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Antenna selection
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Mounting of satellite dish by elevation angle
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Contacts Before installing the satellite dish, you need to familiarize yourself with
general information, which will eventually help with setting up the
equipment. First, let's find out what a geostationary orbit is. This is the orbit,
which is at an altitude of about 35,000 kilometers from the earth, and equals
the equator. Broadcast satellites are located in the geostationary orbit. It is at
this altitude, the speed of the Earth is equal to the speed of the satellite, so the
satellite hangs over the same point of its surface. The location of the satellite in
the geostationary orbit is called the point of standing.From Earth, the
stationary orbit is "visible" on the sky in the form of the so-called "Clark Belt".
Clark's belt is "visible" as an arc of a curve that degenerates from a circle at
the poles to a straight line at the equator. In the horizon, Clark's belt "rests"
precisely in the east and west, regardless of location. In the technical guide to
satellite equipment, satellite standing points are indicated by their
geographical longitude: the angular distance from the zero (Greenwich)
meridian. This should be taken into account when orienting the antenna and
giving an amendment: from this point the Greenwich meridian is "visible" at
an angle opposite to the longitude of the place. As you see some stationary
satellites from Greenwich, shown in the picture.

Determination of azimuth and elevation angle

To accurately install a satellite dish, you need to know: the latitude and
longitude of your location, the satellite you plan to tune in, by these
parameters and the angle of the place is determined (how much the antenna is
tilted.) Turn the antenna up and down and the azimuth (turn the antenna to
the right to the left). Antenna tuning is performed by turning to the right - to
the left and upwards - downwards and the signal on the satellite receiver is
looked at a certain frequency.
The azimuth is the angle offset from the northward direction in a
clockwise direction.
The elevation angle is the angle in the vertical plane between the
horizontal and the direction to the satellite. First you need to determine
your coordinates. Let's say you are in the coverage area of the IntelSat 904
satellite, at a point with coordinates 55 degrees 53 minutes north latitude (55 °
53 'N) and 37 degrees 26 minutes east longitude (37 ° 26' E). Note that the
coordinates can be specified in the form of "degrees - minutes", and "degrees -
decimal degrees of degrees". In the second case, the same coordinates will be
represented as 55.88 degrees north latitude. and 37.43 degrees east. Calculate
the direction of the satellite by using Online calculator on our website or using
the program "Satellite Antenna Alignment".
Using any of the means mentioned above, determine the azimuth and
elevation angle for the Intelsat 904 satellite (the point of standing is 60 degrees
east longitude). As a result, we got the azimuth on the satellite at 153.3 degrees
and the elevation angle of 23.2 degrees (the differences in the second decimal
point are related to the accuracy of the representation of coordinates and
calculations and do not affect the antenna's tuning).

In the direction to which the antenna should be directed near there should be
no tall buildings, trees, high-voltage lines.

Antenna selection
The choice of a satellite dish basically comes down to buying an antenna with
the required diameter. As a rule, it depends on the diameter of the "dish" that
the quality of satellite broadcasting depends, so if in the central parts of the
satellite coverage there can be enough and 60 cm of the dish, then for regions
located on the edges of the satellite coverage, a larger diameter is required,
which can be equal to 1.5 m.

Mounting of satellite dish by elevation angle

1. Assemble the satellite dish according to the operating instructions.

2. Attach the satellite dish bracket. The fastening elements of the plate (anchor
bolts, studs, nuts, screws, etc.) are selected depending on the wind load and
wall material to which the satellite dish is attached.
3. Install the satellite antenna converters in the holder with the connector
downward, so that the atmospheric moisture does not get inside the
converters of the satellite dish.
4. Connect the cable to the converters of the satellite dish using the F-
connector *.
5. Attach the cables to the arc of the tray holder with a plastic tie or an
insulating tape.
6. Seal the F-plug connection along the entire length with 2 layers of insulation
tape and evenly coat the insulation tape with a layer of silicone sealant.
7. Install the satellite dish on the bracket. Tighten the adjusting nuts so that it
is possible to move the antenna in a vertical and horizontal plane with some
effort.
8. Attach the cable to the satellite antenna bracket with plastic ties or tape. At
the antenna, leave a 1 m cable stock, also securing it to the bracket.

