sustainability

Article
Combining Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and
Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) from Cuba to
Obtain a Coarse Aggregate Fraction
Jessika Morales Fournier 1 , Debora Acosta Álvarez 1 , Anadelys Alonso Aenlle 1 ,
Antonio José Tenza-Abril 2 and Salvador Ivorra 2, *
1 Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technological University of Havana, Havana 11500, Cuba;
jmoralesf@civil.cujae.edu.cu (J.M.F.); dacostaa@civil.cujae.edu.cu (D.A.Á.);
anadelys@civil.cujae.edu.cu (A.A.A.)
2 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain; ajt.abril@ua.es
* Correspondence: sivorra@ua.es; Tel.: +34-96-5903-400 (ext. 2729)




Received: 28 May 2020; Accepted: 30 June 2020; Published: 2 July 2020


Abstract: In Cuba, tons of construction and demolition waste (CDW) are generated during urban
construction and reconstruction activities every year. The use of CDW, such as recycled concrete
aggregates (RCA) and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), in pavement construction is a viable
solution to preserve the consumption of natural aggregates (NA), and to minimize the impact of
landfill. The main objective of this work is to obtain a 5–10 mm aggregate fraction of RCA and
RAP, to obtain an appropriate recycled coarse aggregate for manufacturing hot mix asphalt (HMA).
Each source of RCA, RAP and NA, and the combinations RCA/RAP (0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25 and
100/0) were characterized (moisture, asphalt content of RAP, specific gravity, water absorption,
and flakiness index) for determining a better combination. The results showed that the combination
(RCA/RAP) that best meets the NA aggregates specifications used for hot mix asphalt were RCA/RAP:
25/75 and 50/50. The results show the possibility of combining both wastes to obtain a coarse aggregate
fraction with a high environmental benefit, by reducing the use of natural resources.

Keywords: recycled concrete aggregates; reclaimed asphalt pavement; bonded mortar; recycled materials;
asphalt mixture; circular economy

1. Introduction
The indiscriminate use of natural resources is one of the causes of the gradual and progressive
deterioration of the environment. The global production of construction and demolition waste (CDW)
has significantly increased over the last few decades, causing environmental problems due to its
uncontrolled disposal [1]. In recent years, the recycling and reuse of CDW has spread to practically all
developed countries, together with a growing public awareness of the need to see how materials that
have or have not reached the end of their useful life can be recycled. CDW is one of the heaviest and
most voluminous waste streams generated in the European Union [2]. In general, CDW are all the
wastes produced by the construction and demolition of buildings and infrastructure.
Recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) from CDW differ essentially from natural aggregates (NA),
due to the mortar layer that remains adhered on the surface [3]. The adhered cement mortar on RCA
is responsible for decreasing the particle density and increasing the water absorption and porosity
of the RCA compared to NA [4–8]. Likewise, the crushing process affects the shape, the roughness,
and the amount of fine and coarse recycled aggregate obtained [9]. In addition, the amount of flat and
elongated particles and their wear resistance, among other properties, can also vary according to the

Sustainability 2020, 12, 5356; doi:10.3390/su12135356 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

