Name: A1_167_Patricia Shankar Jethani

Exercise 9: Renal System Physiology: Activity 2: The Effect of Pressure on Glomerular Filtration Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Which of the following forces promotes filtration?

You correctly answered: c. blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries

2. The glomerular filtration rate can be altered by

You correctly answered: b. changing the afferent arteriole resistance.

3. In 24 hours human glomerular capillaries can filter as much as __________ liters of filtrate.
You correctly answered: c. 180

4. Which of the following statements about the filtrate in the renal corpuscle is false?
You correctly answered: d. Normally, more than 40% of the blood that enters the glomerular capillaries becomes filtrate.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: What will happen to the glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate if you increase the blood
pressure in the left source beaker?
Your answer : a. Both pressure and filtration rate will increase.

Predict Question 2: What will happen to the filtrate pressure in Bowman's capsule (not directly measured in this experiment)
and filtration rate if you close the one-way valve between the collecting duct and the urinary bladder?
Your answer : a. Both pressure and filtration rate will increase.

Stop & Think Questions:

What is the important relation that underlies the observed increase in glomerular filtration rate when the blood pressure is
increased?
You correctly answered: c. pressure and flow are directly proportional.

What medical condition is analogous to the closed valve?

You correctly answered: b. a tumor obstructing the renal tubule

Experiment Data:

Afferent Radius Efferent Radius Beaker Press. Glomerular Glom. Filt. Rate Urine Volume Valve Status
(mm) (mm) (mm Hg) Press. (mm Hg) (ml/min) (ml)
0.50 0.45 70 49.72 58.57 161.76 open
0.50 0.45 80 52.40 91.78 186.23 open
0.50 0.45 90 55.08 124.99 200.44 open
0.50 0.45 100 57.76 158.20 209.72 open
0.50 0.45 70 49.72 58.57 161.76 open
0.50 0.45 70 49.72 26.94 0.00 closed
0.50 0.45 100 57.76 115.40 0.00 closed
0.50 0.45 100 57.76 158.20 209.72 open

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. In humans, the glomerular filtration rate normally ranges from

You correctly answered: b. 80 to 140 ml/min.

2. Which of the following does not have a significant impact on the glomerular filtration rate?
You correctly answered: d. renal tubule length

3. In the absence of any regulatory mechanisms, what do you think would happen to the glomerular filtration rate of a
person who experiences an increase in blood pressure?
You correctly answered: a. The glomerular filtration rate could increase.

4. What would happen to the glomerular filtration rate of a person who experiences a large hemorrhage?
You correctly answered: b. The glomerular filtration rate would decrease.

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Review Sheet Results
1. As blood pressure increased, what happened to the glomerular capillary pressure and the glomerular filtration rate? How
well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
As the blood pressure was increased, the glomerular filtration rate was both increased as what my prediction was. When
there is an increase in blood pressure, more blood can enter the cappilary beds of the Bowmans capsule per unit time,
which was leading to an increase in glomerular capillary pressure, and the filtration rate is also increased due to higher
pressure in the glomerular cappilary beds, which allows for more products to diffuse into the renal corpuscle. This is related
to the important function of the kidney which is to filtrate blood.

2. Compare the urine volume in your baseline data with the urine volume as you increased the blood pressure. How did the
urine volume change?
Your answer:
The urine volume increased when the blood pressure increases. The increase in urinary volume can be described as an
effect of the increased blood pressure which lead to an increase in glomerular cappilary pressure. This also leads to an
increase in rate of diffusion into the renal corpuscle of the waste products. When there is a higher presence of waste
products in the renal corpuscle, then the waste products are removed more frequently by increasing the amount of urine
flowing out.

3. How could the change in urine volume with the increase in blood pressure be viewed as being beneficial to the body?
Your answer:
An increase in blood pressure cause an increase in urinary volume, which could be beneficial for the body, because more
waste products are being removed at a faster rate than how it is normally supposed to be. However, there is a disadvantage
of an increase in blood pressure, which is hypertension. Hypertension could lead to other diseases, stroke as an example.

