Water & Wastewater Tr

eatment
 Agenda Style

1 Water Sources

2 Water Uses

3 Disposal of water

4 Unit Operation of Water Treatment

 Water Source

Seawater Fresh Brackish

water
 Water Uses

Industrial Uses

Daily Uses

Consumption Uses
Disposal of Water

01 The treatment of water depends on its use

02 Disposal of waste water must be met the

regulation requirements on PERMEN LH No.
5 tahun 2014

03 The parameter for water disposal might be

variative, it depends on the industry
 PERMEN LH No. 5 tahun 2014

Notes: For specific regulation such as produced water, the parameters is on PERMEN LH No. 19
Tahun 2010
 Coagulation & Flocculation
Application of coagulation & flocculation
To Separate
suspended
solids from Lime Softening Water Clarification
water to
provide A
effective B D
clarification C
Sludge Tickening Dewatering
Koagulasi:
- Destabilisasi partikel koloid
- Dilakukan secara cepat
- Lama prosesnya: 30 – 90
Detik

Flokulasi:
- Pembentukan dan
pembesaran flok
- Dilakukan pengadukan
secara lambat
- Lama prosesnya: 15 – 30
menit
 Solid/Liquids Separation
Selection of spesific process for removal of suspended solid from water depends
on character of the solids, their concentration, and the required filtrate clarity.
 Precipitation
Application of precipitation in water:
• Lime softening (by addition of
A particular calcium sulfat, calcium hydroxide, or
water commonly sodium hydroxide)
contains ion or • Silica Removal (adsorbed by
radical magnesium hydroxide which is
contaminants produced by lime softening)
that is • Heavy metal removal (ion exchange
considered or adsorber are commonly used)
detrimental
 Emulsion Breaking
(Demulsifiers)

An emulsion is a mixture of Emulsions may be broken by

01 two liquid phase, such as oil
& water
02 chemical, electrolytic or
physical methods

Organic demulsifiers are In water chemistry, there are

03 extremely effective emulsion
breaking agents, giving more
04
consistent results and
producing better effluent
quality than an inorganic
program
two types of emulsions
• Oily wastewater (oil emulsified in
water or O/W emulsions)
• Waste oil emulsions (water
emulsified in oil or W/O
emulsions)
Types of Emulsion Breaker
  Treatment methods of separating non-emulsified oil
commonly used:
 API (American Pretroleum Institute) separator
 CPI (Corrugated Plate Interceptor) Separator
 Two basic methods of air floatation are used for oily
wastewater treatment:
 DAF (Dissolved Air Flotation)
 IAF (Induced Air Flotation)
 Water in oil emulsions can be broken by several treatment:
 Heating
 Centrifugation
 Vacuum precoat filtration
Notes: Non-emulsified oil must be separate previously in order to optimize chemical utilization, since
oil and solids consume emulsion-breaking chemicals
 Ion Exchanger

Ion exchanger is When in contact

polymerized with the ion
hydrocarbon exchange resin,
compound which the ions dissolved
contains in water will be
crosslinking and absorbed into the
functional ion exchange
groups. Those resin and the
compounds have resin will release
changeable ion other ions in
equivalent
 Neutralization
• Chemical reaction where an acid and a
base react with each other
quantitatively is called Neutralization
• Used in wastewater treatment in order
to reduce the damage created by the
effluents
• HCl & NaOH is widely used on
neutralization application
 Degasification
Several wastewater
commonly contain
volatile compound
that must be
removed in order to
The three types of
optimize for next
degasification units
process or meet the
commonly used in
requirements of
water treatment:
disposal wastewater • Packed column
degasifiers
• Spray-type tower
• Deaerating heaters
Membrane Separation

01 The use of semipermeable membranes is a

comparatively recent addition to the technology of
water purification

02 The water characteristics determine the type of

impurities removed and the efficiency of
removal

The types of membrane separation units:

03 • Microfiltration (0.1 to 20 micrometer)
• Ultrafiltration (below 0.1 micrometer)
• Hyperfiltration (below 0.02 micrometer)
 Aeration

Mechanical process of providing intimate

contact of air with water

Extensively for oxidation of inorganic

impurities such as iron, manganese and
hydrogen sulphide and for removal volatile
impurities
 Oxidation
The widest way to remove certain impurities on wastewater

Five major conditioning waste The most common oxidizing agents

water using oxidizing agents are used in water treatment are:
1) Iron removal 1) Air
2) Manganese removal 2) Chlorine and chlorine-releasing
3) Organic matter removal compound
4) Cyanide removal 3) Oxygen
5) Sulphide removal 4) Ozone
5) Hydrogen peroxide
6) Potassium permanganate
7) Chromate salts
8) Nitrate compounds
Corrosion Control

Corrosion step:
02

Metal
01 damage or
degradation
due to redox
reaction
Metal
Coating &
Corrosion Lining

Preventive
Action:

Applied chemical inhibitors

Insulation
Deposits control
• An accumulation of sediments or
settled solid
• Formed when the concentration of a
dissolved mineral exceeds its solubility
limit
• Internal sources of deposit originate in
circulating water:
• Chemical precipitation
• Formation of corrosion product
• Polymerization
• Biological growth
 Treatment to Control System Deposits

Threshold Dispersants Surfactants Crystal

inhibitors modifiers

Reducing the Dispersing Effective wetting Used to modify

potential of suspended solids agents and the crystal
precipitation by by adsorbing to antifoulants structure of scale
delaying it their surfaces. which helps
fluidize solids and
keep moving with
the flowing water
Control of Microbial Activity
• Detrimental to water-using process
system
• But a complete kill is often costly
and not necessary as long as
microbe population at levels that
experience has proven to be
tolerate to the system
• For completely kill the microbial
activity, HClO is commonly used
• Sometimes, biological digestion is used to
removed organic matter from municipal
sewage and industrial water. It will produce
sludge as a by-product. For this application,
it requires:
 The types of organism present in
the water system and the
associated problems they can
cause
 The population of each type of
organism that may be tolerated
before causing a significant problem
Schematic WTP
 Waste Water
Treatment
Preliminary
Primary Treatment
Treatment
Remove large floating objects & Remove smaller materials that
sticks that might clog pipe or float and settle on the top of
damage equipment water & remove diluted
materials such as oil
Solid Liquid Separation: - Coagulation & Flocculation
- Strainers - Neutralization
- Screens - Precipitation
- Sieves - Emulsion breaking/demulsifier
Secondary
Tertiary Treatment
Treatment
Additional treatment that might
Remove organic/inorganic
be required in order to optimize
matter in sewage
the treatment
- Oxidation
- Disinfection treatment
- Biological Digestion
- Corrosion control
- Aeration
- Deposit Control
- Ion Exchangers
- Sludge Treatment
- Membrane Separation
Thank you