Sustainability 2020, 12, 5356 2 of 16

crushing process [10]. Several possible RCAs’ applications, such as the concrete [11] and pavement
industry [1], have been extensively studied for the replacement of NA. The uses of this waste is
currently restricted, because RCA exhibits higher porosity, higher water absorption and lower density,
reducing the performance of concrete and pavement [12].
Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is a byproduct of asphalt pavement rehabilitation, and it has
been used as an alternative material in hot mix asphalt (HMA) [13]. The use of RAP has become more
widespread in recent decades, because using RAP has proven to be economical and environmentally
sound [14]. The materials present in old asphalt pavements have residual value, even when the
pavements have reached the ends of their service lives [15]. However, the characteristics of RAP vary
greatly depending on the materials that make it up and the type of mixture from which it comes.
When RAP is used in mixtures as a recycled aggregate, its quality is very important, since it depends
on the initial deficiencies of the mixture design, the wear suffered by the aggregates, and the oxidation
during its service life [16]. These RAP differences can result in significant variations in the aggregates
characteristics, asphalt content and type of asphalt. The initial quality of the aggregates or after its use
in pavement (polished particles) may limit their use in wearing courses, but they could be used for
lower layers. To control the variability of the new HMA mixtures, most studies recommend using
recycled material from a single source, characterizing, in detail, the reclaimed material [17].
For the use of RAP in mixtures as an aggregate fraction, the material must be characterized
by determining moisture content, asphalt content and aggregate size distribution. In addition,
the properties of the materials used should be determined. The RAP density obtained after the
demolition process of pavements depends on the type of aggregate used and its moisture content,
but in general, the values obtained are slightly lower than NA. Recently, the application of RCA
in asphalt mixtures has been gaining more attention [18]. Acosta et al. demonstrated that the
asphalt mixtures present good behavior, with up to 40% substitution of NA by RCA [19], and the
results also corroborate that the stiffness modulus, even at high temperatures, was in line with the
recommendations [20]. Al-Bayati et al. [21] studied asphalt mixtures with coarse RCA, treated and
untreated. The results were highly successful in both cases and the findings encourage one to use
RCA in HMA mixtures, using different percentages of RCA, RAP, and basalt as coarse aggregates
in HMA. There are investigations where RCA has been used as aggregates in hot asphalt mixtures,
obtaining satisfactory results [22–24], and other types of wastes such as sewage sludge ash [25], or mine
tailings [26].
Nowadays, the possibility of using a combination of RCA and RAP in asphalt mixtures has also been
demonstrated [27]. The possible use of an alternative aggregate to the NA should comply with the most
important properties of the aggregate as size distribution, shape, angularity, texture, water absorption,
density, hardness and cleanliness [27], because those properties directly affect the behavior of the
asphalt mixture manufactured with them [28,29]. The characterization of residues for substituting
natural resources is very important for the success of using them as an alternative. New methodologies
have been developed by researchers to improve the approaches covered by the standards [30–32],
but also, to date, it is spreading more and more innovative procedures for in situ characterization.
An example of this is the extraction of micro coring of materials for performing a nano-identation test
on very small samples, and to estimate its physical and mechanical properties [33,34], reducing the
costs and time.
Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the use of RCA and RAP as a coarse aggregate in the
manufacture of asphalt mixtures. RCA untreated and RAP aggregates have lower quality than NA,
because they have higher water absorption, lower density, and lower wear resistance. Individually,
the use of RCA or RAP aggregates as a coarse aggregate for manufacturing HMA could be difficult,
and maybe one of them would not reach the minimum requirements according to the regulations.
However, and with the objective that even with very low-quality, aggregates can be used as a coarse
aggregate to manufacture HMA, the combination of different wastes is proposed. The combination of
the two wastes could compensate for the defects that each of them have separately.
every year, and they occupy landfills—sometimes with hazardous materials that deteriorate the
environmental condition [35]. Environmental policies in Cuba have been developed for managing
CDW, because its natural resources are limited. Hence, several research studies have tried to reuse
RCA for manufacturing HMA [19,20] in the place of NA, to reduce the negative impact generated by
Sustainability
the and 12,
wastes 2020, the5356
natural resources exploitation developing the Cuban sustainable construction. 3 of 16
In this research, properties such as particle density, water absorption and size distribution are
analyzed. In addition, the asphalt and moisture content from the sources of RAP were also
The characterization as an aggregate, and their possible combinations (RCA/RAP), result in a
determined. For this purpose, three sources of RCA and three sources of RAP were analyzed and
reduction of the negative environmental impact generated by these wastes and the improvement of
compared to a NA (5–10 mm fraction). The combinations RCA/RAP analyzed were: 0/100, 25/75,
Cuba’s road network.
50/50, 75/25, 100/0. This does not mean that the combination of both residues improves the properties
In Cuba, tons of CDW are generated during urban construction and reconstruction activities
of the NA, but it would allow one to obtain a recycled coarse aggregate with two sources of wastes,
every year, and they occupy landfills—sometimes with hazardous materials that deteriorate the
and whose final properties could be according to the minimum requirements demanded by the
environmental condition [35]. Environmental policies in Cuba have been developed for managing
regulations.
CDW, because its natural resources are limited. Hence, several research studies have tried to reuse
RCA for manufacturing HMA [19,20] in the place of NA, to reduce the negative impact generated by
2. Materials and Methods
the wastes and the natural resources exploitation developing the Cuban sustainable construction.
In this research, properties such as particle density, water absorption and size distribution are
2.1. Materials
analyzed. In addition, the asphalt and moisture content from the sources of RAP were also determined.
In this
For this work,three
purpose, threesources
types ofofmaterials
RCA and were
three analyzed:
sources ofaRAPNA were
from analyzed
the Alacranes quarry—as
and compared to aa
reference
NA (5–10 for mmthe comparisons,
fraction). three sourcesRCA/RAP
The combinations of RCA and three samples
analyzed of RAP
were: 0/100, from
25/75, different
50/50, 75/25,areas.
100/0.
The NA fraction used was 5–10 mm (Figure 1). In all RAC and RAP samples,
This does not mean that the combination of both residues improves the properties of the NA, but the fractions have it
remained constant (5–10 mm) to compare with NA.
would allow one to obtain a recycled coarse aggregate with two sources of wastes, and whose final
The three
properties couldtypes of RCA used
be according to thein this research
minimum come from
requirements two different
demanded by the sources. RCA from a
regulations.
sidewalk demolition (RCA-SW)—Figure 2c—and the other two types from Prefabricated Plant “José
2. Materials
Martí” (Cuba).andTheMethods
prefabricated plant is specialized mainly in the manufacture of reinforced
concrete precast core floor slabs of 15 to 20 cm thickness, and a concrete with 35 MPa of compressive
2.1. Materials
strength. RCA from the slabs were discarded because they would break during transport from the
manufacturing
In this work, sitethree
to the storage
types place or were
of materials did not meet with
analyzed: a NAthefrom
minimum quality requirements
the Alacranes quarry—as a
(RCA-PCF)—Figure 2a. RCA from
reference for the comparisons, three the remaining
sources of RCAconcrete
and threewas left inofthe
samples mixer
RAP fromordifferent
from the slabs
areas.
manufacturing process (RCA-PCFM)—Figure 2b. This waste presents a high degree
The NA fraction used was 5–10 mm (Figure 1). In all RAC and RAP samples, the fractions have of homogeneity
due to its low
remained contamination
constant (5–10 mm)with other types
to compare withofNA.
waste, such as steel, wood or plastics.

Figure
Figure 1.
1. Natural
Natural aggregate
aggregate (NA)
(NA) used
used as
as reference.
reference.

The three types of RCA used in this research come from two different sources. RCA from
a sidewalk demolition (RCA-SW)—Figure 2c—and the other two types from Prefabricated Plant
“José Martí” (Cuba). The prefabricated plant is specialized mainly in the manufacture of reinforced
concrete precast core floor slabs of 15 to 20 cm thickness, and a concrete with 35 MPa of compressive
strength. RCA from the slabs were discarded because they would break during transport from the
manufacturing site to the storage place or did not meet with the minimum quality requirements
(RCA-PCF)—Figure 2a. RCA from the remaining concrete was left in the mixer or from the slabs
manufacturing process (RCA-PCFM)—Figure 2b. This waste presents a high degree of homogeneity
due to its low contamination with other types of waste, such as steel, wood or plastics.
Sustainability 2020, 12, 5356 4 of 16
Sustainability
Sustainability 2020,
2020, 12,
12, x
x FOR
FOR PEER
PEER REVIEW
REVIEW 44 of
of 16
16

Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Figure Recycled
Recycled concrete
2. Recycled concrete aggregate
concrete aggregate (RCA).
aggregate (RCA). (a)
(RCA). (a) Wastes
(a) Wastes from reinforced
from reinforced
Wastes from concrete
reinforced concrete precast
precast core
concrete precast core floor
floor
core floor
slabs (RCA-PCF); (b) remaining concrete from the manufacturing site (RCA-PCFM); and (c) sidewalk
slabs (RCA-PCF); (b) remaining concrete from the manufacturing site (RCA-PCFM); and (c) sidewalk
waste from
waste from crushing
from crushing (RCA-SW).
crushing (RCA-SW).
(RCA-SW).

milling
Three sources of Cuban RAP were also analyzed (Figure 3); one from the milling Primelles
milling of Primelles
Primelles
Avenue
Avenue (RAP-P)—Figure
Avenue (RAP-P)—Figure
(RAP-P)—Figure 3a; 3a; another
3a; another from
another from Santa Catalina Avenue
from Santa Catalina Avenue (RAP-SC)—Figure
Avenue (RAP-SC)—Figure 3b;
3b; and the
(RAP-SC)—Figure 3b; and the last
last
Guanabacoa
from the collection of the Guanabacoa plant
Guanabacoa plant (RAP-G)—Figure
plant (RAP-G)—Figure 3c.
(RAP-G)—Figure 3c.
3c.