4. When the one-way valve between the collecting duct and the urinary bladder was closed, what happened to the filtrate
pressure in Bowman's capsule (this is not directly measured in this experiment) and the glomerular filtration rate? How well
did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
The filtrate pressure in the Bowman's capsule remained the same, however the glomerular filtration rate decreased.I
predicted that both pressure and filtration rate will increase, which is false because the experimental data showed that there
was a same amount for glomerular pressure, while the filtration rate will decrease because the valve is closed and that there
is no urine output.

5. How did increasing the blood pressure alter the results when the valve was closed?
Your answer:
The increase in blood pressure did not alter the pressure when the valves are closed. The glomerular pressure remained
the same, whether the valve was open or closed but the glomerular filtration rate was decreased when the valve was
closed.

03/03/21 page 4
Name: A1_167_Patricia Shankar Jethani

Exercise 9: Renal System Physiology: Activity 3: Renal Response to Altered Blood Pressure Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 75% by answering 3 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. If all other variables are kept constant, how does the afferent arteriole radius affect the rate of glomerular filtration (select
all that apply)?
Your answer : c. An increased afferent arteriole radius will increase the rate of glomerular filtration.
Correct answer: c. An increased afferent arteriole radius will increase the rate of glomerular filtration. d. A decreased
afferent arteriole radius will decrease the rate of glomerular filtration.

2. If all other variables are kept constant, how does the efferent arteriole radius affect the rate of glomerular filtration (select
all that apply)?
You correctly answered: a. An increased efferent arteriole radius will decrease the rate of glomerular filtration. b. A
decreased efferent arteriole radius will increase the rate of glomerular filtration.

3. If all other variables are kept constant, how does blood pressure affect the rate of glomerular filtration (select all that
apply)?
You correctly answered: b. If blood pressure goes up, the rate of glomerular filtration goes up. d. If blood pressure goes
down, the rate of glomerular filtration goes down.

4. In the absence of other renal processes (including tubular reabsorption and secretion), more glomerular filtration leads
to a larger urine volume.
You correctly answered: a. true

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: What will happen to the glomerular capillary pressure rate and glomerular filtration rate if both of these
arteriole radii changes are implemented simultaneously with the low blood pressure condition?
Your answer : b. Glomerular filtration rate and pressure will rise above baseline values.

Stop & Think Questions:

If blood pressure were to drop (for example, as the result of blood loss), what changes in the nephron would allow the
kidney to maintain its normal glomerular filtration rate (select all that apply)?
You correctly answered: a. afferent arteriole dilation d. efferent arteriole constriction
Comparing the glomerular filtration rate and glomerular capillary pressure with the baseline values (from the first run), how
effective was the increased afferent arteriole radius in compensating for the low blood pressure?
You correctly answered: c. The afferent arteriole dilation returned the low glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate
almost to baseline values.

Comparing the glomerular filtration rate and glomerular capillary pressure with the baseline values (from the first run), how
effective was the decreased efferent arteriole radius in compensating for the low blood pressure?
You correctly answered: b. The efferent arteriole constriction improved the low glomerular capillary pressure and filtration
rate marginally.

Experiment Data:

Afferent Radius Efferent Radius Beaker Press. Glomerular Press. Glom. Filt. Rate Urine Volume
(mm) (mm) (mm Hg) (mm Hg) (ml/min) (ml)
0.50 0.45 90 55.08 124.99 200.44
0.50 0.45 70 49.72 58.57 161.76
0.60 0.45 70 54.25 114.72 196.72
0.50 0.35 70 51.24 77.41 231.12
0.60 0.35 70 55.58 131.15 245.57

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. If all other variables are kept constant, when blood pressure decreases, glomerular filtration
You correctly answered: c. decreases.

