkjkty. NhfQacph ? Acjkmbrgkc. <435.
=.  Iknlcjj A. CLB
A. CLB Kgabnpctklkjkty
Kgabnpctklkjkty kg t`h Ghwlbrg.
Ghwlbrg. O Ghbgctbj. <43;. << ‑ 8 `cj.

5.  Qkjvhr \. Trcatkah Lujjhtkg Gb. 303?  Trhvhgtkbg bm \` F Cjjbknnugkzctkbg.

Cjjbknnugkzctkbg.
Blstht Eyghabj. <435. 85 `cj.
 

L\CKG NCTTKGE
 

]KEGHVVH

Qihgcrkb 3

 Gy. E, lhruskc <8 tc`ug fhgecg cgci ihfucgyc uskc 1 `crk fctcge fklcwc
sucnk ih KEF \QX_C fhgecg ihju`cg lcyk tcnpci iugkge shoci < `crk ycge jcju
fcg shncikg lhrct. Tcskhg nhnkjkik ebjbgecg fcrc` r`hsus ghectkm fcg sucnk r`hsus
 pbsktkm. Tcfc phnhrkisccg jclbrctbrkun? @l 0 er%, jhuibskt 38.444/nn1. Tcfc
 phnhrkisccg fcrc` thpk nhgugouiicg cghnkc `hnbjktki. Icfcr lkjk
lkjkrulkg
rulkg fkrhi fcg
kgfkrhi nhgkgeict, shrtc fkthnuicg lkjkrulkg fcjcn urkg fcg tkgoc. Ihnufkcg
fkjciuicg phnhrkisccg ebjbgecg fcrc`, fkthnuicg `cskj ? klu ebjbgecg fcrc` B
(\` ghectk), lcyk ebjbgecg
ebjbgecg fcrc` B (\` pbsktkm).

3.  Cpcic` fkcegbsks pcfc pcskhg lhrfcscricg icsus fkctcs2

C.  Kgibnptclkjktcs \`hsus
L.  Kgibnptclkjktcs CLB
A.  @kphrlkjkrulkghnkc
F.  Kithrus Mkskbjbeks
 

Qihgcrkb <

 Gy. @ lhruskc <= tc`ug E<T4C3

E<T4C3 fhgecg
fhgecg uskc
uskc ih`cnkjcg 14 nkgeeu,
nkgeeu, ehnhjk.
ehnhjk.
fctcge fhgecg fklcwc ihjucrecgyc ih KEF \QX_C fhgecg ihju`cg fhgecg
ihju`cg phrfcrc`cg phrvcekgcn shoci 6 ocn ycge jcju. Qhlhjungyc pcskhg

nhgecjcnk clbrtus, fhgecg fkcegbsks Kgibntclkjktcs CLB. ]ktcj skeg fkfcpcticg

VF 3<4/04 nn@e, @\ 00 icjk/nhgkt, \\ <4 icjk/nhgkt fcg V 1=.8´A. @cskj
Abbnls thst ? pbsktkm.

<.  Cpcic` tctcjciscgc ycge thpct pcfc pcskhg lhrfcscricg icsus fkctcs2
C.  Thnlhrkcg Knnugbejblujkg \` F KN <84 KX
L.  Thnlhrkcg Knnugbejblujkg
Knnugbejblujkg \` F KN =<8 KX
A.  Kgfuisk phrscjkgcg
F.  Thnlhrkcg cehg phgeuct icgfugecg
H.  Thnlhrkcg supjhnhg zct lhsk