Figure 3.
3. Reclaimed
Figure 3. Reclaimed asphalt
asphalt pavement
pavement (RAP).
(RAP). (a)
(a) From
From milling
milling Primelles
Primelles avenue
avenue (RAP-P);
(RAP-P); (b)
(b) from
from
Avenue
milling Santa Catalina Avenue (RAP-SC);
Avenue (RAP-SC); and
(RAP-SC); and (c)
and (c) from
(c)from Guanabacoa
fromGuanabacoa plant
Guanabacoaplant (RAP-G).
plant(RAP-G).
(RAP-G).

As
As can
can be
be seen,
seen, Table
Table 11 describes
describes the
describes the selection
selection process
process of
of the
the three
three sources
sources of
of RCA,
RCA, and
and three
three
sources of RAP.
RAP.
sources of RAP.
• RCA-PCFM1:
RCA-PCFM1: from from the
from the loose
the loose material
loose material left
material left in
left in the
in the concrete
concrete mixer,
mixer, oror spilled
spilled in in the
the production
production
process
process of
process of the
of the reinforced
the reinforced concrete
reinforced concrete precast
concrete precast
precastcorecore floor
corefloor slabs,
floorslabs, and
slabs,and then
andthen sieved
thensieved
sievedin in 5–10
in5–10
5–10mm mm fraction.
mmfraction.
fraction.
• RCA-PCFM2:
RCA-PCFM2: from
RCA-PCFM2: from
fromthethe loose
theloose
loose material
material
material left
leftleft in the concrete
in concrete
in the the concrete mixer
mixermixer or spilled
or spilled
or spilled in the production
in the production
in the production process
process
process
of of
of reinforced
reinforced concreteconcrete
reinforced concrete precast
precast
precast core floorcore
core floor
floor
slabs slabs
slabs
larger larger
larger
than than
than it10
10 mm; 10wasmm;
mm; it
it was
was crushed
crushed in a jaw in
crushed in a
a jaw
jaw
crusher
crusher
thenand
crusher
and and then
theninsieved
sieved sieved
5–10 mmin
in 5–10
5–10 mm
mm fraction.
fraction. fraction.
• RCA-PCFM3:
RCA-PCFM3: from
RCA-PCFM3: from
fromthethe loose
theloose
loose material
material
material leftleft
left in the
the concrete
in concrete
in the mixermixer
concrete mixer or
or spilled
or spilled spilled in
in the
the production
in the production production
process
process
process
of of
reinforcedreinforced
of reinforced concrete
concrete concrete precast
precast
precast core core
floorcore floor
floor
slabs, slabs,
slabs,
which was which
which was
wasin
crushed crushed
crushed in a jaw
in a jawand
a jaw crusher crusher
crusher
sieved and
and
to
sieved
sieved to
to obtain
obtain particles
particles
obtain particles of 5–10 mm. of
of 5–10
5–10 mm.
mm.
• RCA-PCF:
RCA-PCF: coming
RCA-PCF: coming
comingfrom from
fromthethe crushing
thecrushing
crushing of of
of reinforced
reinforced
reinforced concrete
concrete
concrete precast
corecore
precast
precast floorfloor
core slabsslabs
floor slabs that
that have
that have have
been
broken in the storage process, or do not present the required quality. The waste was reduced was
been
been broken
broken in
in the
the storage
storage process,
process, or
or do
do not
not present
present the
the required
required quality.
quality. The
The waste
waste was
to a
reduced
reduced
size to a size
to athan
smaller smaller
size smaller than 30
thana30
30 cm with cm with
cm with
rotary a rotary
a rotary
hammer, hammer,
hammer,
manually manually
manuallythe
extracting extracting
extracting
pre-stressedthe pre-stressed
the pre-stressed
steel. Then,
steel.
steel.
the Then, the
the blocks
Then,were
blocks crushedwere
blocks in a crushed
were crushed
jaw crusher,in
in a jaw
a the crusher,
jawobtained the
the obtained
crusher, material
obtained
havingmaterial
a size having
material of 5–10 aamm.
having size
size of
of 5–
5–
10
10 mm.
mm.
 RCA-SW:
RCA-SW: the the waste
waste remaining
remaining of of the
the demolition
demolition of of the
the sidewalk
sidewalk was
was first
first crushed
crushed withwith aa rotary
rotary
hammer
hammer until obtaining a maximum size of 30 cm. Then, the blocks were introduced in a
until obtaining a maximum size of 30 cm. Then, the blocks were introduced in a jaw
jaw
crusher
crusher for
for obtaining
obtaining particles
particles with
with a a size
size of
of 5–10
5–10 mm.
mm.
Sustainability 2020, 12, 5356 5 of 16

• RCA-SW: the waste remaining of the demolition of the sidewalk was first crushed with a rotary
hammer until obtaining a maximum size of 30 cm. Then, the blocks were introduced in a jaw
crusher
Sustainability for12,
2020, obtaining particles
x FOR PEER REVIEWwith a size of 5–10 mm. 5 of 16

Table1.1.Details
Table Detailsof
ofthe
theRCA
RCA (recycled
(recycled concrete aggregates)
aggregates) and
and RAP
RAP(reclaimed
(reclaimedasphalt
asphaltpavement)
pavement)
samples analyzed. samples analyzed.

RCARCA
(recycled concrete
(Recycled Concrete
Sample
Sample ID.
ID. Aggregates)
aggregates) andand
RAP RAP (Reclaimed
(reclaimed Process
Process
Asphalt
asphalt Pavement)
pavement) Source
Source
11 RCA-PCFM1
RCA-PCFM1 Sieved5–10
Sieved 5–10 mm
mm
Remaining concrete
Remaining from
concrete thethe
from Crushed the the
Crushed remaining
remainingmaterial
material> 10
22 RCA-PCFM2
RCA-PCFM2 > 10 mm
manufacturing
manufacturing sitesite of the
of the slabs
slabs mm andand after
after sieved
sieved 5–10mm
5–10 mm
33 RCA-PCFM3
RCA-PCFM3 Crushedand
Crushed andsieved
sieved 5–10
5–10mm
mm
WasteWaste
fromfrom
reinforced
reinforcedconcrete
concrete
44 RCA-PCF
RCA-PCF
precast
Crushed
Crushedand
andsieved 5–10mm
sieved 5–10 mm
precast corecore floor
floor slabs
slabs
55 RCA-SW
RCA-SW Waste from
Waste sidewalk
from sidewalk Crushed
Crushedand andsieved 5–10mm
sieved 5–10 mm
Milling ofofPrimelles
Milling PrimellesAvenue andsieved
Avenue and sieved
66 RAP-P
RAP-P
5–10 mm
5–10 mm
Reclaimed asphalt pavement
Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP)
Milling ofofSanta
Milling SantaCatalina Avenueand
Catalina Avenue and
77 RAP-SC
RAP-SC
sieved5–10
5–10 mm
mm
(RAP) sieved
Pavement
Pavementmilling
milling collected from
collected from
88 RAP-G
RAP-G Guanabacoaplantplantand
and sieved
sieved 5–10
Guanabacoa 5–10mmmm

