JICA WACS Manual Content FINAL

Waste Analysis and
Characterization Study
(WACS)
A standardized and mandatory guide for

Philippine Local Government Units
and Solid Waste Management
Practitioners
Why do WACS?
• Put a checkmark on your objectives for doing
Waste Analysis and Characterization Study (WACS).
• For each selected box, do the corresponding steps detailed in this
manual.
• Unselected steps may be skipped.
Waste Composition
To understand what type of Analysis
 materials are in our waste
as mandated by RA 9003 Sampling at source from
... what kind of waste can we reduce? major waste generators
... which sectors are the main sources of
waste? Determining composition
... how much can be composted? ratio of each waste
... how much can be recycled? category
.. how much hazardous waste needs to be
treated properly? Sampling at end-of-pipe
... how much can we still prevent from
bringing to the final disposal site?
Waste Quality
Analysis
To understand the

Wet analysis:
physical and • Bulk density
• Moisture content
chemical characteristics of
our waste
Dry Analysis:
• Dry waste composition
... can we improve how we transport the • Ash & combustible content
waste? • Calorific value
... what other treatment technologies (e.g.,
methane extraction, RDF, WTE, etc.) can WACS as a required
we consider?
To manage our waste now component of a
 and in the future
as mandated by RA 9003
10-year Solid Waste
Management Plan
... to improve the logistics of how we
transport our waste.
... to anticipate how much budget we have
to allocate for waste management.
... to foresee for how long we can use our
disposal sites.
Table of Contents
What is Waste Analysis and Characterization Study? 1
The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act 2
Overview of Waste Composition Analysis 3
Sampling: Getting a Representative Portion 5

Sampling at Generator Level 8
WACS at Source 17
Waste Components 21
Waste Classification Chart (Poster)
Sampling at End-of-Pipe 33
Overview of Waste Quality Analysis 37
Bulk Density: Is the Waste Loose or Compact? 39

Moisture Content: Is the Waste Soggy or Dry? 41
Dry Waste Composition 43

Waste Analysis for Biogas 46
Ash Content 47
Calorific Value: How Much Energy is in the Waste? 55
Using the Results of WACS for the

57
10-year Solid Waste Management Plan
References 59
What is Waste Analysis
and Characterization Study
(WACS)?
It is a process that will If we study the amount

help us find out: and characteristics of
our waste, we can:
How much waste is
 generated by our city or Reduce the amount of
municipality, including  waste we produce.
establishments and
other waste sources
(in kilograms/day).
 Reuse, recover, or
recycle materials that
have value.
What kinds of materials
 are found in our Minimize what we have
wastes.
 to treat or dispose.
There are two ways to analyze waste:

1. based on composition.
2. based on physical and chemical properties.
Section 16 of the Ecological Solid Waste Management

Act of 2000 (RA 9003) mandates Local Government Units to
develop their 10-year Solid Waste Management Plans
(SWMP) consistent with the National Solid Waste Management
Framework and Section 17b identifies waste characterization
as a required component.
WASTE ANALYSIS & CHARACTERIZATION STUDY: A

Figure 1. Waste Management Hierarchy
Effective waste management starts with waste avoidance,

followed by what is popularly known as the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse,
and Recycle). The next step is to adopt appropriate environmentally
sound treatment and alternative technologies, to recover valuable
materials from waste. In doing so, only a small amount of residuals
will need to be disposed in sanitary landfill disposal sites as
prescribed by law.
Solid Waste Generation in the Philippines
National
Projected 2020 waste generation:
21,425,676 metric tons
Weighted average per capita generation:
0.40 kg/day
Metro Manila
Projected 2020 waste generation:
3,466,469 metric tons
Weighted average per capita generation:
0.69 kg/day
Source: NSWMC 2020 Database

updating the Philippine Solid Waste Management Status Report 2008-2019
WHY DO WACS? • 2
Waste Composition Analysis helps us
understand what different kinds of materials are in
our waste and in what proportions.
Identifying significant
sources of waste samples
Identifying Sample size

key waste determination
generators ; sampling
plan
Pages 5-12 Pages 13-16

The results of waste composition analysis are crucial to the 10-
year solid waste management plan of a local government unit
(LGU).
Determining volume,
generation rate and
composition of waste
Waste Sorting and
collection weighing Sampling at
at generator per waste end-of-
level component pipe
Pp. 17-20; 31-32 Pages 21-30 Pages 33-36
WASTE COMPOSITION ANALYSIS •

Sampling:
Getting a Representative Portion
Depending on what you want to study, waste sampling can be

done at two different points of the waste stream:
In developing a 10-year SWMP, if your

LGU needs to find out....
 how much waste is produced

 major sources of waste
Waste
 materials in the waste stream to
strategize diversion programs
generation
...do sampling at source.
Waste diversion is achieved through

Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) mandated
under RA 9003 in each or cluster of
Barangays, designed to receive, sort,
process, and store compostable and
recyclable material efficiently and in an
environmentally sound manner.
In making feasibility studies for treatment

or disposal technologies, if the physical
and chemical properties of the waste need
to be determined...
...do sampling at end-of-pipe
Waste of the waste flow.
disposal

Different Points of Sampling for WACS:
At source (for Generator-based

WACS)
Different types of waste generators include:
Households Institutions
Urban and rural barangays Schools, offices,

hospitals, etc.
Commercial Industries
Establishments
Food and beverage,

textile, furniture, machinery
Markets, malls, hotels, production, agricultural
restaurants, etc. activities, etc.
At end-of-pipe (for End-of-pipe WACS)

Sampling of waste at end-of-pipe is usually done just
before final treatment or disposal, such as at:
• transfer stations,
• waste processing and conversion facilities, or
• landfill sites.

