Full Paper
DOI: 10.1002/prep.201900324
High Volumetric Specific Impulse Composite Propellant
Based on Terminally Functionalized Block Copolymers of
Polybutadiene and ɛ-Caprolactone
Harmeet Singh,[a] Darshana Singh,[a] Dhanraj Chimurkar,[a] Jayesh Upadhyay,[a] Amit Kumar,[a]
Arvind Kumar,[a] Shrikant Pande,[a] and Priyesh More[b]
Abstract: For enhanced range, higher payload capacities
and for miniaturized propulsion systems, today’s strategic
and tactical weapon system designers demand for higher
density and specific impulse of the propellant. In order to
enhance the density impulse of HTPB/DOA/RDX/AP/Al
based composite propellant, studies have been carried to
replace conventional HTPB/DOA binder system with hy-
droxyl terminated block copolymer of polybutadiene and ɛ-
caprolactone with NG as plasticizer. Total eight numbers of
compositions were formulated with varying content of
RDX. Both binder systems were compared in propellant
compositions by evaluating various physical, thermal and
ballistic properties. Various rocket performance parameters
of each formulation were theoretically predicted by NASA
Keywords: HTBCP · Propellant Binder · Composite Propellant
1 Introduction
In the modern solid propulsion technology of heteroge-
neous rocket propellant, HTPB is used as the main binder
element which provides three dimensional polymeric net-
work for embedment of AP as the oxidizer [1], aluminium
powder as a metallic fuel [2], and high explosive materials
(RDX, HMX, FOX-7) as energetic additives [3–5]. For tactical
requirements the most important properties that influence
the choice of a solid propellant used in different applica-
tions are the specific impulse and density. One of the way
of improving the specific impulse of a propellant is by in-
creasing the percentage of solid ingredients in the binder
matrix as much as possible. A remarkable enhancement in
the specific impulse has already been achieved by increas-
ing the percentage of ammonium perchlorate in the com-
posite propellant [6–7]. At very high solids loadings there
can be processing problems, which can limit the range of
possible manufacturing methods as well as cause problems
with vulnerability. Dey et al. reviewed various energetic oxi-
dizers/fillers that have been developed during the last five
decades and reviewed the characteristic properties of these
ingredients used in the preparation of composite propel-
lants [8]. For rockets with a considerably low ratio of propel-
lant volume/empty construction mass (V/M lower than
Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2020, 45, 647–656 © 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
CEC-71 program and burning rate was measured in pres-
sure ranges of 3-7 and 7-11 MPa by the acoustic emission
technique. In addition, density, viscosity build up, calori-
metric values, thermal decomposition and sensitivity pa-
rameters of each composition were also assessed and com-
pared. In an outcome, it was concluded that HTBCP25/NG
based propellant compositions enhance the density by 4.4–
5 % and calorimetric values by 12–15 % as compared to
HTPB/DOA based compositions. Strand burning rate data
show enhancement of burning rate by 40–70 % at 7 MPa
pressure in HTBCP25/NG based compositions. Impact and
friction sensitivity data also revealed their utility in propel-
lant compositions for future applications.
1 dm3/kg) the ballistic effectiveness may be increased with
the replacement of aluminium by high-dense zirconium or
zirconium hydride [9]. Another approach to reduce vulner-
ability without lowering performance is to incorporate
highly energetic binder compounds like NHTPB, poly BAMO,
GAP etc. [10–12]. Energetic binders like Poly BAMO, Poly
NIMMO and Poly GLYN have been scarcely used in applica-
tions due to their poor low temperature and mechanical
properties [13–16].
HTPB is widely used as binder in composite solid propel-
lants and explosives compositions due to its low viscosity,
high solids loading capability and excellent mechanical