A microstructural
A microstructural analysis
analysis ofof the
the RCA
RCA was was carried
carried out
out through
through scanning
scanning electron
electron microscopy
microscopy
(SEM), totoappreciate
(SEM), appreciate their
their morphology
morphology and and the amount
the amount of mortar
of mortar adheredadhered to thethat
to the surface surface that
influences
influences their porosity, absorption and
their porosity, absorption and specific weight. specific weight.
As an
As an example
exampleof ofthe
theRCA
RCAusedusedinin this
this research,
research, Figure
Figure 4 shows
4 shows the the morphology
morphology of RCA-PCF
of the the RCA-
PCF and RCA-SW. The small fissures observed in Figure 4a would have resulted
and RCA-SW. The small fissures observed in Figure 4a would have resulted from a shrinkage [36] or from a shrinkage
[36]crushing
the or the crushing
process.process.
Most of Most of the are
the fissures fissures are associated
associated with the between
with the interface interfacecement
between cement
paste and
paste and aggregate,
aggregate, as caninbe
as can be seen seen in
Figure 4b,Figure 4b, and responsible
and responsible for theoffailure
for the failure of theDifferent
the RCA. RCA. Different
factors
factors
can canthe
affect affect the properties
properties of RCA, of butRCA, but the mortar
the adhered adhered mortar
has has anegative
a strongly stronglyproperty
negativebecause
propertyit
because itthe
increases increases the open
open porosity porosity [37].
[37].

a) b)

Figure 4. SEM micrographs at 1000× magnification of (a) RCA-PCF and (b) RCA-SW.
Figure 4. SEM micrographs at 1000× magnification of (a) RCA-PCF and (b) RCA-SW.
To verify the homogeneity of the RCA and the possible presence of polluting agents, the determination
To verify the homogeneity of the RCA and the possible presence of polluting agents, the
of their chemical components and mineralogical phases were also carried out.
determination of their chemical components and mineralogical phases were also carried out.
Table 2 shows the results obtained in X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The main component of both
Table 2 shows the results obtained in X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The main component of both
samples was CaO (carbon oxide), with 39.09% and 42.29% for RCA-PCF and RCA-SW, respectively.
samples was CaO (carbon oxide), with 39.09% and 42.29% for RCA-PCF and RCA-SW, respectively.
This indicated that the NA used for manufacturing the concrete was predominantly limestone,
This indicated that the NA used for manufacturing the concrete was predominantly limestone, so its
so its adhesion to the binder is expected to be good, since limestone is one of the materials used
adhesion to the binder is expected to be good, since limestone is one of the materials used worldwide
to improve asphalt properties [38]. A high content of CaO in the aggregate used for asphalt mixtures
increases the stiffening rate resulting in stiffer mastics, allowing strengthening of the aggregate-
binder bond and the effective strength properties of the asphalt mixture manufactured with this
aggregate [39,40].
Sustainability 2020, 12, 5356 6 of 16

worldwide to improve asphalt properties [38]. A high content of CaO in the aggregate used for
asphalt mixtures increases the stiffening rate resulting in stiffer mastics, allowing strengthening of the
aggregate-binder bond and the effective strength properties of the asphalt mixture manufactured with
thisSustainability
aggregate [39,40].
2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 16

Table
Table 2. 2.Chemical
Chemical composition
compositionofofthe RCA
the from
RCA the reinforced
from concrete
the reinforced precastprecast
concrete core floor slabs
core (RCA-
floor slabs
PCF) and and
(RCA-PCF) fromfrom
the sidewalk (RCA-SW).
the sidewalk (RCA-SW).
Oxides Oxides
RCA-PFC
RCA-PFC
RCA-SW
RCA-SW
Na2O 0.26 0.240
Na2 O 0.26 0.240
MgO 6.12 4.688
MgO 6.12 4.688
Al2O3 Al2 O3 1.38 1.38 2.2032.203
SiO2 SiO2 5.98 5.98 8.2268.226
SO3 SO3 0.50 0.50 0.0850.085
K2O K2 O 0.22 0.22 0.7380.738
CaO CaO 39.0939.09 42.296
42.296
Fe2O3 Fe2 O3 0.76 0.76 1.3321.332
TiO2 – 0.184
TiO2 -- 0.184
SrO – 0.187
SrO BaO -- – 0.187
0.604
BaO -- 0.604
“–“means that there is no evidence of this oxide in the analysis.
“--“means that there is no evidence of this oxide in the analysis.

Figure
Figure5 5shows
showsthetheX-ray
X-raydiffractograms
diffractograms (XRD)
(XRD) ofof RCA-PFC
RCA-PFC and andRCA-SW—values
RCA-SW—values forfor
thethe
scattering angles
scattering anglesand
andthe
thepeaks
peaksofofthe
theintensities
intensities for
for both
both samples. Ascan
samples. As canbebeseen,
seen,both
both samples
samples
contain calcite and dolomite, which promote good asphalt binder adhesion [41]. Calcite is also
contain calcite and dolomite, which promote good asphalt binder adhesion [41]. Calcite is also known known
to not contribute to stripping potential in asphalt mixtures [41]. There was no presence of Portlandite
to not contribute to stripping potential in asphalt mixtures [41]. There was no presence of Portlandite
of the samples,
of the samples,indicating
indicatingthe
thecarbonation
carbonationofofthe
the concrete samples.
concrete samples.

Figure 5. XRD diffraction for determining the mineralogical composition of the waste (a) RCA-PFC
Figure 5. XRD diffraction for determining the mineralogical composition of the waste (a) RCA-PFC
(b) RCA-SW.
(b) RCA-SW.

The parameters chosen for previously characterizing the RAP samples were the moisture and
asphalt content. The determination of moisture and asphalt content was performed according to
NLT-359 [42] and NLT-164 [43], respectively. The RAP obtained from most wearing surface mixes
will usually have an asphalt content in the 4.5 to 6 percent range. Information on the moisture content
Sustainability 2020, 12, 5356 7 of 16

The parameters chosen for previously characterizing the RAP samples were the moisture and
asphalt content. The determination of moisture and asphalt content was performed according to
NLT-359 [42] and NLT-164 [43], respectively. The RAP obtained from most wearing surface mixes will
usually have an asphalt content in the 4.5 to 6 percent range. Information on the moisture content of
RAP stockpiles is sparse, but the moisture content of the RAP increases while in storage. As can be seen
in Table 3, both parameters determined are inside the typical range of values of RAP provided in [44].