Sampling: Getting a Representative Portion (cont’d.)
The sampling for WACS aims to get a portion that can

represent the composition and characteristics of the total
amount of waste generated by your city, municipality or waste
source.
Some Tips on Sampling
How many More samples will make your

samples do we results more accurate. Consider
need to get? manpower, time, materials and other
costs.
For WACS at source, data gathering
shall be 7 consecutive days for HUCs
How long do we and at least 3 convsecutive days for
have to gather other LGUs, covering one market day,
data for WACS? one ordinary day, and one weekend. For
WACS at end-of-pipe, one week
sampling is recommended.
Consider waste generation

variations across seasons (e.g. wet
vs. dry season). Sampling during peak
What time of the seasons of waste generation (e.g. after
year should we fiestas or major events) should be
do sampling? avoided as this would be representative
samples. However, a separate WACS
can be done during these times to
determine peak volumes.
Usually samples are picked

randomly to minimize biases in data
How do we pick
gathering, however sometimes stratified
samples?
sampling is done if your LGU has
urban and rural barangays.

Sampling a t Source:
Identifying Key Waste Generators
?
In finding out which waste generators should the
LGU prioritize for the WACS at-source, consider the
following:
 Which sources are under the LGU’s

jurisdiction of solid waste management?
Among these, which would likely generate
 more waste?
The next pages list the different types of waste generators, their
subcategories, and how to stratify or group according to size
and potential amount of waste they generate. More details are
provided in the “Guidelines for the Conduct of WACS on
Municipal Solid Wastes” Annex A.
Likely, about four-fifths of

the waste generated in your
LGU comes from the top
one-fifth of sources - the key
waste generators.
This is called the

Pareto Principle.
In any situation, 20% of
the inputs or activities are
responsible for 80% of the
outcomes or results.
-Dr. Joseph M. Juran
WASTE COMPOSITION ANALYSIS • 8

Sampling: Identifying Key Waste Generators (cont’d.)
When sampling at the generator level, we don’t have to get

waste from each and every source. In planning for the
WACS, use data from LGU records to identify major
possible generators of waste that are under the
jurisdiction of the LGU.
Category 1: Households
URBAN Barangay
• Population size of 5,000 or more
• Has at least one establishment with a
minimum of 100 employees
• Has 5 or more establishments with 10
to 99 employees, and 5 or more
facilities within the two-kilometre
radius from the barangay hall
Some notes:
1. Waste from sources under the LGU’s jurisdiction should be included in the
WACS. This includes houses within a subdivision or from apartment units in
a condominium, regardless if these are collected by the barangay or LGU for
disposal.
2. Transient houses or dormitories shall fall under the category of commercial
establishments.
3. Urban and rural barangays are based on the definition by the Philippine
Statistics Authority.
RURAL Barangay Any barangay which does not satisfy any

of the above criteria for urban
classification is classified as rural.
Information needed (via Phil. Statistic Authority,

LGU’s records):
 Population
 Number of households per barangay
 Municipality class (1 to 6)

Category 2: Institutions
SCHOOLS Examples: Information needed

• Day care centers (via Dep Ed, CHED):
• Elementary
schools
 Number of
• High students
schools  Number of
• Colleges/ employees
Universities
Check DepEd Memorandum 36, s. 2019
For updated classification for elementary and
secondary level schools. (Link provided in the references)
HEALTHCARE Information needed

Examples: (via Business Permit
• Clinics and Licensing Office,
• Health centers Municipal Health
• Hospitals Office, etc):
 Bed capacity
Some notes:
1. Anticipate that there is a larger volume of special waste (healthcare waste,
chemical waste) that would need special handling by a certified transporter
and treater.
2. Large hospitals usually have a private hauler for their waste since these also
include healthcare waste that would need special treatment. If so, there is no
need to include this in the LGU’s data.
3. See DOH manual on Healthcare Waste Management. (Link provided in the
references)
PLACES OF
OFFICES PARKS
WORSHIP
Examples: Examples: Examples:
• Government • Parks • Churches
offices • Recreational • Mosques
• Private centers • Temples
offices • Cemeteries
• Banks
• NGOs
• Others Information needed: Information needed:
Information
 Number of
needed:
 Area  Area
employees

Sampling: Identifying Key Waste Generators (cont’d.)
Category 3: Commercial Establishments
GENERAL MERCHANDISE MARKETS

Examples:
• Main public
market
• Satellite markets
(with structure)
Examples: • Talipapa (open
• Malls
market)
• Department stores
• Grocery stores
• Hardware stores Information needed (via market
• Other stores coordinator):
 Number of stalls
Information needed:  Area
 Area
FOOD ESTABLISHMENTS HOTELS
Examples: Examples:
• Restaurants • Hotels
• Carinderias • Hostels/ Inns
• Food stalls • Dorms/ guest lodges
Information needed: Information needed (via BPLO or