2. If afferent arteriole radius decreases in response to an increase in blood pressure, then glomerular filtration
You correctly answered: b. remains approximately the same.

3. If all other variables are kept constant, when the efferent arteriole radius decreases, glomerular filtration
You correctly answered: a. increases.

4. With blood pressure held at a constant value, which of the following combinations will raise the glomerular filtration rate
above baseline values?
You correctly answered: b. afferent arteriole dilation and efferent arteriole constriction

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Review Sheet Results
1. List the several mechanisms you have explored that change the glomerular filtration rate. How does each mechanism
specifically alter the glomerular filtration rate?
Your answer:
The afferent and efferent arterioles changes in terms of radius had an effect on the glomerular filtration rate because the
arterioles control the blood pressure. Whenever the blood pressure is increased due to arterioles increasing in radius, the
glomerular filtration rate is increased as well.

2. Describe and explain what happened to the glomerular capillary pressure and glomerular filtration rate when both
arteriole radii changes were implemented simultaneously with the low blood pressure condition. How well did the results
compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
The low blood pressure will result in a widening of the afferent arteriole to allow the blood to flow easier, as well as a
decrease in the efferent arteriole to slow the flow down out of the capsule. This allows for the glomerular filtration rate and
glomerular capillary pressure to react normally without resulting in too high or too low of blood pressure.

3. How could you adjust the afferent or efferent radius to compensate for the effect of reduced blood pressure on the
glomerular filtration rate?
Your answer:
The afferent and efferent arteriole radius can be adjusted to compensate for the effect of reduced blood pressure on the
glomerular filtration rate because if it is dilated, that way more blood can flow to the Bowman's capsule. The efferent
arteriole radius can be constricted, that way the blood is removed at a lower rate. The glomerular filtration will be kept
normal when the afferent and efferent arterioles are adjusted.

4. Which arteriole radius adjustment was more effective at compensating for the effect of low blood pressure on the
glomerular filtration rate? Explain why you think this difference occurs.
Your answer:
The afferent arteriole dilation is the most effective at compensating for the effect of low blood pressure on the glomerular
filtration rate. This adjustment is able to keep the glomerular filtration rate and blood pressure at normal values.

5. In the body, how does a nephron maintain a near-constant glomerular filtration rate despite a constantly fluctuating
blood pressure?
Your answer:
The nephron can maintain a near-constant glomerular filtration rate despite fluctuating blood pressure because of its ability
to dilate and constrict the afferent and efferent arteriole.

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Name: A1_167_Patricia Shankar Jethani

Exercise 9: Renal System Physiology: Activity 6: The Effect of Hormones on Urine Formation Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. Which of the following has a role in altering the urine volume and concentration?
You correctly answered: d. all of these

2. The total solute concentration surrounding the tubule lumen refers to the solutes in
You correctly answered: b. the interstitial space.

3. Aldosterone is produced in the

You correctly answered: c. adrenal cortex.

4. ADH promotes the renal reabsorption of

You correctly answered: a. water.

5. Aldosterone promotes renal reabsorption of __________ and secretion of __________.

You correctly answered: c. NaCl, potassium

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: What will happen to the urine volume (compared with baseline) when aldosterone is added to the distal
tubule?
Your answer : b. The urine volume will decrease.

Predict Question 2: What will happen to the urine volume (compared with baseline) when ADH is added to the collecting
duct?
Your answer : b. The urine volume will decrease.

Predict Question 3: What will happen to the urine volume and the urine concentration (compared with baseline) in the
presence of both aldosterone and ADH?
Your answer : b. The urine volume will decrease and the urine concentration will increase.

Stop & Think Questions:

Why is the concentration in the urinary bladder 100 mOsm?
You correctly answered: c. No ADH has been added to this nephron.

