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Modernisation Theory: Development As An Evolutionary Process
Modernisation Theory: Development As An Evolutionary Process
Modernisation theory is largely based on the view that to develop means to become ‘modern’ by adopting Western
cultural values and social institutions. It is suggested that undeveloped societies subscribe to value systems and
institutions that hinder the development process.
Development as an evolutionary process
The leading modernisation thinker, Bill Rostow, suggested that development should be seen as an evolutionary process
in which countries progress up a development ladder of five stages.
1 Undeveloped societies are ‘traditional societies’ dominated by institutions such as families, tribes and clans, within
which roles are ascribed (i.e. people are born into them) rather than achieved. Production is agricultural.
2 The ‘pre-conditions for take-off’ stage involves the introduction of material factors such as capital and technology from
the West in the form of capital investment by Western companies and official aid.
3 The ‘take-off stage’ is the most important and involves traditional attitudes and social institutions being overcome and
replaced with their Western equivalents. For example, achievement replaces ascription and the nuclear family replaces
the extended family or clan/tribe as people become more geographically mobile in their search for work in the factories set
up by Western companies.
4 The ‘drive to maturity stage’ is marked by export of manufactured goods to the West as the country takes its place in the
international trading system.
5 Development is achieved in the final stage which Rostow calls ‘the age of high mass consumption’. In this stage, the
majority of citizens live in urban rather than rural areas and enjoy a comfortable lifestyle. Life expectancy is high and most
citizens have access to health-care and free education.
Source:
http://www.revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/sociology/world-sociology/sociological-explanations-
development-under-development/modernisation-theory