properties after curing [17–18]. It has well established isocy-
anate cure chemistry through its reactive OH end groups.
One of the major drawback of HTPB is that it is a non-
energetic binder, thus the performance of the composition
is limited and there is a necessity for the development of
[a] H. Singh, D. Singh, D. Chimurkar, J. Upadhyay, A. Kumar,
A. Kumar, S. Pande
High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, Sutarwadi,
Pune-411021, India
[b] P. More
Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Girinagar,
Pune-411025, India
647
Full Paper H. Singh, D. Singh, D. Chimurkar, J. Upadhyay, A. Kumar, A. Kumar, S. Pande, P. More
energetic binders [19–20]. Solid propulsion looks to the fu-
ture with enhanced requirements in terms of increased per-
formance, improved reliability and friendlier environmental
impact. In this perspective, a new generation of solid pro-
pellants consisting new oxidizers and binders is needed.
In this study, an attempt has been made to develop
propellant compositions with enhanced performance in
terms of density impulse than conventional HTPB/DOA
binder system based propellant compositions. To meet the
above requirements and to replace inert DOA plasticizer
with energetic nitrate ester plasticizers, hydroxyl terminated
block copolymer of HTPB and ɛ-caprolactone based binder
system (HTBCP) was selected to keep most of the character-
stics of HTPB like high solid loading capability, low glass
transition temperature intact and making it miscible with
nitrate ester plasticizers. NG was selected as energetic plas-
ticizer for this study after verifying miscibility with HTBCP.
Based on our earlier study on numerous physicochemical
properties and rheological properties, Pl/Po ratio of 0.5 was
selected. Various ballistic parameters of these propellant
formulations were first theoretically predicted followed by
experimental evaluation. Data was analyzed and compared
with the conventional propellant formulations based on
HTPB/DOA binder system. Further properties like thermal
decomposition, viscosity build up, physical properties, calo-
rimetric values and sensitivity parameters of all composi-
tions were also determined.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of HTBCP25.
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2 Experiment
2.1 Raw Material Ingredients
HTBCP25 was synthesized in house as per the Scheme 1.
HTPB manufactured by free radical polymerization, with a
number average molecular weight of 2800–
2900 g mol 1and OH value of 42 mg KOH g 1 was procured
from M/s Anabond Pvt Ltd, Chennai, ɛ-caprolactone having
specific gravity 1.077 and purity > 99 % and stannous oc-
toate having specific gravity 1.24 were obtained from Sig-
ma Aldrich. The reaction was carried out at 120–130 °C for
24 hours in an inert atmosphere by purging N2 through
glycerol. The weight ratio (w/w) of HTPB, ɛ-caprolactone
was taken as 75 : 25. OH value of 28.0 mg KOH g 1, number
average molecular weight of 3900–4000 g mol 1and a spe-
cific gravity of 0.94 were determined for HTBCP25. NG
which was used as a energetic plasticizer with HTBCP25 was
procured from M/s Bharat Explosives Ltd, Lalitpur and DOA
which was used as a plasticizer with HTPB was procured
from M/s Indonippon Pvt Ltd, India. IPDI was used as curing
agent and procured from Merck. AP with an average par-
ticle size of 300 � 10 μm was procured from M/s Pandian
Chemicals Ltd., Cuddalore and 60 � 2 μm AP was obtained
by grinding of 300 μm in the air classifier mill. Particle size
of ground powder was determined by sieve analysis. Alumi-
num powder with an average particle size of 15 � 3 μm was
procured from the Metal Powder Company, Madurai and
RDX with an average particle size of 5 � 1 μm was procured
from ordnance factory, Bhandara and used as received.
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High Volumetric Specific Impulse Composite Propellant Based on Terminally Functionalized Block Copolymers of Polybutadiene and ɛ-Capro-
lactone