Table 3. Moisture and asphalt content for the RAP sources studied: (a) from milling Primelles avenue
(RAP-P); (b) from milling Santa Catalina Avenue (RAP-SC); and (c) from Guanabacoa plant (RAP-G).

Moisture Content Typical Range of Asphalt Content Typical Range of

Source (%) According to Values According (%) According to Values According
NTL-359/87 [42] to [44] NLT-164/90 [43] to [44]
RAP-P 5.93 1.48
Normal: 4.5–6% Normal: ≤ 5%
RAP-SC 5.14 1.51
Maximum 3–7% Maximum 7–8%
RAP-G 4.63 1.86

The RAP-G were obtained from the collection of the Guanabacoa asphalt plant. To homogenize
the sample collected from the asphalt plant, it was processed by a secondary crushing and sieving of
the material (5–10 mm). RAP-SC and RAP-P samples were directly obtained from the demolition of the
avenues’ pavement (Santa Catalina and Primelles, respectively), and sieved to obtain the size required.

2.2. Methodology
The standard test method used for the determination of specific gravity and water absorption of
coarse aggregate is described in the NC 187 standard [45]. The sample used for determining the specific
gravity was cleaned from powder or any other material adhered to the particle surface, and it was
dried using an oven until constant mass. When the aggregate was dried and achieve the temperature
room it was submerged in water for 24 h.
The particle shape of the product material was measured using the flakiness index method,
according to NC 189 standard [46], which is valid for material in the size range 4.76–76.2 mm.
Finally, a statistical analysis was applied for establishing the structure of the variable dependence
and their interrelationship, using the code SPSS 22.0 (from IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA). An analysis
of variance (ANOVA) established the effect of each factor on the parameters. For each dependent
variable, the Levene statistic test was applied. Its value was <0.05 indicating no equality of variances.
Therefore, the Games-Howell test was applied, to compare the means finding differences between
types of aggregates (RCA, RAP and combinations compared with NA).

3. Results and Discussion

The following are the results of tests carried out on recycled (RCA and RAP) and NA for comparing
individually, and finally a combination of RCA and RAP. Six samples were tested to obtain the mean
value represented in the figures, to achieve the repeatability and representativeness of the results.
The results obtained were compared with requirements established for coarse aggregates according to
Cuban specifications NC 253 [47] for manufacturing HMA. A minimum specific gravity (2500 kg/m3 ),
a maximum absorption (from 0.8 to 2%) and a maximum flakiness index (10%). However, depending on
the country and the material to be manufactured from these coarse aggregates, the requirements
will differ.
Sustainability 2020, 12, 5356 8 of 16

3.1. Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA) Characterization

Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 16
3.1.1. Particle Density and Water Absorption
It can be seen (Figure 6a) that the samples RCA-PCFM2, RCA-PCFM3 and RCA-PCF and RCA-
Figure 6 shows the specific gravity (a) and absorption (b) of the RCA and NA samples. The RCA
SW present higher specific gravity than those formed with loose material, without any process of
samples present lower specific gravity (Figure 6a) values than the NA, and consequently a higher water
crushing (RCA-PCFM1). The difference is that the samples RCA-PCFM2, RCA-PCFM3, RCA-PCF
absorption (Figure 6b). This finding is according to many researchers, and it is due to the existence of
and RCA-SW were crushed, facilitating the detachment of the mortar adhered to the surface of the
attached mortar [48,49], because of the lower density and higher porosity of cement paste attached to
old natural aggregates.
the RCA [9].

Figure6.6.(a)
Figure (a)Specific
Specificgravity
gravityand
and(b)
(b)water
waterabsorption
absorptionatat24
24hhof
ofthe
theRCA
RCAsamples
samplesstudied
studiedcompared
compared
with
withNA.
NA.Red-dot
Red-dotlines
linesindicate
indicatethe
thevalues
valuesrequired
requiredaccording
accordingtotoNCNC253.
253.

It can be seen (Figure 6a) that the samples RCA-PCFM2, RCA-PCFM3 and RCA-PCF and
It seems to be evident that there are differences between the samples crushed in a jaw crusher
RCA-SW present higher specific gravity than those formed with loose material, without any process of
and the samples used directly from the sources and sieved to obtain the size 5–10 mm. In addition, it
crushing (RCA-PCFM1). The difference is that the samples RCA-PCFM2, RCA-PCFM3, RCA-PCF and
can be seen from the results in Figure 6a that the samples crushed (RCA-PCFM2, RCA-PCFM3, and
RCA-SW were crushed, facilitating the detachment of the mortar adhered to the surface of the old
RCA-SW) have slightly lower specific gravity than NA.
natural aggregates.
The lowest value in terms of specific gravity was found in the sample RCA-PCFM1. Those
It seems to be evident that there are differences between the samples crushed in a jaw crusher and
samples had origin in a concrete product crushed for reducing the size (other samples are waste
the samples used directly from the sources and sieved to obtain the size 5–10 mm. In addition, it can be
material from the production). This implied adequate compaction during the origin, and they were
seen from the results in Figure 6a that the samples crushed (RCA-PCFM2, RCA-PCFM3, and RCA-SW)
more difficult to detach the mortar adhered to the natural aggregates during the RCA production,
have slightly lower specific gravity than NA.
resulting in a less dense and more porous RCA obtained after the crushing process [50].
The lowest value in terms of specific gravity was found in the sample RCA-PCFM1. Those samples
Analogous results were obtained for water absorption in RCA samples (Figure 6b). They were
had origin in a concrete product crushed for reducing the size (other samples are waste material from
according to the specific gravity obtained. The lower specific gravity on the samples, the higher water
the production). This implied adequate compaction during the origin, and they were more difficult to
absorption was observed, and vice versa. RCA-PCFM1 exhibited the lowest specific gravity and the
detach the mortar adhered to the natural aggregates during the RCA production, resulting in a less
highest water absorption. This is probably due to the inexistence of a process of compaction or
dense and more porous RCA obtained after the crushing process [50].
treatment in origin, because they were collected directly from the material left in the concrete mixer,
Analogous results were obtained for water absorption in RCA samples (Figure 6b). They were
or spilled in the production process of the reinforced concrete precast core floor slabs. In general, the
according to the specific gravity obtained. The lower specific gravity on the samples, the higher water
samples have lower specific weights and higher absorptions with respect to the value established in
absorption was observed, and vice versa. RCA-PCFM1 exhibited the lowest specific gravity and
the NC 253 standard [47].
the highest water absorption. This is probably due to the inexistence of a process of compaction or
treatment in origin,
3.1.2. Elongated because they were collected directly from the material left in the concrete mixer,
Particles
or spilled in the production process of the reinforced concrete precast core floor slabs. In general,
Figure have
the samples 7 shows
lowerthespecific
flakiness indexand
weights of the RCAabsorptions
higher samples compared withtothe
with respect theNA sample.
value As can
established
be seen, almost all of RCA
in the NC 253 standard [47]. samples presented higher quantity of flaky particles compared with NA.
The lower flakiness index was observed in RCA-SW. As previously mentioned, the origin of the RCA
from Elongated
3.1.2. a precast concrete
Particlesresults in a higher resistance to crushing for reducing the size. All samples
have lower values than those established in the NC 253 standard ( < 10%) [47].
Figure 7 shows the flakiness index of the RCA samples compared with the NA sample. As can
be seen, almost all of RCA samples presented higher quantity of flaky particles compared with NA.
 Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 16

