Nama : Okti Rekania

NIM : 40120019

SUMMARY OF MATERIAL ABOUT TENSES

1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Are tenses used to describe an event that is currently taking place, or an

event that occurs repeatedly (habit).

 To express habitual action. Ex:Dina goes to campus by motorcycle.

 General truth. Ex:The ice is cold.

 To express what happen at the present time.

Ex: I work hard everyday.

 Meaning for the continuous tense: for agree, believe, consider, expect,

like, know, prefer, remember, wish, want.

 Meaning for the future. Ex: I arrive in Bandung on Sunday.

Adverb of frequency : Always, Usually, Often, Sometimes, Seldom, Never,

Twice a...(a day, a week, a month, a year, etc), Every…..( day, Monday, month,

year, week).

He They

She Does We

it I Do

You

This simple present tense is of two types. Namely nominal and verbal.

Therefore, the formulas that we should know are also of two types.

a. Nominal Simple Present

Formula nominal Simple Present

 Positive (+) Subject + to be (am/is/are) + adjective/adverb
Negative (-) Subject + to be (am/is/are) + not + adverb
Interrogative (?) To be (am/is/are) + S + adjective/adverb?

Example of sentences Nominal Simple Present:

(+) He is very patience

(-) He is not/isn’t very patience

(?) Is he patience?

b. Verbal Simple Present

Formula verbal Simple Present :

Positive (+) Subject+V1(+s/es)+Object

Negative (-) Subject+do/does not+V1+Object
Interrogative (?) Do/does+Subject+V1+Object

Example of sentences Verbal Simple Present:

(+) She goes to school

(-) She doesn’t go to school

(?) Does she go to school?

2. SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Is a tense sentence used to express events that occurred in the past and

have ended in the past. In contrast to past continous tense, which is to state

the events that occurred in the past, but still happen in the present.The verb

used in this tense must be the second verb (verb 2). Similar to the simple

present tense, this form is one of the most basic tenses and is often used

during writing or conversations in English.

Formula Simple Past Tense :

This tense consists of a combination of simple aspects (at a specific time)

and past (past) time frames.

 Subject + verb 2 + object

Positive (+)
 Subject + to be (was/were) + adjective/adverb

 Subject + did not + infinitive verb + object

Negatif(-)
 Subject + was/were + not + adjective/adverb
Interrogativ
 Did + subject + infinitive verb + object?
e

(?)  Was/were + subject + adjective/adverb?

Example of sentence Simple Past Tense :

Positive (+)

 We attended the festival last week

 She was absent yesterday

Negative (-)

 We did not attend the festival last week

 She was not absent yesterday

Interrogative (?)

 Did they attend the festival last week?

 Was she absent yesterday?

Basically, the simple past tense has the same structure as the simple

present tense. What distinguishes the two is the time and the verb used. The

form of the verb used in the simple past tense must be in the form of the

second or past verb, which is of two types as follows :

a. Regular Verb

add the d / ed affix at the end of the root verb.

 Ask -> asked

  Look -> looked

 Decide -> decided

 Love -> loved

 Destroy -> destroyed

 Select -> selected

 Endure -> endured

 Study -> studied

b. Irregular Verb

The meaning of irregular here is that the verb does not follow the standard

d/ed formula and has its own second form.

 Build -> built

 Begin-> began                    

 Break -> broke                 

 Bring-> brought                  

 Buy -> bought

For more details, here is a complete review of other functions of the simple

past. So, we are increasingly precise in its use.

a. Talking about events or an event that has occurred in the past but has

nothing to do with current events.

Example :

 She wrote the letter on Sundays.

b. Talking about an event or incident that has been experienced by someone

Example :

 Sandria went to Spain England twice. She is dead now.  

 Sania called me 3 weeks ago

 Obama came to Indonesia last month. 

3. To make up a story

Ex :
  Doni went to the market, then Doni looked for the clothes i needed, Doni

wore them, anda finally, Doni bought.

4. Can serve to talk about habits in the past

Ex :

 When Ratna was young, Ratna visited grandpa twice a week.  

 Johan Often made my young brother cry when I was Chil.  

5. Serves to talk about facts in the past

Ex :

 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was our president. 

 Many country made fortress in the past.   

3. PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE

to convey every action or incident, deed, and events that are happening. Can

also be used to indicate changes or developments over a long period of time.

Present Continuous Function :

a. Declare an ongoing event

Ex : He is playing the game now.

b. Declare Events and Actions that Have Temporary Nature

Ex : Jinnie is cooking now but she will wash the pan soon

c. Declare an event that will soon be carried out

Ex : Rose is leaving for Australia tomorrow

d. Declare Current Events But Not Done When Delivering

Ex :  I am studying Korean letter at the State University of Seoul now.

e. Representing Changing Events or Events

Ex: The price of smartphone is increasing very fast

In positive sentences, the verb used has the -ing form. This sentence is

usually used to express an event without adding the word note.

Formula: S + to be + Verb -ing

  You are eating noodle now

 I am learning book

 She is sleeping

Next is a negative sentence which indicates the incompatibility of the

events being conveyed. So that the delivery of the sentence is given the

addition of notes. The verb still uses the -ing form verb.

Formula: S + to be + not + Verb -ing

 I am not watching tv now

 Joonie is not eating pizza today

 They are not using room today

Present Continuous Tenses also have formulas for interrogative or

interrogative sentences. However, the formula used is different from the

formula in positive and negative sentences. The difference is that to be is used

as an interrogative sentence so it is used at the beginning of the sentence.

Formula: To be + S + Verb -ing?

 Am i studying English now?

 Is my mother cooking a spaghetti today?

 Are you sleeping today?