Tourism Office):
 Seating capacity
 Number of rooms
 Bed capacity

Category 4: Industrial Activities
MANUFACTURING
Examples:
• Food manufacturers
• Beverage industries
• Furniture & fixtures
• Rubber & plastic products
• Petroleum & other fuel
products
• Textile manufacturers
• Footwear, leather & leather
products
• Printing and publishing
• Chemical & chemical
products
Information needed: • Others
 Number of employees
 Area of the facility
AGRIBUSINESS SERVICES
Examples: Examples:
• Agriculture • Transport storage &
(crop, livestock, communication
poultry) • Trade & repair of motor
• Fishery vehicles
• Hunting and • Repair of household
forestry goods
• Financial
Information intermediation
needed: • Real estate renting &
business activity
 Hectarage • Other services
 Number of
heads
Important note: In many cases, commercial establishments and industrial facilities

do not dispose of their solid waste through the local government but rather through
private haulers or treatment, storage, disposal facilities. If so, there is no need to
include this in the LGU’s data.

Ho w Many Samples Do We Need?
Let’s say your WACS team plans to visit 10 households and

study the waste they generate. Would the data from 10
households be a correct representative of the situation?
If your town is made up of only 10 households, then yes! Your

team has covered 100% of all the residential areas in your town.
But what if your town has 100 households? Would your sample
size of 10 households be enough?
It is important to use an appropriate sample size so that

the results of the WACS study would be considered
statistically valid.
In statistics, the sample size is computed using the Standard

Formula (see Box 1).
Box 1. The Standard Formula for Computing Sample Size
Where:
n = representative number of households or non-household units
N = total number of households or total units of non-household generators
per subcategory
z = z score for 95% confidence level = 1.96
P = standard deviation = 0.20
e = 10% margin of error for HUCs, 1st to 6th class LGUs (however, HUCs
and 1st to 2nd class LGUs may use a more stringent 5% margin of error
as allowance for experimental mortality)

If using the formula seems to complicated, don’t worry. DOST-
ITDI has developed an easy-to-use Excel spreadsheet tool
that will help you compute the correct sample size.
For special cases where LGUs have limited resources to survey

the correct number of samples, the target sample size (n)
can be entered into the dark blue box, and the
corresponding margin of error (e) will appear in the light
blue box. However, your solid waste management plan should
discuss contingency measures to address the reduced
reliability of your WACS data.
The Excel spreadsheet can be downloaded from: http:

//www.itdi.dost.gov.ph/images/EBD/Sample_Size_
Computation_rev15March.xls
Training sessions can be requested from the DOST-ITDI

Environment and Biotechnology Division and through NSWMC
accredited WACS trainers or training centers.

Making Your Sampling Plan for
Household WACS
Preparation & Actual Waste Data Analysis

Training Characterization &
Making a Using the Data
Processing
sampling plan Sheets Making the
WACS report
Before conducting the actual WACS, make a sampling plan

with these in mind:
What parameters do you want to be measured?

For waste composition analysis, we want to know the mass or
weight of each type of waste coming from the source in one day
(kg/ day).
Which households will be part of the sample?

We already know the number of households that need to be
sampled for our LGU. How do we distribute the samples correctly
across the barangays? This is done by ratio and proportion
calculations (see Box 2).
After determining how many households to survey for each

barangay, identify target households randomly or by intervals with
the help of a spot map of the barangay.

Box 2. Computing how many households to survey from
each barangay
In a certain municipality, there are 11,807 households. Using the

standard formula (Box 1), the sampling size for this municipality is 241.
One of the barangays has a total household number of 1,105. The total
household number in another barangay is 869. How many households
should be surveyed from each of those barangays?
When will you get samples from the households?

Plan your WACS schedule to cover at least three days of data
collection. As much as possible try to include one market day, one
ordinary day, and one weekend.

Waste Composition Analysis:
Household Waste

Processing
WACS report
Before the actual WACS at the households, coordinate with the
barangays and hold an orientation for the participating
households. Make sure that they are properly briefed and have
signed informed consent forms before the WACS starts.
Materials & Equipment:

• Hanging spring scale (preferably digital)
• Personal protective equipment (e.g., gloves, masks)
• WACS data sheet (see Sample Data Sheet on Page 19)
• Clipboard, pens
• Informed consent forms
• Tape, markers
• Color-coded trash/plastic bags
(usually grocery plastic bags are 12 x 7 x 22 inches)

Step 1: Collection and segregation
Provide the household with 4 plastic bags. Bags with different colors
are recommended to facilitate segregation and are based on the color-
coding scheme recommended by the NSWMC Resolution #60.
Household members will place their segregated waste generated for

one day in the appropriate bag. Use the charts in this manual showing the
different waste types to classify under the correct component.
Biodegradabes Recyclable Special Waste Residuals

(Green) s (Blue) (Red) (Black)
Step 2: Weighing per component

On the following day, using a hanging
scale, weigh each bag containing the waste
from the previous day.
Check that the waste is properly classified

according to each component. The weight
of the plastic bag is considered negligible.
A sample data sheet for WACS at-source

is provided in the next page.
NOTE: It is encouraged to
collect sachets and other
residuals with
potential for
recycling and weighed
separately.
Step 3: Getting the total waste generation
The weights of each component is the amount generated per day.
Consolidate the data and get the daily total for the entire sample.