Converters, multifids, DiSEqC

The signal received by the "Mirror" of the satellite antenna is focused on the
converter ("head"). In the converter, the signal is lowered by the frequency by
the converter's local oscillator frequency (indicated on the converter itself)
and transmitted via cable to the satellite receiver (tuner). And already the
satellite receiver receives the signal, which goes through the satellite, it
processes, decodes and sends to the TV the finished "picture". To configure our
antenna, we need 3 Ku-band linear-polarization converters, since the satellites
to which we will adjust our antenna will broadcast in the Ku-band of linear
polarization. The stickers of these converters bear the main reception
parameters: Reception frequency 10.70-11.70 GHz, 11.70-12.75 GHz;
Intermediate frequency 950-1950 MHz and 1100-2 2150 MHz; The local
oscillator frequency is 9750 MHz and 10600 MHz; Noise level: 0.3 dB. The use
of two heterodynes is due to the fact that the Ku-band is wide enough (2,050
MHz), according to this Ku-band is divided into two sub-bands of 10700-11700
and 11700-12750 MHz.

Given the high density of satellites in orbit, one satellite dish can
simultaneously receive signals from two, three, four or even five satellites that
are in close proximity to each other. Accordingly, two, three, four and five
converters must be used for this. Additional converters are attached to the
carrier rod of the satellite antenna (arc) by special holders - multifids.

Such a combination of satellites on one dish Amos 4.0 W, Astra 4A 4.8E, Hot
Bird 13.0E it is customary to call a bundle 4W + 5E + 13E.
An example of a popular combination of 4 satellites on one plate Amos 4.0 W,
Astra 4A 4.8E, Eutelsat 9B 9E, Hot Bird 13.0E bunch 4W + 5E + 9E + 13E
We will not consider all possible combinations, this is beyond the scope of this
article. It should be said that there are a lot of them and for the viewers of
different countries such combinations of their own. In this article, we'll look at
how to set up a satellite dish for the popular 4W + 5E + 13E combination, for
you the combination may be different, but the tuning principle remains
unchanged.
Considering that the satellite receiver can supply power to only one converter,
in such cases DiSEqC-switch is installed, which automatically switches the
power from one converter to another, depending on what you are watching
the satellite.

Since the satellite dish is a mirror for the satellite signal, the signal reflected
from its surface and is collected in a bunch enters the converter. When
installing additional heads at the side multifeed reflected satellite signal from
the right with respect to the central catch follows the left hand side, and the
reflected signal from the satellite of the left to the right. Ie we have a central
satellite Astra 4A 4.8E is its we catch at the center of the antenna, satellite
Amos 4.0 W is 4.8 degrees to the right, so the signal from him to be sought
from the left side. The Hot Bird 13.0E satellite is located to the left of the Astra
4A, so we will search for the signal from 13 degrees on the right side.

Setting up the satellite dish:

1. The first thing is to set the dish on the central satellite, in our case it's Astra
4A 4.8E. Using an engineering compass adjusted for magnetic declination, we
expose the antenna to the desired azimuth. Roughly, by eye, we expose the
antenna beam on the angle of the place. To configure the antenna, we need to
remove the TV with the tuner and put it closer to the installation site so that
we can see the percentages on the tuning scale. The power switch (dissek) is
not connected yet, so as not to be confused with satellites. Initial adjustment is
done on the average converter, it is also central.
2.Second: We connect the TV and the converter to the receiver, turn on the
equipment, select in the receiver menu ("Antenna installation" -> "Manual
search"). We drive in the necessary signal parameters (the prepared
frequencies of the transponders), according to the instructions to it.
3. Turn on the signal search mode. Gently and gently rock the antenna up and
down until the receiver "grabs" the satellite. If "not caught", we check once
again the azimuth and, changing it in steps of 3 degrees to the right and to the
left, we repeat the procedure of "rocking". When the signal is caught, very
carefully, slightly turning and rocking the antenna, we achieve the best
quality and signal level. Priority is for quality.
At 60% level and 80% quality, the reception stability will be twice as high as
the opposite. Caution, in a few tricks tighten the nuts fixing the antenna and
the angle of inclination. At the same time, you need to monitor the signal all
the time. From the main menu of the receiver, we check whether the satellite
is caught. If all the parameters were set manually, failures, as a rule, do not
happen. But if there is no signal or image - we loosen the plate, and - we start
again.

4. Once the desired satellite is caught and fixed the position of the antenna at
the maximum signal- Turn on the "Level-quality" again, and gently moving
back and forth and slightly turning the converter in the socket, while
achieving maximum readings on the QUALITY scale.
Attention! Adjustment of the antenna must be done by standing behind the
mirror dish holding the bracket bracket with the hand. You can not turn a
mirror because it can deform, and from any interference that appears in front
of the antenna or in front of the converter head, the signal decreases or
disappears altogether. Once again, we are convinced that the antenna is tuned
to the satellite to which we tuned it, and not to some other one. To do this,
scan the transponders from table 1 and enable some kind of channel.