Sustainability 2020, 12, 5356 9 of 16

The lower flakiness index was observed in RCA-SW. As previously mentioned, the origin of the RCA
from a precast concrete results in a higher resistance to crushing for reducing the size. All samples
Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 16
have lower values than those established in the NC 253 standard (<10%) [47].

Figure 7. Flakiness index of the RCA samples compared with NA. Red line indicates the maximum
value required according to NC 253.

3.2. Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Characterization

3.2.1. Particle Density and Water Absorption

Figure Flakiness index
7. Flakiness index of
of the RCA samples compared with
with NA. Red line indicates the maximum
As previously mentioned, the RAP used for this study was collected from three stockpiles from
value required according to NC 253.
different roads projects in Cuba (RAP-P, RAP-SC and RAP-G). Figure 8 shows the results obtained
of specific
3.2. gravity
Reclaimed and
Asphalt water absorption.
Pavement (RAP) Characterization
Characterization
3.2. Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP)
As can be seen in Figure 8a, the specific gravity of the RAP samples was similar to the NA. This
3.2.1.
is dueParticle Density
to the fact that and Water
the RAP Absorption
aggregates obtained after the asphalt that were extracted were similar
3.2.1. Particle Density and Water Absorption
to the
As NA. The slight
previously variation
mentioned, theobserved
RAP usedinforthe specific
this gravity
study was was associated
collected from three with the loss
stockpiles fromof
As previously
aggregate quality mentioned,
when the the RAP
asphalt used for
mixture was this
in study was
service. collected
None of from
the three comply
samples stockpiles from
with the
different roads projects in Cuba (RAP-P, RAP-SC and RAP-G). Figure 8 shows the results obtained of
different
minimum roads projects
value in Cuba
established (RAP-P, NC
in standard RAP-SC and RAP-G). Figure 8 shows the results obtained
253 [47].
specific gravity and water absorption.
of specific gravity and water absorption.
As can be seen in Figure 8a, the specific gravity of the RAP samples was similar to the NA. This
is due to the fact that the RAP aggregates obtained after the asphalt that were extracted were similar
to the NA. The slight variation observed in the specific gravity was associated with the loss of
aggregate quality when the asphalt mixture was in service. None of the samples comply with the
minimum value established in standard NC 253 [47].

Figure 8. (a) Specific gravity and (b) water absorption of the RAP samples compared with NA. Red
Figure 8. (a) Specific gravity and (b) water absorption of the RAP samples compared with NA. Red
line indicates the value required according to NC 253.
line indicates the value required according to NC 253.
As can be seen in Figure 8a, the specific gravity of the RAP samples was similar to the NA. This is
due toThethewater absorption
fact that the RAPmeasured
aggregatesinobtained
the recovered aggregates
after the of the
asphalt that RAPextracted
were sampleswere
compared with
similar to
the natural ones (AN) are shown in Figure 8b. As can be observed, RAP samples exhibited
the NA. The slight variation observed in the specific gravity was associated with the loss of aggregate much
higher when
quality water theabsorption than thewas
asphalt mixture NA.in All samples
service. None exceed
of thethe rangecomply
samples established
with in
thethe NC 253
minimum
standard
valueFigure [47]
established for
8. (a) asphalt
Specific
in mixtures.
gravity
standard and253
NC (b)[47].
water absorption of the RAP samples compared with NA. Red
line indicates the value required according
The water absorption measured in the recoveredto NC 253. aggregates of the RAP samples compared with
3.2.2. Elongated Particles
the natural ones (AN) are shown in Figure 8b. As can be observed, RAP samples exhibited much higher
The water absorption measured in the recovered aggregates of the RAP samples compared with
waterWhen
absorption than the
the asphalt wasNA. All samples
removed fromexceed the range
the original RAP, established in the
the flakiness NC was
index 253 standard
obtained [47]
and
the natural ones (AN) are shown in Figure 8b. As can be observed, RAP samples exhibited much
for asphalt mixtures.
compared with NA (Figure 9).
higher water absorption than the NA. All samples exceed the range established in the NC 253
standard [47] for asphalt mixtures.

3.2.2. Elongated Particles

When the asphalt was removed from the original RAP, the flakiness index was obtained and
compared with NA (Figure 9).
Sustainability 2020, 12, 5356 10 of 16

3.2.2. Elongated Particles

When the asphalt was removed from the original RAP, the flakiness index was obtained and
Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 16
compared with NA (Figure 9).

Figure 9.
Figure Flakiness index
9. Flakiness index of
of RAP
RAP samples
samples compared
compared with
with NA.
NA.