Notes:
• A Data sheet with more granularity is desirable for waste diversion
planning purposes, particularly on residuals with recycling potential.
• Use a separate data sheet for other waste sources.
• Add Yellow column for Special (Medical Waste) for Hospitals and
RHUs.
Step 4: Getting the per capita generation
Note the number of members for each target household. Divide the
daily weight for each component by the number of members in the
household. Compute for per capita, barangay, and LGU daily waste
generation using the formulae below:
Sampling and Waste

Composition Analysis
(for other Waste Sources):
The WACS procedure for non-household sources shall follow the
same concepts of preparing a sampling plan, organizing a WACS
team, and weighing of sorted waste collected for that day. For
example, samples can be taken from trash bags or collection bins
that were randomly selected.
Computation and integration of data for the waste generated by

establishments to the WACS is provided in detail in the “Guidelines
for the conduct of waste analysis and characterization study on
municipal solid wastes,” updated 2020.

Waste Component Categories for WACS
As mandated by RA 9003, Section 21, “the segregation of wastes

shall be primarily conducted at the source, to include household,
institutional, industrial, commercial, and agricultural sources.” This is
further detailed in the NSWMC Resolution No. 60, S. 2013
(Resolution providing guidelines for mandatory solid waste
segregation-at-source, segregated collection and recovery, and to
prescribe fines and penalties for violations thereof).
In conducting WACS, at a minimum, wastes should be sorted

according to the following components:
• Biodegradable Waste
• Recyclable Waste
• Special Waste
• Residual Waste
While many materials can be recycled or treated given current

available technologies, it is often the case that there are items that
are not accepted by junk shops in your area. These are usually items
that have limited collection systems (e.g. wine bottles), or light, low-
value items that usually are included under residuals (e.g. sachets,
soiled plastic bags). If resources allow, it is highly encouraged for the
LGU to gather separate data on recyclables that are traded to junk
shops, recyclables with limited trade, and residual wastes with
potential for recycling or treatment.
Biodegradable Waste
Kitchen/ Biodegradable waste often comprises nearly half
Food Waste of municipal solid waste. It is crucial for households to
make sure that their wet kitchen waste does not mix
Garden with other dry waste that can be recycled or would
Waste need special treatment. Refer to the composting
guidelines from the National Solid Waste Management
Commission.
Agricultural
Waste
Agricultural wastes are “generated from
planting or harvesting of crops, trimming or
Livestock Waste pruning of plants and wastes or run-off materials
Manure, Feathers, etc. from farms or fields,” (RA 9003, Sec. 3a).

Recyclable
A significant amount of solid waste is made of material that can be
recycled. But whether or not these items actually get recycled depends a
lot on:
• how these are segregated and cleaned at source,
• whether the material’s market demand or value is high such that
these can be traded or sold to junk shops,
• and whether there is a collection or consolidation system in the
region that brings these materials to proper recycling facilities.
Paper
White Paper, Bond Paper, Book Paper,
Selected White Copy Paper (printed or inked)
*Not yellowish or sunburned, not heavily
Ledger (SWL)
printed or colored; baled or tied and
wrapped in clean sack or plastic
Newspaper, Broadsheet, Tabloids,

Textbook and Newsprint Books
Old Newspaper *Less than 6 mos. old, not heavily printed or
(ONP) colored, not yellowish or burned; baled or
tied and wrapped in clean sack or plastic
Old Carton Boxes, Paper Bags, Brown Envelopes

or Folders, Packaging made of Kraft Paper
Old Corrugated *White or Colored Cartons/Boxes are
Cartons (OCC) classified as mixed waste. Baled or tied and
wrapped in clean sack or plastic
Coated Paper, Magazines, Leaflets, Flyers
Gray Chipboard, Carbonless Papers, Colored
and Heavily Printed Paper, Colored OCC,
Mixed Paper Envelopes, Folders, Newspapers older than 6 mos.,
Mimeo Test Papers, Comics & Other Repulpable
Papers Outside the 3 Categories Above
*Baled or tied and wrapped in clean sack or plastic
Asceptic Carton “Tetra Pak”

Used Beverage *Empty, rinse, flip, flap, flatten; baled or tied
Cartons and wrapped in clean sack or plastic
(UBC)
Paper Recyclables not salable in local junk shops or recycling markets should be
classified under “residuals with potential for recycling” See page 27 for details
The following waste papers are not accepted for recycling and categorized as
Residual Waste: Thermal paper (e.g. receipts), carbon paper, wax coated or
PE
laminated paper, photo paper, scented paper, wet or soiled paper with grease,
food-
contaminated paper, and used tissue paper.
Recyclable (cont’d)
Plastics
PET Rigids or “Sibakin”: Drinking Water,

