THE STO.
NIÑO FORMATION AND SCIENCE SCHOOL-NIGHT CLASS
San Roque, Rosario, Batangas
School Year 2020-2021
PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
LESSON 1: POLITICS,GOVERNANCE
AND OTHER KEY CONCEPTS
Political science deals with the study of
power in the society,politics and government.
The Greek formulated the word politics during
the 4th and 5th century. Politics was inseparable
from life in the polis or place or state shared by
a certain group of people. This concept of
politics may be as old as the first organization
created by man. According to Aristotle and
Plato, humans are not self-sufficing so they find
the need to come together as a community. From
this union comes the need for politics and
governance to maintain order within a society.
Social contract theorists like Thomas
Hobbes, Jean Jacques Rousseau and John Locke
during the 17th and 18th century Europe stressed
the hypothetical state of nature that was devoid
of any kind of government. This state of nature
is often violent and chaotic; therefore, people
enter themselves into a social contract or a
written or unwritten binding agreement among
the people that bids for the creation of a
government and the consequent use of politics
for the achievement of peace and order.
Political science is the academic discipline that
deals with the key issues and concepts in
politics. Niccolo Machiavelli is widely accepted
as the father of modern political science because
of his discussion on maintaining power in his
books The Prince and Discourses. But even
before Machiavelli, both Plato and Aristotle had
already provided broad discussions on the
central concepts in politics such as the concept
of justice ( what and who is morally and
politically right), power ( source of authority),
the right type of constitutions and
governments( different types of governments
and states), political structures( different
ideologies in a state) and right and virtuous
leadership (who should lead in a certain political
system. Key fields in politics include power
relations in society, forms of government,
political behavior and with the cultural turn of
the 20th century the
inclusion of political structure and the civil
society’s role in the government.
While politics deals with power in
society in general, governance specifically deals
with power in government and how this
institution exerts power for the benefit for the
.
LESSON 2: NATURE, FORMS AND
CONSEQUENCES OF POWER
POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
Rio Jaena T. Dimayuga
Subject teacher
society. Today, the discussion of politics and
governance in political science has been
divided in different fields of interests namely,
political theory, political methodology,
comparative politics, international relations and
law.
Political theory deals with the different
perspectives and ideas regarding politics and
governance of different political philosophers
from the ancient times like Aristotle to Niccolo
Machiavelli. Political methodology is more
concerned upon the application of political
concepts into research and policy making almost
similar to the applied nature of public
administration.
Comparative politics is about comparing
various political systems and different
constitutions among different countries through
time. This type of study is not new for it was
made by Aristotle and Plato during the golden
age of ancient Greece in their influential works,
Aristotle’s Politics and Plato’s The Republic,
when they compared various forms of
governments.
International relations bear resemblance
to comparative politics, but instead of
comparing, it concentrates on establishing and
maintaining relations among countries through
time. And by relations, those who are studying
this field attempt on maintaining peaceful and
diplomatic relations among countries.
Law is another central concept in
politics and governance. Law is basically any
written statement that limits or guides the
behavior of a certain group. Politics, as the art
and science of government , highlights the role
of the law in organizing and stabilizing
individual interests to prevent the overlapping
individual needs and promote collective gains in
society.
The knowledge of politics and governance
therefore is a critical attribute of a citizen
belonging to a certain state. In ancient Greece,
anyone who was ignorant of the law and the
political processes of the polis was considered
an idiot primarily because the democratic
structure of the polis where every male was
expected to participate in decision-making and
politics. Today, knowledge of politics and
governance not only helps in the participation of
an individual in the state but it also helps in
safeguarding an individual against bad
government practices and abuse.
Power in the natural sciences can be
easily established through a single equation,
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 THE STO. NIÑO FORMATION AND SCIENCE SCHOOL-NIGHT CLASS
San Roque, Rosario, Batangas
School Year 2020-2021
which signifies the quantifiable nature of 2011) created the taxonomy of power with four
physical power. Power in the society, and by major types.
extension, the social sciences, on the other hand,
is more complicated because it is continuously
extension, the social sciences, on the other hand, 1. Compulsory power- the direct control of one
is more complicated because it is continuously actor of the conditions and actions of another.
being molded by the dynamic nature of society 2. Institutional power- the indirect ways in
and the objective and subjective capacity of which an actor affects another. An example is
man. the use of rules or the law to impose order.
Dahl (1950) defined power in society as 3. Structural power- basically looks at the
the ability of a person A or institution A to make position and the roles of the various actors in
person B or institution B do something that relation to each other. Examples are coach to
person B or institution B , on his/her/its own, player, boss to worker wherein the position of
would not do. From the said definition, power in each player toward another provides them roles
society spans a broad spectrum of meaning that and responsibilities that they play even without
includes force, authority, influence and most of coercing the other.
the time, coercion. 4. Productive power- similar to structural power
In addition, in society, there are that looks into the relative position of the actors,
different forms of power- from authoritative the social production of their roles, and how the
power to economic power. There are also many roles affect the actor’s perception and actions.
ways in which power can be expressed by However, productive power focuses not on the
individuals or institutions. Likewise, expressing direct structures provided and accepted by each
power may range from the simplest of human actor but on the discourses between the actors in
interaction, such as when parents tell their which power is negotiated.
children what they should and should not do, to According to Aristotle in his Politics,
the grandest, such as when government imposes there are situations where power in government
policies for the welfare of its constituents. is corrupted by the personal and selfish goals of
The extents of the consequences of individuals. Because of these egoistic goals,
power is dependent upon the different ways, individuals pursue laws and intervene with
degree and the aims by which power is social services to achieve personal rather than
expressed in society. For instance, political communal gains. This is true throughout the
power in a state is exercised by the government. history of man wherein various individuals
Through this power, the government is able to identified by Thomas Carlyle (1841) as “Great
create and enact laws that promote peace and Men” of history, such as dictators and despots
order in society and influence various processes like Pol Pot and Adolf Hitler who used the
such as those affecting the economy for the power vested on them by their respective
benefit of its constituents as well. governments to pursue personal ambitions over
In their attempt to classify and better the welfare of their people.
understand power, Barnett and Duvall (Pallaver
WRITTEN WORK NO. 1