Figure 99shows
Figure showsthatthat
the RAP
the RAPaggregate obtained
aggregate after theafter
obtained extraction exhibited higher
the extraction percentages
exhibited higher
of flaky particles than the NA, except for the sample RAP-G. All the samples presented
percentages of flaky particles than the NA, except for the sample RAP-G. All the samples presented values below
the maximum
values value
below the established
maximum valuein established
the NC 253 (<10%) [47].253
in the NC It can be seen
( < 10%) that
[47]. It the
canlowest value
be seen that was
the
obtained in RAP-G, and due to the classification process, provided a more homogeneous
lowest value was obtained in RAP-G, and due to the classification process, provided a more material.
homogeneous material.
3.3. RCA/RAP Combination
After analyzing
3.3. RCA/RAP the properties of RCA and RAP samples, it can be seen that they presented
Combination
different properties compared to NA. To compensate the decrease in quality of the parameters studied
After analyzing the properties of RCA and RAP samples, it can be seen that they presented
(specific gravity, water absorption and flakiness index) in the waste aggregates compared with NA,
different properties compared to NA. To compensate the decrease in quality of the parameters
a combination of RCA and RAP were considered, to observe how the combinations affects to the
studied (specific gravity, water absorption and flakiness index) in the waste aggregates compared
parameters studied in the aggregates separately. As previously mentioned, this does not mean that the
with NA, a combination of RCA and RAP were considered, to observe how the combinations affects
combination of both residues improves the properties of the NA, but it would allow to obtain a coarse
to the parameters studied in the aggregates separately. As previously mentioned, this does not mean
aggregate with two sources of wastes, with potential use as a coarse aggregate for HMA.
that the combination of both residues improves the properties of the NA, but it would allow to obtain
The RCA used in the combinations was RCA-SW and the RAP from Guanabacoa (RAP-G),
a coarse aggregate with two sources of wastes, with potential use as a coarse aggregate for HMA.
as follows:
The RCA used in the combinations was RCA-SW and the RAP from Guanabacoa (RAP-G), as
follows:
• 0/100: 0% RCA and 100% RAP.
• 25/75: 0%
0/100: 25%RCA
RCAand
and100%
75% RAP.
RAP.
• 50/50: 50% RCA and 50%
25/75: 25% RCA and 75% RAP. RAP.
• 75/25: 50%
50/50: 75% RCA and 50% 25% RAP.
• 100/0: 75%
75/25: 100%RCA
RCAandand25%
0% RAP.
 100/0: 100% RCA and 0% RAP.
3.3.1. Particle Density and Water Absorption
3.3.1. Particle Density and Water Absorption
Figure 10 shows the specific gravity and water absorption obtained, and the limit established in
the NC 253 standard
Figure 10 shows [47].
the specific gravity and water absorption obtained, and the limit established in
the NC The253
results presented
standard [47]. in Figure 10a show that the combinations have values below the specifications
of the NC 253 standard [47], as was also obtained in the RCA and RAP samples separately. As can be
seen in Figure 10a, as the amount of RCA increased in the combination, the specific gravity decreased.
This is due to the higher quantity of global mortar adhered to the surface of the particles in the samples.
Figure 10b shows the water absorption results. All samples exceed the limit set in NC 253 standard [47].
As expected, when the RCA content increases, the water absorption also increases, due to the mortar
adhered to the surface of the aggregates.
Sustainability 2020, 12, 5356 11 of 16

Sustainability
Despite2020, 12, x FOR
having PEERdensity
a lower REVIEWthan 11 of 16
natural aggregates, the combination 25/75 exhibited similar
values of water absorption compared with the NA.

Figure 10. (a) Specific gravity and (b) water absorption of the combination of RCA/RAP compared
with NA. Red line indicates the value required according to NC 253.

The results presented in Figure 10a show that the combinations have values below the
specifications of the NC 253 standard [47], as was also obtained in the RCA and RAP samples
separately. As can be seen in Figure 10a, as the amount of RCA increased in the combination, the
specific gravity decreased. This is due to the higher quantity of global mortar adhered to the surface
of the particles in the samples. Figure 10b shows the water absorption results. All samples exceed the
limit set in NC 253 standard [47]. As expected, when the RCA content increases, the water absorption
also increases, due to the mortar adhered to the surface of the aggregates.
Despite having a lower density than natural aggregates, the combination 25/75 exhibited similar
values of water
Figure absorption
10. (a) compared
Specific gravity with
and (b) theabsorption
water NA. of the combination of RCA/RAP compared
Figure 10. (a) Specific gravity and (b) water absorption of the combination of RCA/RAP compared
with NA. Red line indicates the value required according to NC 253.
with NA. Red line indicates the value required according to NC 253.
3.3.2. Elongated Particles
3.3.2. Elongated Particles
Figure 11 shows
The results the flakiness
presented index10a
in Figure of the
show different
that thecombinations
combinations compared with the
have values natural
below the
Figure 11 shows the flakiness index of the different combinations compared with the natural
aggregates. As ofcan
specifications thebeNCseen,
253 the percentages
standard [47], asofwas
flakyalsoparticles
obtainedarein below
the RCAthe and
maximum value
RAP samples
aggregates. As can be seen, the percentages of flaky particles are below the maximum value established
separately. in
established Asthe
canNCbe 253
seenstandard
in Figure[47].
10a,Inasall
thecases,
amountthe of RCA increased
number in the combination,
of flaky particles was similar the
or
in the NC 253 standard [47]. In all cases, the number of flaky particles was similar or lower than NA.
lower than
specific NA.decreased.
gravity In this case,
Thisthe combination
is due of both
to the higher types
quantity of waste
of global (RCA/RAP)
mortar adhered tosignificantly
the surface
In this case, the combination of both types of waste (RCA/RAP) significantly improved the value of
of the particles
improved in the
the value ofsamples.
flakinessFigure 10b showswith
index compared the water absorption
the values results.
obtained in theAll samples
wastes exceed the
individually,
flakiness index compared with the values obtained in the wastes individually, and the combinations
and the
limit setcombinations also slightly
in NC 253 standard [47]. Asimproved
expected,compared
when thewithRCANA. content increases, the water absorption
also slightly improved compared with NA.
also increases, due to the mortar adhered to the surface of the aggregates.
Despite having a lower density than natural aggregates, the combination 25/75 exhibited similar
values of water absorption compared with the NA.

3.3.2. Elongated Particles

Figure 11 shows the flakiness index of the different combinations compared with the natural
aggregates. As can be seen, the percentages of flaky particles are below the maximum value
established in the NC 253 standard [47]. In all cases, the number of flaky particles was similar or
lower than NA. In this case, the combination of both types of waste (RCA/RAP) significantly
improved the value of flakiness index compared with the values obtained in the wastes individually,
and the combinations also slightly improved compared with NA.

Figure 11.
Figure Flakiness index
11. Flakiness index of
of RCA/RAP
RCA/RAP combination
combination samples
samples compared
compared with
with NA.
NA.
3.4. Statistical Analysis
To formally determine if the properties of the RCA, RAP sources and combinations of both of
them were statistically different from one another and the NA aggregates, an analysis of variance
(ANOVA) test was performed for the specific gravity, water absorption and flakiness index.
In order to know if there are significant differences between the different types of samples
tested (RCA, RAP and the different combinations) regarding the dependent variable (specific gravity,
water absorption and flakiness index), a one-way ANOVA was performed using the code SPSS 22.0
(from SPSS Inc.), to identify which groups are significantly different from which other groups [51].
The test compared the means of all the samples calculating the F statistic and the level of significance.
The level of significance obtained for the three dependent variables was lower than 0.05, rejecting the
Figure 11. Flakiness index of RCA/RAP combination samples compared with NA.
hypothesis of the equality of means—there were differences between the different samples studied.
Sustainability 2020, 12, 5356 12 of 16

Since the means are different, the post hoc tests indicate which samples were significantly different to
others. To know which post hoc test can be applied in the dependent variables, the homogeneity of
variances was studied with Levene. The Levene test indicates that the variances are different (p < 0.05)
for the three properties studied. The Games-Howell post hoc test was applied, because this test does
not assume equal variances. Consequently, significant differences between each of the groups were
determined (p < 0.05).
The results of the ANOVA tests for all parameters showed that the probability value (p-value)
was smaller than 0.05, meaning that, with a 95% confidence, this is indicated in Tables 4–6.