Soda/Softdrink, Juice and Beverage Bottles,
Clear Cosmetic and Personal Care Bottles &
PET Jars Semi-Rigid: Clear Cups and Lids for Milk
Polyethylene Tea, Beverages and Similar Drinks
Terephthalate
HDPE Rigids or “Sibakin”: Food &

Beverage, Cosmetic, Personal Care, Home
Care Containers (ex. Milk/Juice/Vinegar/
HDPE Soy Sauce/Catsup, Liquid Detergent
High-Density Bottles, Toys, Engine Oil Containers,
Polyethylene
Carboys/Jerrycan, Drums, Pallets, etc.)
Book Covers, Linoleum Floor Covering,

Blister/Medicine Tablet Packs,
Uncontaminated/Non-infectious
Medical I.V. Tubes, Electrical Wire Insulation,
PVC
Pipes, Hoses and Fittings (Without Metal
Polyvinyl
Chloride
Thread), Window Profiles
LDPE Rigids or “Sibakin”:

LDPE Squeezable Bottles and Tubes, Soft Lids
Low-Density
Polyethylene

Plastics (cont’d)
PP Rigids or “Sibakin”:
Bottle Caps, Microwavable
Containers, Ice Cream/Biscuit
PP Containers,
Polypropylene Yogurt Containers and Margarine Tubs,
Chairs, Pails, Crates, Medicine
Bottles, Disposable Cups and
Cutleries, etc.
General Purpose (GPPS): “Crystal Clear”

Cups, Cutleries, Food Boxes, CD Casing
Polystyrene Paper (PSP)/
Foam Polystyrene or
“Styro”:
Food Service Packaging, Cups, Trays
PS Expanded Polystyrene (EPS): Cushioning
Polystyrene Materials for Fresh Produce, Electronic or
Appliance Industries, etc.
High Impact Polystyrene
(HIPS): Impact-resistant Non-
transparent Disposable Cups,
Cutleries, Trays, Pitchers,
Refrigerator Liners, etc.
Rigids or “Sibakin” Not Falling Under Categories 1-6:

Refill Polycarbonate Water Containers,
Casings, Diskettes, CDs, Auto Parts
Others
Plastic Recyclables not salable in local junk shops or recycling markets should be
classified under “residuals with potential for recycling” with clean and dry flexibles.
See page 27 for details.
WASTE COMPONENT CATEGORIES •

Glass
GLASS BOTTLES
Flint/Clear
Mayonnaise Jars, Sauce Jars, Food
Jars, Beverage Bottles for Soda, Gin,
etc.
Amber/Brown Green
Medicine Bottles, Wine Bottles,
Some Beer Some Beer and Soda Bottles
Bottles
Colored
Bottles that are of colors not under
the 3 major categories mentioned
above
FLAT GLASS
Clea Tinted
r
Low E
Mirro Coated
r Glass
CULLETS (“BUBOG”)
Sorted Example of
by Type and mixed Flat
Color Glass
as specified Cullets
above
Bottles and other glass that are not salable in local junk shops or recycling markets
should be classified under “residuals with potential for recycling.” See page 27 for
details.
WASTE ANALYSIS & CHARACTERIZATION STUDY: A GUIDE

Metals
Aluminum Cans,
Aluminum Softdrink Cans,
Aluminum Foil
Trays
Copper Wires,
Copper Copper Tubes and Blocks
Iron Alloys “Bakal”,

Stainless Steel, Galvanized Iron Sheets,
Steel Steel Tubes for Plumbing,
Cooking Pots and Pans
Roofing Sheets
Tin Cans “Lata”,

Tin Sardine Can, Corned Beef Cans, etc.
While copper and lead are usually traded as scrap metals,

these should not be sourced from household appliances,
electrical/electronic items, or car batteries, which are all
considered special waste. These must be disassembled and
disposed through proper recyclers or registered take-back
programs. Likewise, cans that contained paint, pesticides or
other chemicals should not be classified as recyclables but
instead be treated as hazardous waste. See pages 29-30 for the
discussion on Special Waste.

Residuals with Potential for Recycling
With continuous improvements in recycling technologies, some
materials that are currently not collected by junk shops and classified
as residuals now have the potential of being recycled, as long as
these are properly segregated and cleaned prior to collection,
consolidation, and processing.
Clean and Dry Flexible Plastics

Non-biodegradable Grocery/Shopping/Carrier/T-
shirt/ Sando/Wet Market Food Bags, Garbage Bags,
Bread Bags, Frozen Food Bags, Department Store
Bags, Stretch Wraps, Drinking Straws, Tarpaulins,
Composites or Sachets of Laminated Packaging
(e.g. Doy Packs, Juice Pouches, Sachets, Candy
Wrappers)
A note on composite packaging
Composite packaging (e.g. those made of a combination of paper,

plastic, and foil - sachets, snack wrappers, juice pouches, beverage
cartons) are considered as part of residual waste, but recycling
technologies exist for these low-value items. The challenge is proper
collection and consolidation so that these can be sent to recycling
facilities, and be made into items such as eco-bricks, eco-boards,
chairs, or plastic pallets. In some situations, these can also be
processed together with other residuals into refuse-derived fuel
(RDF) for cement kilns, or as feed for waste-to-energy (WTE)
facilities.
Recyclables without local markets
Recyclables not salable in local junk shops or

recycling markets should be classified under
“residuals with potential for recycling.”