For question sentences that are negative in Present Continuous, the formula

is almost the same. It's just that, there are additional notes after to be.

Example: Are not they singing this song?

4. PAST CONTINOUS TENSE

It is a tense form used to state that an action is taking place during a

certain time in the past. This form indicates that the action occurred before,
during (was in progress during), and may continue after time or other actions

that occurred in the past.

Formula Past Contunous Tense

To form the sentence, we have to apply the formula of the past shape of

be + present participle (-ing) to the main verb.

Form Rumus Past Continuous Tense Sample Sentences

She was waiting for you

yesterday

Positif They were discussing my

Subjek + be (was/were) + verb
(+) birthday party
(-ing) + …
She was not waiting for you

yesterday

They were not discussing my

Negatif Subjek +be (was/were) + not +
birthday party
(-) verb (-ing) + …
Was she waiting for you

yesterday?

Were they discussing my

Interrogatif Be (was/were) + subjek + verb
birthday party?
(?) (-ing) + …?

Functions and Examples of Past Continuous Tense Sentences:

1) Past continuous tense to indicate an action that occurred during a certain

moment in the past. Time expressions that can be used include:

 at this time yesterday 

 at 5 am this morning 
  all day yesterday 

 in February 

Ex: They were roasting corn at this time last night.

I was shopping at this time yesterday.

2) The past continuous tense is used to talk about something that happens

over and over again. The intervals are random but are actually a natural

habit. This tense is sometimes used to criticize an action.

Ex : My neighbor was always chasing stray cats off with his broom.

3) The past continuous tense is used with verbs that indicate change or

development, such as:

grow (up)

improve

go

change

Ex : My life was changing rapidly.

5. FUTURE TENSE

It is a sentence tenses used to indicate an event that has not occurred or

will occur in the future and ends in the future.

Formula Future Tense positive : S + will + Verb 1 + O

or

S + To Be (is, am, are) + Going To + Verb 1 + O

Sample sentences Simple Future Tense Affirmative

a. Wanda is going to give birth next friday.

b. Rara will take another flight, because her current flight have an
accident.
c. John will join Digital Marketing competition at USA tomorrow.
d. She is going to go to party after her job is finish.
Sample sentences Simple Future Tense Negative
To form a negative simple future tense sentence, the formula is as follows

S + Will + NOT + Verb 1 + O

or

S + To Be (is, am, are) + NOT + Going To + Verb 1 + O

a. You will not know the process, untill you try.

b. Motorcycle will not pass through sudirman street tomorrow, because
tomorrow is Car Free Day.
c. He will not buy new Handphones at online marketplace.
d. I will not wear green shirt at Parangtritis, Java South Beach.
e. Anto will not borrow money from bank, because of its interest.

6. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Is a tense that describes an event that occurred before a specific time in

the past but still continues today. This tense consists of a combination of the

perfect (before a specific past time) and the present (present) time frame.

Formula Present Perfect Tense

(+) I/You/We/They + have + verb 3

He/She/It + has + verb 3

a. They have lived in Jakarta for a long time

b. He has learned English for one year

(-) I/You/We/They + have + not + verb 3

He/She/It + has + not + verb 3

a. They have not lived in Jakarta for a long time

b. He has not learned English for one year

(?) Have + I/You/We/They + verb 3?

 Has + He/She/It + verb 3?

a. Have they lived in Jakarta for a long time?

b. Has he learned English for one year?

In the present perfect tense, the adverbs of time that are often used are

for and since. The explanation is as follows:

For

a. Used to show how long a period of time lasts.

Ex : I have lived in New York for five years.

b. For can be omitted in a sentence the present perfect tense because the

adverb of this time can still be understood even though it is not

accompanied in the sentence.

Ex : (+) He has worked here (for) several years.

(-) He has not worked here (for) several years.

(?) (For) how long has he worked here?

c. There are several verbs that cannot be used together with the word for,

such as:

began end

arrive leave

meet stop

She has arrived in New York for two years.

This sentence is incorrect because the word arrive describes an event that

occurred once and did not continue for a certain period of time. The correct

sentence should be in the simple past as follows:

She arrived in New York three years ago.

SINCE
a. Used to indicate when a period of time begins.

Ex:I have lived in New York since five years ago.

b. Since cannot be removed in the present perfect tense because it can

remove the adverbial function of the time itself and the meaning of the

sentence.

(+) He has worked here since June.

(-) He has not worked since June

(?) Since when has he worked here?

We already know the meaning and formula of the present perfect tense. To

be able to use and recognize it appropriately, we must also understand its use,

namely as follows:

a. To explain an event that started in the past (past) and still continues

today.

Example :

 We have lived in New York for three years.

 She has studied in Melbourne since two years ago.

Both events started in the past and are still continuing today. This means,

We still live in New York and She is still studying in Melbourne today.

b. To explain events that started and ended in the past and their effects

are still continuing today.

Example :

 I have tasted the cake

 Alan has lied to all of us

Both events started and ended in the past and their effects can still be felt

today. This means that I can still taste the taste of the cake even though I

have tasted it in the past. And, Alan's lies can still be felt even though Alan lied

in the past too. So, use the present perfect tense.

 c. To show that an event happened repeatedly in the past.

Example:

 Alex has called you five times

 I have read the book several times

All of these events are events that have occurred repeatedly in the past.

Usually using the adverb of number.

d. To reveal events that have just happened or taken place.

Example:

 My father has just gone to the office.

 They have just announced the winner.

All these events just happened. Usually the word adverb just is used for

this purpose.

Keep in mind that the present perfect tense is used in events that connect

the past and the present. If we can remember this, the present perfect tense

is easy to understand.