2.2 Propellant Formulations
Basic information about the binders and plasticizers used in
this study is given in Table 1 and 2. Total eight propellant
compositions were processed with aluminium as metallic
fuel and AP as oxidizer with varying percentage of RDX
from 0 to 15 %, two types of binder system combinations
i. e. HTPB/DOA and HTBCP25/NG were taken in this study
and various parameters of propellant formulations were in-
vestigated and compared keeping similar solid content in
compositions. Detailed propellant compositions are de-
scribed in Table 3.
cast under vacuum by slurry cast technique [21]. The pro-
pellant was cured at 50 °C for 240 hours in a water jacketed
oven.
3 Characterization Methods
3.1 Viscosity Measurements
The EOM viscosity and viscosity build up of the propellant
slurry was determined by Brookfield viscometer, model HBT
dial type, by inserting T-C spindle at a rotating speed of
2.5 rpm at predetermined temperatures.

2.3 Processing
3.2 Density Measurements
Propellant compositions were mixed in the vertical plane-
tary mixer of 15 dm3 capacity. Propellant slurry of 10 kg was The density of cured propellants was determined by gas
pycnometer, Thermo-scientific, USA, using helium gas as a
medium at 30 °C.
Table 1. Properties of HTPB and HTBCP25.

Property HTPB HTBCP25 3.3 Burning Rate Measurements

Viscosity (Pa-s) at 30 °C, 60 °C 4.4, 0.9 5.2, 2.8
OH value (mg KOH g 1) 41 28 The burning rate of cured samples was determined by the
Mn (g mol 1) by VPO 2800–2900 3900–4000 acoustic emission technique [22–23] in an inert environ-
Specific gravity at 30 °C 0.91 0.94 ment (nitrogen) at 3–11 MPa using a 750 cm3 stainless steel
Tg (°C) 78 74 bomb. The bomb was equipped with a piezoelectric trans-
ducer and a lid with a panel for holding the propellant
strands. The methodology involved the combustion of pro-
Table 2. Properties of DOA and NG. pellant strands of dimension (6 × 6 × 140 mm) with a ni-
Property DOA NG chrome ignition wire in a nitrogen pressurized bomb. Per-
turbation caused by deflagration of strands is sensed by the
Molecular formula C22H42O4 C3H5N3O9 piezoelectric transducer (200 KHz) in conjunction with an
~ Hf (kJ mol 1) 1135.49 [31] 370 [32]
oscilloscope through a water medium. The burning rates
Specific gravity at 30 °C 0.91 1.60
Oxygen Balance, Ω (%) 263 3.52 were computed from the time that was recorded in the tri-
Melting point (°C) 67 10–13 als conducted for each sample. The standard deviation was
in the order of 0.2 %.
Hf = heat of formation

Table 3. Formulation details.

Composition Propellant Ingredients (Weight %)

Binder 16 % Solids 84 %

HTPB HTBCP25 DOA NG *Others Total AP Al RDX

(300 μm,
60 μm)
I 10 5 – 1 64 20 0
II – 10 – 5 1 64 20 0
III 10 – 5 – 1 59 20 5
IV – 10 – 5 1 59 20 5
V 10 – 5 1 54 20 10
VI – 10 5 1 54 20 10
VII 10 – 5 1 49 20 15
VIII – 10 5 1 49 20 15
*Crosslinker + Chain Extender + Curing agent; Crosslinker – Trimethylol propane; Chain Extender – n-butanediol; Curing agent – IPDI

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Full Paper H. Singh, D. Singh, D. Chimurkar, J. Upadhyay, A. Kumar, A. Kumar, S. Pande, P. More

3.4 Calorimetric Measurements

Calorimetric values were determined by the bomb calo-

rimeter, Model No. AC 350 supplied by M/s Leco Corpo-
ration, USA under nitrogen atmosphere at 30 atm pressure.

3.5 Thermal Analysis

Thermal analysis of cured propellant samples was carried

out with a simultaneous thermal analyzer (SDTA, model SDT
Q-600 of TA instrument, USA) over a temperature range of
30 to 600 °C with a heating rate of 10 °C min 1 under nitro-
gen purge rate of 100 ml min 1.

Figure 1. Theoretical density impulse vs percentage of RDX in com-

3.6 Sensitivity Measurements positions.

The impact sensitivity of cured propellant samples was de-

termined using a fall hammer method (2 kg drop weight) in
a Bruceton staircase apparatus [24] and friction sensitivity
were determined by Julius Peter apparatus [25]. The sample
quantity taken for impact and friction sensitivity measure-
ment was 40 mg and 20 mg respectively and was prepared
by chopping and sieving of propellant through a 100 BSS.
Impact sensitivity is reported in terms of the 50 % proba-
bility of explosion (h50). Friction sensitivity is reported by in-
crementally increasing the load from 0.2 to 36 kg until no
ignition or explosion in the five consecutive test samples
occurred. Auto ignition temperature was determined on au-
tomatic explosion tester model No. AET-402, OZM, Czech
Republic, by placing 0.02 g of sample in a glass test tube
using rose metal bath at a heating rate of 5 K/min, the tem-
perature at which the sample got ignited was recorded [26–
27].
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Theoretical Performance of Propellant Compositions
Before processing of all eight propellant compositions, the-
oretical performance with respect to thermochemical prop-
erties was computed by using NASA CEC-71 code. The re-
sults are presented in Table 4. These results reveal that
HTBCP25/NG based compositions have an edge on corre-
sponding HTPB/DOA based compositions with similar solid
content in terms of specific impulse (Isp), characteristic ve-
locity (C*) and flame temperature (Tf) probably due to bet-
ter oxygen balance values. Theoretical data imply the dual
benefit of specific impulse and density gain in HTBCP25/NG
based compositions over HTPB/DOA based compositions.
Figure 1 shows a comparison of density impulse versus the
content of RDX in compositions, which clearly show a high-
er performance of HTBCP25/NG compositions. Maximum
gain in density impulse was observed in compositions with
15 % RDX and values observed are 440.29 and
480.74 s g cm 3 for composition VII and composition VIII re-
spectively.