Residuals with Potential for Recycling
Leather, Textiles, and Rubber
Leather Textiles Rubber

Shoes, Belts, Bags Old Clothes, Rags Slippers, Mats
Leather, textiles, and rubber items are not often bought by scrap
dealers. Old clothes that are still wearable can be donated to charitable
institutions. Scrap textiles are often repurposed or upcycled through
community livelihood programs. Bits and pieces of these materials can be
considered residuals with potential.
Residual Waste for Disposal

Sanitary Composites
Diapers, Napkins, Pantyliners,
Used Tissue Paper
Soiled Paper for Food and Beverage

Wax Paper Cups,
Food-Contaminated Paper or Cartons
Heavily Soiled Plastic Films
Others
Cigarette Butts
The volume of residual waste that ends up in our landfills can greatly be
reduced by existing technologies that harness energy stored in these
materials. Many residual wastes can also be processed into refuse-derived
fuel (RDF) for cement kilns, or as feed for waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities.
These treatment strategies reduce the volume that would be sent to final
disposal sites can extend the life of our sanitary landfills.
WASTE COMPONENT CATEGORIES

Special Waste
Special wastes are items that must be collected with care and must be
treated and disposed properly. There are three major types of special
waste: hazardous waste, healthcare waste, and bulky waste.
Hazardous Waste
Paints, Solvents, Pesticides, Herbicides

and Their and Other Garden
Containers or Agricultural Chemicals
and Their Containers,
Agricultural Bags and Films
Cleaning and Containing Pesticides
Polishing Chemicals
and Their
Containers
Household Healthcare Waste Lighting

Personal Needles, Busted Fluorescent Bulbs,
Expired Medicines, LED Bulbs, Incandescent Bulbs
Sharps and Blades
Oils and Fuels Batteries

Used Cooking Oil, Car Batteries, Household
Used Motor Oils, Rechargeable and
Petrol, Kerosene, Non-rechargeable Batteries,
and Their Containers Power Banks
Hazardous wastes are covered under Republic Act 6969 (Toxic

Household Appliances Consumer Electronics
Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990) and
Electric Fans,
its related policies, such as DepartmentCellphones, Laptops,
Administrative Order 2013-
Refrigerators, Computers,
22. Industrial, commercial, and institutional establishments that generate
Washing
hazardous Machines,
waste etc.
must be registeredGami
withngDENR-EMB
Consoles, and obtain the
necessary permits. and Other Gadgets

Special Waste
Healthcare Waste from Hospitals and RHUs
Healthcare Waste
Expired Medicines, Surgical Gloves,
Bronchodilator Inhalers, Syringes, Needles, and Sharps
Mercury Containing Devices
Old Thermometers, Sphygmomanometers
Healthcare waste must be properly disposed by hospitals, clinics, and

other health institutions. Guidelines for their proper disposal are covered by
the Healthcare Waste Management Manual published by the Department
of Health (see link to the manual in the references).
Bulky Waste
Bulky Yard Waste Construction Debris

Tree Branches Post-disaster
Rubber Tires Waste
The Table of Waste Categories Poster

This manual comes with a centerfold that shows the solid waste
classification chart according to major categories as well as
subgroupings. The list gives representative examples and is not meant to
be an exhaustive list. For more details, refer to the NSWMC website for
the updated approved list of recyclables.
Note that what can be sold to junk shops in one area are not
necessarily traded in others. Some materials, such as glass bottles, may
readily be recycled in Luzon, but have limited collection in Visayas and
Mindanao.
It is recommended that LGUs gather information on what types of

materials are not entering the junk trade and likely be disposed in the
landfill. Local ordinances can be drafted to address these, or explore
consolidation at the provincial level.

Making the WACS Report

Processing
WACS report
Encode and organize the data from the WACS into an

electronic spreadsheet or database file that can be easily
stored, interpreted, retrieved, and updated.
DOST-ITDI has developed a template for a WACS sampling

plan, WACS data sheets, as well as a template for a WACS
report. These are provided through their training sessions that
your LGU can request through the National Solid Waste
Management Commission. Below is an example of actual data
from WACS at- source conducted by DOST-ITDI:
The table and pie chart in the next page are examples of
how to summarize and analyze the WACS composition data of
waste collected at-source. At the very least, there should be
four categories of waste (biodegradable, recyclables, special
waste, and residuals) but it is encouraged that these are further
sorted into subcategories.

Making the WACS Report
For example, it would be very useful for LGUs to know what

percentage of recyclables have limited collection in their area
and have the tendency to end up in the landfill. There are also
wastes that are usually categorized as residual because they
have almost no market value, but if collected in bulk these can
potentially be recycled or processed. These are classified as
“residuals with potential for recycling.”
Pie chart showing composition of

Generator-Based WACS
Legend:
Biodegradable
Recyclables
Residuals with potential for recycling
Residuals for disposal
Special waste
WAST
Sampling a t End-of-Pipe
Sampling for waste composition analysis prior to final disposal,
and for physical and chemical characterization of refuse waste.
Sampling at end-of-pipe means that the waste to be

characterized is at the end stage of the waste flow stream,
prior treatment or final disposal.
At this stage, it is assumed that waste diversion strategies

(composting, materials recovery, etc.,) have been done. Thus,
waste composition analysis done at end-of-pipe can
determine the amount of biodegradables and recyclables that
were prevented from being disposed to the landfill, if compared
against waste composition analysis done at source. It can be
used to estimate diversion rates and effectiveness of waste
management programs of the LGU.
Samples can be taken at transfer stations or from waste

transport trucks upon arrival at waste conversion facilities or
landfill sites. The waste should be unprocessed, meaning
that it has not been compacted, crushed, shredded, or
dried in preparation for treatment or final disposal.

