Water Treatment Injecti

on Plant
 Agenda Style

1 Injection Plant

2 Water Quality Relation to Injectivity

3 Water Treatment Injection Plant

4
4 Chemical Used in Injection System
 Injection Plant
The production drop is often caused by the decreasing
pressure in the reservoir due to the declined amount of oil
in it

To overcome this, the most used method is to inject

water into the reservoir, this technique is called
waterflooding

Water is injected for:

1) Increasing reservoir pressure
2) Sweeping oil and urging them to the reservoir
 Water Quality in Relation to Injectivity a
nd Operations
• Source water used for injection
often contains solids, which can
reduce permeability of the
formation around the wellbore
• Downhole solids contributing to
plugging may include not only
the solids escaping filtration,
but solids generated after water
treatment (ex. Corrosion, scale,
biofouling)
Solids-particle damage depends on particle size of the solids, oil present
in the injected water, and the average pore-throat diameter of the formation
Water Quality in Relation to Injectivi
ty and Operations
• The higher the TSS is in disposal water,
the greater the damage is to the core
permeability
• The results revealed that, at low filtration
sizes, the extent of damage will be less;
hence, there is less reduction in the
formation permeability
• Mixed injected water and groundwater
cause scale formation on core
permeability
 Injected Water Guidelines

1) Total suspended material should not

exceed 50 ppm
2) Particle size should not exceed 5 μm
3) Oil content should not exceed 20 ppm
4) To prevent formation damage caused by
particle settling, injected water should
be injected continuously into the wells
 The resource of water injection

Seawater Fresh Produced

water Water
Sample of Raw Data (Sea Water)
Parameter Unit Input
Turbidity NTU 230
RPI   210
Particle size µm -
DO ppb -
Sulfate Content (SO4) mg/L 905
Bacteria (SRB) cfu/ml -
pH   7.8
Scale Growth rate mg/ft2/d -
Corrosion rate mpy -
Oil Content mg/L -
TDS mg/L 28,239
TSS mg/L 210
Na mg/L 4,962
Ca mg/L 686
Mg mg/L 3,433
Fe mg/L 0.09
Ba mg/L 0.04
Cl mg/L 18,061
HCO3 mg/L 128

CO3 mg/L 63
SG   1.05
Salinity ppt 31,109
Water Treatment Injection Plant
The water should be treated in order to meet the requirements
of injection water
Filtration Section
Target Parameter of WTIP
Parameter Unit Target

Turbidity NTU <7

RPI (Relative Plugging Index)   <10

Particle size µm <10

DO ppb <10

Bacteria (SRB) cfu/ml <10

pH   6-9

Scale Growth rate mg/ft2/d <30

Corrosion rate mpy <2.5

 Typical Water Injection System

Clarifier Tank

Raw Water Tank

Clarifier Feed Pump

Treated water for

injection well
Filter Pump Filter Dearator pump Deaerator Treated Water Tank

Sea Water

Recycle Pump

Cake to Incenerator
or third party
Filter Press
Sea Water Intake Pump Slurry Pump
Typical Water Injection System
 Scale Control
 Scale can deposit on almost any surface so that
Scale
once a scale layer is first formed, it will continue to
formation is get thicker unless treated
the deposition  Types of scale:
of sparingly Sulfide scales
Calcium carbonates
scales
soluble
inorganic
salts from
A
aqueous
B D
solutions C
Sulfate scales Sodium chloride scales
 Calcium carbonate scales (calcite and aragonite)

 Sulfate scales
Group II metal ions, except magnesium, can all form sparingly
soluble sulfate scales by mixing of sulfate ions and metal ions

 Sulfide scales
iron(II), zinc, and lead(II) salts are the most common which can
react with the sulfide ions
 Sodium chloride (halite)
As the temperature of the produced water decreases, sodium
chloride may precipitate out
 Three basic approaches to mitigating sca
le formation
1. Desulfation Scale Inhibition of carbonates and sulfates:
of injected
seawater
2. Scale
control/
inhibition
3. Remove the Sulfide scale inhibition:
scale  Na4EDTA and Na5EDTA
physically/ Halite scale inhibition:
chemically
Main alternatives of applying sca
le inhibitors
01 Continuous injection of scale inhibitor
chemicals

02 Squeeze treatment

03 Solid, Slow-release scale

compositions
 Corrosion Control
Corrosion step:
Corrosion is
metal
damage or
Several ways to prevent metal
degradation -corrosion:
Using corrosion-resistant - Corrosion inhibitors
due to alloys (CRAs) - Oxygen Scavengers
redox - Water removal (by pigging - Biocides for
or dehydration) preventing MIC
reaction - Cathodic protection - pH stabilization
- Coatings
 Corrosion Inhibitors
Corrosion inhibitors can be categorized as follows:

1) Passivating
 Passivating corrosion inhibitors are not used in oil and gas
production
 They work best in low salinity applications such as utility systems
 A passivating corrosion inhibitor leads to the formation of a
nonreactive thin surface film on the metal that stops access of
corrosive substances to the metal, inhibiting further corrosion
 All passivating inhibitors can accelerate corrosion if underdosed
 Corrosion Inhibitors
Corrosion inhibitors can be categorized as follows:

2) Oxygen scavengers
3) Biocide for preventing MIC
4) pH stabilization
5) Film forming corrosion inhibitors
• The effectiveness is determined by the strength of its
adsorption to the metal surface, forming a protective layer
that prevents corrosive chemicals
• Designed to interact with iron atoms on the surface, and the
hydrophobic tails attract liquid hydrocarbons forming an oily
film
(thioglycolic acid; Diethylene triamine; naphthene acid imidazolines)
 Biocides
• Used in oil and gas production primarily to
reduce sulfide production and
microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC)
and related biofouling
• Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), denitrifying
bacteria (hNRB), slime-forming bacteria,
iron-oxidizing bacteria, and miscellaneous
organisms such as algae, nitrate-reducing
sulfideoxidizing bacteria (NR-SOB), yeast and
molds, and protozoa can be encountered in
bodies of water of oilfields to be treated
Biofilm

01 Solid deposits of bacterial colonies are called

“biofilms” or “biofouling

02 The presence of iron sulfide or an increase in

the water-soluble sulfide concentrations in a
flowline is a strong indicator for MIC

03 Carbonates and sulfates/sulfides, are

commonly found in oilfield biofilms
Biocides
Biocides are used to reduce hydrogen sulfide
01 production and sulfide scales, reduce
biofouling, and corrosion

the oxygen scavenger, which is usually a

02 bisulfite salt, will react with residual chlorine,
leaving no biocide in the water

03 If the organic biocide is known to cause foam

problems, so it will be injected downstream
of the deaerator tower
 Biocides
Oxidizing and non-oxidizing

Oxidizing biocides The nonoxidizing

cause irreversible organic biocides
oxidation/hydrolys function primarily by
of protein groups altering the
in the microorganism permeability of the
and in the cell walls of the
polysaccharides that microorganisms
bind the and interfering
microorganisms to with their
the surfaces of the biological
equipment processes

*Biostats (control “biocides” or metabolic inhibitors)

 Minimize Reservoir Souring

01 Add a biocide to kill SRB 02 Treat the SRB with a biostat

03 Stimulate the formation of NR-

SOB by adding nutrients such 04 Use unsulfated aquifer or
desulfated seawater in water
as nitrate ions injector wells
 H2S Scavengers
“H2S is corrosive, reacting with steels in
wells and pipelines, causing pitting and
stress cracking corrosion and deposition
of iron sulfide scale”

“The scavenger reacts with the H2S to form

a nontoxic compound, which can be
removed from the hydrocarbons or can be
discharged in the water phase”

H2S problems are negligible in fields where the reservoir temperature is

above 140°C–150°C, as SRBs do no thrive over this temperature
 Types of H2S Scavengers
a) Solid, basic metallic
compounds
b) Aldehydes and aldehydes-
related product
c) Reaction products of
aldehydes and amines,
including triazines
d) Metal carboxylates and
chelates (some of these are
regenerative)
e) Other amine-based product
f) Oxidizing chemicals
 Sodium nitrite solution has
been used in downhole
squeeze injection into sour oil
and gas wells and has
effectively removed H2S from
the aqueous and gas phases
 Peroxide chemicals convert
sulfide to sulfate
Four basic methods to treat H2S

1 Add a biocide to kill SRB

Stimulate the formation of non-SRB

2 by adding nutrients such as nitrate ions for stimulating denitrifying bacteria

3 Use desulfated seawater

4 Use an H2S scavenger

 O2 Scavengers
“Dissolved oxygen in water can cause
destructive oxygen corrosion to metal
pipes and process equipment”

“Oxygen removal to <10 ppb (preferably

less than ~5 ppb to avoid significant
oxygen corrosion) can be achieved by the
addition of an oxygen scavenger
downstream of the deaeration vessel”
Classes of Oxygen
Scavengers
 “Hydrazines (RNH2NH2) are
basic and will raise the pH of
the water. If the water
contains calcium/ magnesium
ions and bicarbonate ions,
there is the possibility of new
or increased calcium/
magnesium carbonate
scale formation”

“The reaction of sulfite or bisulfite with oxygen is slower (2–3 times

often) below approximately 93°C (200°F) without a catalyst, forming
bisulfate ions as follows”
 Flocculant & Coagulant

To separate
suspended
solid & oil
from treated
water
 Coagulation Mechanism
1. Attractive forces between particles on
colloidal solution are smaller than the
repulsive forces due to electric charges

2. The addition of ions which contained in

the coagulant substance to the water will
increase the ionic strength and decrease
the repulsion force resulting in particle
destabilization
 Flocculation Mechanism
a) The effect of the flocculant is to counterbalance the
charges on the dispersed oil and particles so that they
will come together (flocculate)
b) Once the polymer has bridged two or more particles, the
charge on the polymer is more neutralized
c) This causes a shift in the conformation of the polymer
from being open and linear to a more coiled or
globular structure. Thus, enveloping flocculated
particles as a “floc.”
Commonly Flocculant
used:
• Highly valent metal
salts
• Cationic polymers
• Dithiocarbamates
• Anionic polymers
• Nonionic polymers
• Amphoteric polymers
 Sludge Dewatering
Sludge dewatering is a reliable and efficient method of concentrating
waste into high solid filter cakes, thus making them significantly
easier to dispose
Sludge dewatering mechanism:
1) charge neutralization occurred between sludge particles and aluminum
species after added PAC into the sludge
2) decreased the electrostatic repulsion between the sludge particles,
accumulated the sludge particles easily, and finally formed relatively
complex granules
3) The granules were subsequently accumulated to three-dimensional flocs
due to the biopolymer bridging
Ferric chloride (FeCl3), in conjunction with lime (CaO) & Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) are commonly used as sludge
dewatering
Thank you