Table 4. Theoritical performance parameters of various compositions.

Composition Tf (K) C*(m s 1) Isp (s) Mw Cp/Cv, γ Ω (%) DI

(g mol 1) (s g cm 3)
I 3267.50 1573.80 261.0 24.96 1.13 42.0 455.70
II 3686.74 1581.80 263.1 27.81 1.16 26.8 481.47
III 3196.37 1569.50 260.3 24.57 1.14 45.0 452.92
IV 3656.45 1589.70 264.1 27.35 1.12 29 481.45
V 3105.78 1558.30 258.1 24.19 1.15 48 447.54
VI 3621.44 1596.60 265.0 26.90 1.12 32 481.24
VII 2991.47 1539.30 254.8 23.84 1.16 51 440.29
VIII 3580.79 1602.1 265.6 26.45 1.12 35 480.74
Tf – Flame temperature in chamber; C* – Characterstic velocity;Isp – Specific impulse, Mw – Mean mol wt of exhaust gases; γ – specific heat
ratio, Ω – Oxygen Balance, DI – Density Impulse

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High Volumetric Specific Impulse Composite Propellant Based on Terminally Functionalized Block Copolymers of Polybutadiene and ɛ-Capro-
lactone

4.2 Viscosity Build up and Density plications. There is approximately 4.4–5 % enhancement in
density observed in HTBCP/NG compositions against corre-
The EOM and viscosity build up with time is determined by sponding HTPB/DOA compositions e. g. maximum density
a Brookfield viscometer at 40 � 1 °C and density is measured of 1.822 was observed in composition II against 1.742 in
by gas pycnometer at 30 °C. The data obtained is presented composition I.
in Table 5. It is clearly evident from the data that HTBCP25/
NG based compositions are more viscous as compared to
corresponding HTPB/DOA compositions. However, for proc- 4.3 Effect on Ballistic Properties
essing point of view, viscosity levels are within the range of
acceptable limits even after 1 hour of build up. This shows Burning rates determined by acoustic emission technique
the usefulness of this binder system towards futuristic ap- under inert atmosphere at 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 MPa are re-
ported in Table 6. It is shown that the HTBCP25/NG based
compositions II, IV, VI and VIII are having higher burning
rates than corresponding HTPB/DOA based compositions I,
III, V and VII. Figure 2 describes this behaviour, for example,
at 7 MPa pressure, approximately 70 % enhancement of
burning rates were observed in composition II compared to
composition I, 70 % higher in composition IV related to III,
50 % higher in composition VI in comparison to V and rela-
tively 42 % higher in composition VIII against composition
VII. Strong heat liberation in gas phase due to O NO2 bond
scission and accompanying oxidation of C, H, O species to
CO2, CO and H2O might be the prime reason for enhance-
ment of burning rate [28]. A similar trend was seen in all set
of compositions and at all pressure levels.
Pressure exponent values were determined from plots
in Figure 3 and 4 in lower (3–7 MPa) and higher (7–11 MPa)
Figure 2. Burning rate vs pressure.
pressure ranges and are tabulated in Table 6. Augmentation
of pressure exponent values were observed in HTBCP25/NG
based compositions as compared to HTPB/DOA composi-
Table 5. Data on end of mix viscosity, viscosity build up and den- tions. This increase becomes more and more pronounced at
sity of the studied compositions. the higher pressure range when the RDX content in compo-
sitions is increased. For example, maximum change in pres-
Composition EOM at Build-up after Density of cured
sure exponent value was observed in 7–11 MPa pressure
No. 50 °C 1 hour propellant
(Pa s) at 50 °C (Pa s) at 30 °C (g cm 3) range. It was enhanced from 0.232 to 0.452 in composition
VII and VIII respectively, where RDX content was 15 %. Sim-
I 256 448 1.742 ilar effects have been observed in the combustion mecha-
II 480 640 1.822 nism of double base propellant, when NO2 content is in-
III 448 576 1.738
IV 608 832 1.819
creased, on increasing pressure, the dark zone becomes
V 512 704 1.733 thinner and luminous zone approaches surface leading to
VI 800 1088 1.810 increase in heat feedback to condensed phase resulting in a
VII 704 864 1.719 higher burning rate. At low pressure, luminous flame zone
VIII 1056 1376 1.806 is further away from the regressive surface and burn rate is