NAME: SCORE:
GRADE LEVEL/SEC:
I. COMPLETION
Directions: Write the appropriate word/words in the blank to complete the idea of the statements.
1. Politics was inseparable from life in the __________ or place shared by a certain group of people.
2-3. Aristotle and Plato stated that humans need to come together as a community, from tjhis union comes
the need for __________ and __________ to maintain order within a society.
4. Comparing various__________ and different constitutions among differents countries through time is
the focus of Comparative politics.
5. In ancient Greece, anyone who was __________ of the laws and the political processes of the polis was
considered idiot.
II. MATCHING TYPE
Directions:Match the words in Column A to the words in Column B.

Column A Column B
___6. Aristotle a. The Republic
___7. Niccolo Machiavelli b. The Prince
___8. Thomas Hobbes c. Politics
___9. Plato d. Social Contract

POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

Rio Jaena T. Dimayuga
Subject teacher Page 2
 THE STO. NIÑO FORMATION AND SCIENCE SCHOOL-NIGHT CLASS
San Roque, Rosario, Batangas
School Year 2020-2021
___10. John Locke e. chaotic
III. ENUMERATION
A.Central concepts in Politics
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
B. Different Field of Interest of Political Science
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
C. Social contract theorist during 17th and 18th century
21.
22.
23.
D. Ancient Greece philosophers
24.
25.

PERFORMANCE TASK NO. 1

Directions: Look for ten (10) words associated to Politics, Governance and other Key Concepts. Explain
each word on the space provided.

P A S A A P O R J K L S H D S S L
O L O V E O C O V G R E E C E L S
L F A M R W E E N Z V L I N C E N
I T P T A E T U T N G T A N F O H
T R E V O R E R G A P O L I S W A
I P O M H L K S F R T T S A N F S
C G O V E R N A N C E S A X W S Z
S S G S D F A R R E D I E S J A C
S C I L O P E V I T A R A P M O C
H Y F T R S D C V N M A G D J S L

1-3._______________ - ______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4-6._______________ - ______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
7-9._______________ - ______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
10-12._______________ - ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
13-15._______________ - ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
16-18._______________ - ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
19-21._______________ - ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
22-24._______________ - ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
25-27._______________ - ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
27-30._______________ - ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
Rio Jaena T. Dimayuga
Subject teacher Page 3
 THE STO. NIÑO FORMATION AND SCIENCE SCHOOL-NIGHT CLASS
San Roque, Rosario, Batangas
School Year 2020-2021

WRIITEN WORK NO. 2

I. BINARY RESPONSE
Directions: Read the following statement. Write POWER if the statement is true if NOT, underline the
word that makes the statement false put the correct word/words in the blank before each number.
____________1. The political power in a state is exercised by the government.
____________2. Power in government is corrupted by the personal and selfless goals of individuals,
____________3. Government imposes policies for the welfare of its constituents.
____________4. Use or rules and law to impose order is an example of compulsory power.
____________5. Politics, as a central concept, is dynamic and has different forms.
II. IDENTIFICATION
Directions: Identify what is being asked.
____________6. The indirect ways of control in which actor affects another.
____________7. Power which focuses on the discourse between actors in which power is negotiated.
____________8. It basically looks at the position and the roles of various actors in relation to each other.
____________9. Direct control of on actor of the conditions and actions of another.
____________10. This is similar to structural power that looks into relative position of the actors.
III. COMPLETION
Directions: Directions: Write the appropriate word/words in the blank to complete the idea of the
statements.
Power in the 11. ____________ sciences can be easily established through a single equation,
which signifies the quantifiable nature of 12.____________ power.
According to Aristotle in his 13.____________, there are situations where power in government
is 14.____________ by the personal and selfish goals of individuals. Because of these egoistic goals,
individuals pursue laws and intervene with social services to achieve 15.____________ rather than
communal gains.
IV. ENUMERATION
A. Four Major types of power
16.
17.
18.
19.
B. “Great Men” identified by Thomas Carlyle
20.
21.
C. Included meaning of power based on the definition of power by Dahl
22.
23.
24.
25.

PERFORMANCE TASK NO. 2

I. Directions: Write an acrostic poem of the word POWER.

II. Directions: In box 1 identify a person who has a power over you; in box 2 a person
whom you have a power over. Describe what would happen if one does not respect
power or misuses it. Write your answer on the lines beside the boxes.

POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

Rio Jaena T. Dimayuga
Subject teacher Page 4
 THE STO. NIÑO FORMATION AND SCIENCE SCHOOL-NIGHT CLASS
San Roque, Rosario, Batangas
School Year 2020-2021

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YOU

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POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

Rio Jaena T. Dimayuga
Subject teacher Page 5