• Heavy equipment for mixing
• Flat and covered work area
• Plastic sheeting
• Shovels
• Weighing scale (preferably digital)
• Sorting buckets
• Tongs and gloves
• Data sheets and pens
• Personal protecive equipment

Procedure based on ASTM D5231-92
Standard Test Method for Determination of the Composition of Unprocessed
Municipal Solid Waste (Reapproved 2016)
Step 1: Selection of vehicles or trucks for sampling

Waste samples can be taken from trucks that enter the final disposal
site. Vehicles for sampling shall be selected at random during each day of
the one-week sampling period.
The number of vehicle sampled per day is calculated by this

formula:
Step 2: Selection of sorting sample from vehicular load

Direct the designated vehicle containing the load of waste to the area
secured for discharge of the load and collection of the sorting sample.
Direct the vehicle operator to discharge the load onto the clean surface
in one contiguous pile, that is, to avoid gaps in the discharged load in
order to facilitate collection of the samples.

Sampling at End-of-Pipe (cont’d.)
Step 3: Selection of representative cross-section

Using a front-end loader with at least a 1 cu. yd. (0.765 cu. m) bucket,
remove the material longitudinally along one entire side of the discharged
load in order to obtain a representative cross-section of the material. This
would be approximately 400 - 500 kg.
Note: A front-loader with a bucket volume of about 0.8 cu. m. has a

bucket width of 2.2 meters.
Sampling can be done from the waste pit as long as the waste has
not been processed. Mix the waste in the pit very well. Waste inside trash
bags should be taken out and mixed. Collect approximately 500 kg of
waste.
Step 4: Coning
Spread the representative sample across a cleaned surface or plastic
sheeting and make a mound or a “cone” out of the waste.

Step 5: Quartering
Divide the mound or “cone” into four equal sections. Randomly select
one of the quarters. This selected quarter will be used as the sample for
waste composition analysis, while the remaining other quarters will be
used for bulk density and moisture content analysis.
Sample for waste composition analysis
Waste composition analysis can be done by sorting the

selected waste quarter according to different component types
(e.g. biodegradable, recyclable, special waste, and residual
waste) and weighing each component.
If the waste sample at end-of-pipe does not have significant

amounts of biodegradable and recyclable wastes, then this could
indicate a good segregation and collection system. High
percentages of biodegradable and recyclable wastes indicate that
diversion strategies need to be improved. The results can be
compared with composition analysis at-source to evaluate
effectiveness of diversion programs.
Sample for waste quality analysis
The remaining other quarters not used for waste composition

analysis can now be used for bulk density analysis and
moisture content, as well as further waste quality analysis,
discussed in the next sections.

Waste Quality Analysis determines the physical
and chemical characteristics of our waste towards
finding an effective transport system and suitable
treatment technologies for it.
Wet Analysis
Bulk Moisture
Density
Content
Pages 39-40 Pages 41-42

The results of waste quality analysis, while not required in a 10-
year solid waste management plan, would be very useful in
feasibility studies for appropriate treatment strategies in the
future. Since chemical analysis is involved, ask for assistance
from local universities and laboratories that have the needed
equipment.
Dry Analysis
Dry Waste Biogas and

Calorific Value
Composition Ash Content
Pages 43-45 Pages 47-54 Pages 55-56
WASTE QUALITY ANALYSIS •

Bulk Density: Is the Waste
Loose or Compact?
Knowing the waste bulk density helps assess the suitable
capacities of waste transport vehicles and the disposal facility.

• End-of-pipe waste sample • Shovels
(mixed, coned, and quartered - • Weighing scale
see pages 33 - 36) • Bulk density data sheets
• Large sturdy box or container • Pens, calculators
with known dimensions. (A non- • Personal protective
absorbent box that is 60 cm x 60 cm equipment
x 60 cm is recommended) • Long sleeves and
closed
shoes
Step 1: Determine the volume and weight of the empty
container
Measure the internal dimensions of the container and calculate the
volume. Place the empty container on a scale and determine its weight.
V = Volume of the container

(in cubic meters):
V=
m3
WT = Weight of the empty

container (tare weight, in kg):
WT =
kg
Step 2: Fill the container with the representative sample

From the mixed, coned, and quartered sample (see page 36), fill the
container to slightly above the rim. Avoid compaction, segregation, and
loss of fine materials.
Step 3: Tamp and weigh the filled container

WASTE ANAL
Tamp YSIS
the & CHARACTERIZA
container TION
three times bySTUDY
lifting: A
it 6 cm (2.5 inches) above the
Procedure based on ASTM E1109 - 18 (2018)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Bulk Density of Solid Waste Fractions
WG = Weight of the container with tamped waste

(gross weight, in kg):
WG = kg
Step 4: Compute for the Bulk Density.