Table 6. Data on burning rates and pressure exponents of the studied compositions.

Composition No. Burning rate, r (mm/s) at pressures (MPa) Pressure exponent

3 5 7 9 11 3–7 MPa 7–11 MPa
I 4.22 4.90 5.58 6.26 6.73 0.326 0.416
II 6.82 8.41 9.51 10.32 11.38 0.393 0.394
III 4.68 5.44 5.91 6.29 6.55 0.277 0.228
IV 7.84 8.82 10.05 10.62 11.29 0.288 0.255
V 5.14 5.97 6.46 6.82 7.15 0.271 0.224
VI 7.14 8.58 9.74 10.61 11.23 0.365 0.316
VII 5.09 6.09 6.65 7.0 7.39 0.318 0.232
VIII 7.22 8.43 9.50 10.48 11.67 0.322 0.452

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Full Paper H. Singh, D. Singh, D. Chimurkar, J. Upadhyay, A. Kumar, A. Kumar, S. Pande, P. More

Table 7. Calorimetric values of various propellant compositions.

Compositions No. Calorimetric value, H0 (J/g) H0/H0ref* (%)

I 1485 � 30 1.00
II 1691 � 30 1.13
III 1437 � 30 0.96
IV 1616 � 30 1.08
V 1370 � 30 0.92
VI 1580 � 30 1.06
VII 1287 � 30 0.86
VIII 1486 � 30 1.00
*calorimetric value of composition I is taken as ref.

Figure 3. Pressure exponent values for propellant formulations in

lower pressure range (3–7 MPa).

Figure 5. Calorimetric value against RDX content in various compo-

sitions.

were compared. From the data it can be concluded that as

Figure 4. Pressure exponent values for propellant formulations in
higher pressure range (7–11 MPa).
controlled by foam and fizz zones. The overall consequence
of this phenomenon is lower burning rates in low pressure
regions and higher burning rates in high pressure regions
i. e. higher pressure exponent value [29]. Based on the bal-
listic property requirements, operating pressure range and
specific application, suitable composition can be selected or
tailored by burn rate modifiers to meet the mission require-
ments.
4.4 Calorimetric Value
Results obtained by calorimetric measurements are sum-
marized in Table 7 and comparative values have been
shown in Figure 5. It is evident from the values that there is
substantial influence on the heat of combustion by replac-
ing HTPB/DOA by HTBCP25/NG in propellant formulations.
Composition I is used as a reference and calorimetric values
RDX content is increased in compositions, calorimetric val-
ues are decreased. Prime cause seems to be the decrease in
oxygen balance of compositions due to replacement of AP
with RDX which leads to incomplete combustion of propel-
lant ingredients. This phenomenon has also been observed
by Rafal et al. [30]. There is almost a 12–16 % gain in calori-
metric values in HTBCP25/NG compositions as compared to
the corresponding HTPB/DOA compositions.
4.5 Thermal Analysis
Thermal behaviour of all compositions was studied using si-
multaneous differential thermal analyzer (SDTA) and ther-
mograms obtained are presented in Figure 6. Thermo gravi-
metric analysis (TGA) shows three to four step weight loss
with approximately 73 to 88 % weight loss for all composi-
tions. Higher burning rates of HTBCP25/NG based composi-
tions can be correlated with the onset of decomposition
prior to HTPB/DOA based compositions. In compositions II,
IV, VI and VIII the initial step of around 5 to 7 % weight loss
at 111–124 °C indicates early evaporation and decom-