In the presence of aldosterone, what component of the tubule fluid moves out of the distal tubule and into the interstitial
space?
You correctly answered: a. NaCl

In the presence of ADH, why did the urinary potassium concentration increase?
You correctly answered: c. The water volume in the urinary bladder is decreased, increasing the concentration of solutes
such as potassium.

In the presence of both ADH and aldosterone, why did the urinary potassium concentration increase?
You correctly answered: c. There was more potassium secretion into the distal tubule and more water reabsorption in the
collecting duct.

Experiment Data:

Potassium Conc. Urine Volume Urine Conc Conc. Grad. Aldosterone ADH
in Urine
6.25 201.00 100 1200 absent absent
10.42 180.90 100 1200 present absent
62.37 16.86 1200 1200 absent present
65.37 12.67 1200 1200 present present

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. If there has been a significant loss of fluid from the body, the kidneys will generate __________ urine.
You correctly answered: d. hyperosmotic

2. If you drink a large volume of water, the kidneys will generate __________ urine.
You correctly answered: b. hypo-osmotic

3. In response to dehydration, ADH will be released from the

You correctly answered: c. posterior pituitary gland.

4. In response to abnormally low plasma osmolality, aldosterone will increase

You correctly answered: a. sodium reabsorption along the distal tubule and the collecting duct.

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Review Sheet Results
1. How did the addition of aldosterone affect urine volume (compared with baseline)? Can the reabsorption of solutes
influence water reabsorption in the nephron? Explain. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Aldesterone mede the urine volume to decrease. The reabsorbtion of NaCl in the distal tubule can attract some water with it,
making firstly the urine volume decrease and secondly making the urine concentration increase. Therefore, my prediction is
in line with the result

2. How did the addition of ADH affect urine volume (compared with baseline)? How well did the results compare with your
prediction? Why did the addition of ADH also affect the concentration of potassium in urine (compared with baseline)?
Your answer:
ADH causes the urine volume to decrease. The addition of ADH affected the potassium concentration in urine because
when water is removed, then the concentration of potassium is greater because the water is decreased. Therefore, my
prediction is matching with the result

3. What is the principal determinant for the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?
Your answer:
The principal determinant of aldesterone is the conformation of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 by endothelial cells in the
body.

4. How did the addition of both aldosterone and ADH affect urine volume (compared with baseline)? How well did the
results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
During the addition of both ADH and aldosterone, the urine volume was decreasing drastically and the urine concentration
increased. Therefore my prediction matches with the result.

5. What is the principal determinant for the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland? Does ADH favor the
formation of dilute or concentrated urine? Explain why.
Your answer:
ADH is released from the posterior pituitary gland when there is a decrease in osmolality over 1%. This is an indication that
there is too little water in the body, and the water should not be excreted. ADH is then released to act on the collecting duct
to prevent water to be secreted into the urine.

6. Which hormone (aldosterone or ADH) has the greater effect on urine volume? Why?
Your answer:
ADH has the greatest effect on urine volume, because this is one of the bodys primary regulatory mechanism to regulate too
little water in the body, by keeping from being secreted by the collecting ducts. This is done to keep homeostasis in the
body. Aldosterone remove the NaCl from the distaltubule and with that removal often some water follows, this means that
some water will be removed as well but that is not the primary goal of adesterone.

7. If ADH is not available, can the urine concentration still vary? Explain your answer.
Your answer:
Yes, because if aldosterone is present then some water will be transported with NaCl and water wil follow, so there is not
only ADH that ultimately affects the urine volume.

8. Consider this situation: you want to reabsorb sodium ions but you do not want to increase the volume of the blood by
reabsorbing large amounts of water from the filtrate. Assuming that aldosterone and ADH are both present, how would you
adjust the hormones to accomplish the task?

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Your answer:
By aldosterone being present then NaCl and water is being reabsorbed. ADH reabsorbs the water from the collecting tubule,
making more water present in the blood and therefore increasing the volume of the blood. To decrease the one has to
remove ADH or at least decrease the amount of ADH and increase the amount of aldosterone.

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