Table 4. Games-Howell test indicating significant difference results in specific gravity among all
samples’ pairs. Black dot in a cell (•) means significant differences among the two samples (column
and row).

RCA RAP RCA/RAP

NA
PCFM1 PCFM2 PCFM3 PCF SW P SC G 0/100 25/75 50/50 75/25 100/0
NA
PCFM1 • • • • • • • • • •
PCFM2 •
RCA

PCFM3
PCF • • • • •
SW • • • • •
P • • • • • •
RAP

SC • • • • • •
G • • • • • •
0/100 • • • • • •
RCA/RAP

25/75 •
50/50 • • • • •
75/25 • • • •
100/0 • • • • •

Table 5. Games-Howell test indicating significant difference results in water absorption among all
samples’ pairs. Black dot in a cell (•) means significant differences among the two samples (column
and row).

RCA RAP RCA/RAP

NA
PCFM1 PCFM2 PCFM3 PCF SW P SC G 0/100 25/75 50/50 75/25 100/0
NA • • • • • •
PCFM1 • • • • • • • • •
PCFM2 • • • •
RCA

PCFM3
PCF • • •
SW • • •
P • • • •
RAP

SC •
G
0/100
RCA/RAP

25/75 • • • • • •
50/50 • •
75/25 •
100/0 • • •
Sustainability 2020, 12, 5356 13 of 16

Table 6. Games-Howell test indicating significant difference results in flakiness index among all
samples’ pairs. Black dot in a cell (•) means significant differences among the two samples (column
and row).

RCA RAP RCA/RAP

NA
PCFM1 PCFM2 PCFM3 PCF SW P SC G 0/100 25/75 50/50 75/25 100/0
NA
PCFM1
PCFM2
RCA

PCFM3
PCF
SW
P • • • • • •
RAP

SC • • • • •
G • •
0/100 • •
RCA/RAP

25/75 • • •
50/50 • •
75/25 • •
100/0 • • • •

As can be seen in Table 4, there is no significant differences in terms of the specific gravity of the
NA with all the combinations studied. However, there are differences between the samples of RCA,
RAP and the different combinations.
Table 4 shows that the source RCA-PCFM1, which was not subjected to any crushing process,
presented significant differences to most of the other samples (RCA, RAP and those that combine both
materials). There were also differences between the sources of RAP and those of RCA samples that
come from manufactured concrete (RCA-PCF and RCA-SW); likewise, RAP presented differences with
the RCA/RAP combinations, where a greater influence of RCA was observed. As for NA, there were
no significant differences with any of the sources analyzed.
In summary, RAP sources presented significant differences to the rest of the sources and
combinations studied. As can be seen, the specific gravity was influenced by the manufacture
of concrete represented in RCA-PCF and RCA-SW samples, and by the crushing of the RCA sources.
As can be seen in Table 5, the statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences
between the water absorption of NA and RCA sources, as explained above, due to the mortar adhered
to the surface of the RCA responsible for its higher porosity. Regarding the RCA samples, as observed
with the specific gravity, the significant differences with the rest of the RCA sources is the material
that was not crushed (RCA-PCFM1). Therefore, it can be concluded that, for RAP/RCA combinations,
the RAP materials had greater influence than RCA in the water absorption obtained.
In Table 6, the main statistical differences in terms of flakiness index were obtained in RAP-SC
and RAP-P, with the combinations of both wastes. It can be concluded that the combination of RAP
and RCA produced a statistical difference in the flakiness index of the aggregate generated.

4. Conclusions
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the specific gravity, water absorption and flakiness
index of RCA, RAP, and a combination of both wastes, and compare with the same properties of NA in
the fraction 5–10 mm, to use them as aggregate pavement projects.
• The detachment of the adhered mortar of the RCA samples crushed caused differences with the
RCA samples without crushing.
• The samples RCA-PCF and RCA-SW were less dense and more porous aggregates, probably
because they come from industrial wastes and they had a lower detachment of mortar.
Sustainability 2020, 12, 5356 14 of 16

• RAP samples exhibited results similar to those obtained in NA.

• RCA, RAP, and the different combinations studied, had lower specific gravity and higher water
absorption than NA.
• The combinations of RCA and RAP influenced the values in the properties studied. The results
obtained with a 25% of RCA and 75% of RAP combination were similar to NA.
Although, in the tests carried out, only the percentage of flat and elongated particles meet the
Cuban specifications, it is necessary to go deeper into the influence of the RCA/RAP combinations,
to use them as aggregates in asphalt mixtures. It opens up the possibility of using RCA in combination
with RAP as a coarse aggregate, because the RAP aggregate compensates for its defects. Further studies
are recommended for analyzing the wear and polishing the resistance of the combined wastes
as coarse aggregates that affect the long-term behavior of the mixtures manufactured with these
wastes; studies combining all the sources could be useful to identify the best aggregate for pavement
purposes, and use innovative procedures to characterize the physical and mechanical properties on
very small samples.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, J.M.F., D.A.Á. and A.A.A.; Methodology, J.M.F., D.A.Á., A.A.A. and
A.J.T.-A.; Software, J.M.F., D.A.Á., A.A.A. and A.J.T.-A.; Validation, J.M.F., D.A.Á., A.A.A. and A.J.T.-A.;
Formal Analysis, J.M.F., D.A.Á., A.A.A. and A.J.T.-A.; Investigation, J.M.F., D.A.Á., A.A.A. and A.J.T.-A.;
Resources, J.M.F., D.A.Á.; Data Curation, J.M.F., D.A.Á., A.A.A. and A.J.T.-A.; Writing Original Draft Preparation,
J.M.F., D.A.Á.; Writing—Review and Editing, A.A.A. and A.J.T.-A.; Visualization, A.A.A. and A.J.T.-A.; Supervision,
A.A.A., A.J.T.-A. and S.I.; Project Administration, S.I.; Funding Acquisition, S.I. All authors have read and agreed
to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was funded by Pavasal Empresa Constructora S.A. and by the University of Alicante
(Spain) under grant numbers [GRE13-03] and [VIGROB-256].
Acknowledgments: We thank Pavasal Empresa Constructora S.A. for the assistance with some tests and the
materials used in the research.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Nomenclature
RCA Recycled concrete aggregates
CDW Construction and demolition waste
AC Asphalt concrete
OAC Optimum asphalt content
NA Natural aggregate

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