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High Volumetric Specific Impulse Composite Propellant Based on Terminally Functionalized Block Copolymers of Polybutadiene and ɛ-Capro-
Figure 6. TGA thermograms of compositions I–VIII as measured by SDTA.
position of NG. This leads to the formation of gaseous prod-
ucts of binder and oxidizer that would emit at lower tem-
perature and accordingly surface temperature would be
higher leading to increased burning rate. This phenomenon
was not observed in compositions I, III, V and VII. Differ-
ential thermogravimetric (DTG) plots are also showing this
phenomenon by an initial decomposition peak at around
111–124 °C (Figure 7). Other decomposition steps similar in
compositions were: a) 200–218 °C is characteristic of RDX
decomposition, b) two peaks in region 291–370 °C are at-
tributed to the first and second decomposition peaks of AP,
c) 448–460 °C is due to pyrolysis of binder ingredients. TGA
data shows, as the AP content of all compositions was re-
placed by incorporation of RDX, percentage weight loss in
all major steps in all thermograms decreased accordingly.
Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2020, 45, 647–656 © 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
lactone
4.6 Sensitivity Properties
The impact, friction sensitivities and auto ignition temper-
ature of cured propellant are determined and presented in
Table 8. It is clear from the data that the HTBCP25/NG
based compositions are more impact and friction sensitive
than HTPB/DOA based compositions. As impact sensitivity
higher than 15 cm and friction sensitivity higher than 8 kg
is considered as safe limits for mixing ingredients by verti-
cal planetary mixer and vacuum casting by slurry cast tech-
nique. Therefore, these compositions are well within the
safe limits and do not pose any risk towards processing by
these techniques. Auto ignition temperatures for all compo-
sitions are > 215 °C, which also confirm their utility and fu-
ture application without any safety hazard while processing
compositions by above mentioned techniques.
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Full Paper H. Singh, D. Singh, D. Chimurkar, J. Upadhyay, A. Kumar, A. Kumar, S. Pande, P. More

Figure 7. DTG plots of compositions I–VIII.

Table 8. Sensitivity data of various propellant compositions to-

wards impact, friction and heat.
5 Conclusion
Composition Insensitive up to Autoignition An attempt was made to assess and compare HTBCP25/NG
No. temperature (°C) based compositions with HTPB/DOA based compositions
Impact, h50 Friction having 84 % solid content of AP, Al and RDX. Initially, com-
(cm) (kg)
positions were evaluated theoretically for various ballistic
I 27 19 360 parameters followed by experimental determination of vari-
II 24 18 325 ous properties including calorimetric values, density, ther-
III 26 18 360 mal decomposition, ballistic properties, EOM, viscosity build
IV 22 17 310
up and sensitivity parameters. HTBCP/NG compositions are
V 25 17 290
VI 21 15 275 considered to be superior to HTPB/DOA compositions in re-
VII 24 17 310 spect of calorimetric values, density and burning rates at
VIII 21 14 215 constant pressure. HTBCP25/NG based compositions are
found to be safe with respect to auto ignition temperature,
h50 – Height (cm) of 50 % probability of explosion, Friction- Weight
(kg) until no ignition or explosion occurs in the five consecutive test friction and impact sensitivity. There is almost 12–16 % gain
samples in calorimetric value and 4.4–5 % enhancement in density
for HTBCP25/NG compositions as compared to correspond-
ing HTPB/DOA compositions. Observation of higher burning
rate can be explained by strong heat liberation in the gas
phase due to O NO2 bond scission and accompanying oxi-

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High Volumetric Specific Impulse Composite Propellant Based on Terminally Functionalized Block Copolymers of Polybutadiene and ɛ-Capro-
lactone

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Manuscript received: September 16, 2019
Revised manuscript received: October 19, 2019

656 www.pep.wiley-vch.de © 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2020, 45, 647–656
FULL PAPER
H. Singh, D. Singh, D. Chimurkar, J.
Upadhyay, A. Kumar, A. Kumar, S.
Pande, P. More
647 – 656
High Volumetric Specific Impulse
Composite Propellant Based on Ter-
minally Functionalized Block Co-
polymers of Polybutadiene and ɛ-
Caprolactone