Table. №1. Parameters for setting up the Satellite Antenna:

Satellite Transponder Channel for visual inspection

Astra 4A (4.8E) 11766 H 27500 1+1, TET, 2+2

Astra 4A (4.8E) 12073 H 27500 News One, Glas, Business

Astra 4A (4.8E) 12399 V 27500 Inter, NTN, Mega

Hotbird 10815 H 27500 Russian Music Box, TBN Rossiya

13B/13C/13E (13E)
Hotbird
11034 V 27500 RTR Planeta, Shanson TV
13B/13C/13E (13E)
Hotbird 12597 V 27500 EuroNews, Perviy kanal Romania
13B/13C/13E (13E)
Amos 2/3 (4W) 11139 H 30000 112 Ukraine, Tonis, Inter

Amos 2/3 (4W) 11175 H 30000 Telekanal STB, M1, Novy Kanal

Amos 2/3 (4W) 10842 H 30000 UA TV, Boutique TV

5. Setting up additional 2 satellites (Amos 4.0 W and Hot Bird 13.0E) is to find
the position of the converter relative to the central one. We connect to the
receiver the following converter, for example, the Amos 4.0 W satellite. In the
menu, we set its parameters. DO NOT TROUBLE ANTENNA, gently and gently
turn the converter to the right or left until it "grabs" the satellite. We are
convinced that we "caught" what is needed, as described above. Moving the
converter back and forth (this is so-called focus) and rotating (adjusting along
the polarization plane), we achieve the best signal. Similarly, we adjust the
third converter for the Hot Bird 13.0E satellite.
6. After all the manipulations, it is necessary to once again make sure all
satellites are correctly tuned, once again check the tightening of all antenna
elements.
7. Now you can connect DiSEqC (Disek) using prepared and designated cable
lengths with the appropriate convector. Unforgettable in the receiver set the
port numbers for each satellite. Then we transfer the equipment to the house
in place. Everything, on this installation of the satellite aerial is finished. It
remains in the receiver's menu to select and configure the desired programs
(channels).

Select a satellite tuner (receiver).

To date, satellite receivers, depending on the technical characteristics, can be
divided into four main classes:
Class 4: This is usually a budget satellite receiver, designed to receive non-
coded TV channels. Most often they do not have a card reader. The TV
connects to them using RCA (tulips), SCART or HDMI cables. They reproduce
such receivers of the TV program in the DVB-S / S2 digital standard, the MPEG-
2 / MPEG-4 video compression format. The cost of receivers varies between 18-
25 $. An example of a budget receiver can be Sat-Integral 1225 HD Able, Tiger
X80 HD, Tiger 4100 HD
Class 3: The third class includes receivers, which, in addition to the previous
receivers, have a card reader that allows you to install maps of paid satellite
operators. Before selecting a receiver with a card reader, you should find out
which encoding is broadcast by the operator whose services you want to use.
This can be the encodings of Conax, Irdeto, Viacces, etc. As a rule, each
receiver supports one kind of encoding, in rare cases - several types.
Reproduce these receivers TV channels in the DVB-S2 standard and cost $ 30-
60.
Class 2: The second-class receivers include the most popular HDTV receivers
at the moment (DVB-S2 standard, MPEG-4 video compression format). For
example, receivers Openbox S4 Pro + HD, Amiko SHD-8900 Alien, GI S8120 or
Sat-Integral S-1210HD.
Class 1: The first-class receivers include HDTV-receivers with advanced
capabilities and the cost of $ 200, which, in addition to receiving satellite
signals in high definition, can serve as a home media center. For example,
they have the ability to install, or already have on board additional digital
tuners that allow you to connect DVB-C cable TV present in your home, or a
DVB-T digital terrestrial television that can be received on a regular terrestrial
antenna, for example like the Optibox Raptor HD.

Conclusion

In this article, we have considered only the basic steps of setting up a satellite
dish (dish) using the example of a popular combination of three Amos 4.0 W,
Astra 4A 4.8E, Hot Bird 13.0E satellites. Installation and tuning of antennas to
other satellites is done in a similar way and consists of such stages as: -
selection of satellites, selection of their frequencies; - determination of terrain
coordinates, determination of azimuth; - installation of the antenna; -
adjustment as described above.

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