Get the weight of the waste sample by subtracting the weight of the
empty container from the gross weight. Then, divide the weight of the
waste by the volume of the container.
Bulk Density = (WG - WT)

[kg/m3] V
Step 5: Do one or two more trials

Repeat Steps 1-4 using another batch of waste samples.
Get the average bulk density across the trials.
Bulk Density for Efficient Waste Collection

Bulk density analysis can also be done for wastes collected
at-source, particularly those that are hauled by garbage trucks,
such as:
• Biodegradable Waste
• Low-value Recyclable Waste
• Residual Waste
The waste sorted according to the components above can

each be used for bulk density analysis. Bulky recyclable items
or those already retrieved to be sold to junk shops should no
longer be included.
Each component type would then have a bulk density value
that can be used to estimate suitable collection truck capacities
and collection frequencies.
WASTE QUALITY ANALYSIS
Moisture Content: Is the
Waste Soggy or Dry?
Knowing the waste moisture content can help determine appropriate
drying procedures to prepare waste as refuse-derived fuel.

• 3-4 kg waste sample (from a • Scissors / cutting tools
mixed, coned, and quartered end-of- • Vacuum / Drying oven
pipe waste sample, page 35) • Digital scale (preferably with 1.0
• Small, non-combustible, non- gram accuracy)
absorbent trays for weighing • Waste quality data sheets
and drying (should be able to fit • Pens, calculators
the drying oven) • Masks and gloves
Step 1: Determine the weight of an empty weighing tray

Place the empty tray on a digital scale and determine its weight.
Repeat for 2 other empty trays.
WT = Weight of an empty tray (tare weight, in grams):

WT =
Step 2: Get a representative waste sample

Get 3-4 kg from an end-of-pipe waste sample that was mixed, coned,
and quartered. Cut into smaller pieces if necessary. Avoid compaction,
segregation, and loss of fine materials. We will call this the “wet” waste
sample.
Step 3: Weighing the wet waste samples

Fill each of the three trays with a portion of the representative waste
sample. Weigh each filled container, and then compute the net weight of
the sample by subtracting the weight of the empty tray.
WGW = Weight of the tray with wet waste

(gross wet weight, in grams):
WGW = g
Procedure based on method from Kitakyushu Environmental Preservation
Association used in Davao City under the JICA Grassroots Project, JFY 2018.
WNW = Net weight of the wet waste (in grams):

WNW = WGW - WT
Step 4: Drying t he wet waste amples

After weighing s ners with the wet waste samples into
an oven drier. , place the d drying time depend on the sample’s
Oven moistness; contai e settings. Periodically get the weight
below of the temperature an not change anymore then the drying
samples an is are some possibl
done. d if the values
Oven do Convection
Temperatur
e
Drying Time
80°C 5 days (120 hrs) yes

Step 5: Weighing the dried waste samples
105°C ± 5°C unspecified
After the drying process is finished, get the weight of the dried waste
samples similar to what was done in Step 3.
WGD = Weight of the tray with dry waste

(gross dry weight, in grams):
WGD =
g
WND = Net weight of the dry waste (in grams):
= - WT
WND WGD
Step 6: Computing moisture content (% moisture)
Compute the percentage moisture content of the waste samples using
the formula below. Get the average of at least three samples.
Moisture Content = ( WNW - WND ) x 100%

(% w/w)
WNW
Well-segregated waste typically would have lower moisture content of around 30-
40%. If the end-of-pipe waste sample has about 50% moisture, it is possible that
there is a high amount of kitchen waste, or that the waste is exposed to the
elements.

Dry Waste Composition
Knowing the composition of dried end-of-pipe waste samples is
useful to determine suitable treatment technologies.

• Dried waste samples (processed • Digital scale (preferably with
through moisture content procedure, 1.0 gram accuracy)
see pages 41 - 42) • Waste quality data sheets
• Small, dry trays for weighing • Pens, calculators
• Plastic sheet/ clean work • Masks and gloves
surface
Step 1: Determine the weight of an empty weighing tray

Place the empty tray on a digital scale and determine its weight.
Repeat for all empty trays that will be used for weighing.
WT = Weight of an empty tray (tare weight, in grams):

WT = g
Step 2: Sort the dried waste sample according to composition

Spread out the dried waste sample on a plastic sheet or clean work
surface. Sort each small piece of waste according to the categories
below:

Step 3: Weigh the sorted waste samples

Get the weight of each tray containing the sorted samples. Subtract the
weight of the empty tray to get the actual weight per category.
WG(A,B,...H) = Gross weight of the tray with sorted waste (in grams):
WG(A,B,...H) = g
WN(A,B,...H) = Net weight of each component waste (in grams):
WN(A,B,...H) = WG(A,B,...H) - WT
Step 4: Computing percentage composition of each category

Compute the percentage of each category by dividing the weight of
that category by the total weight of the sample and dividing by 100. Use
the data sheet below as a guide.
% Composition = WN(A,B,...H) x 100%

of Category A...H Wtotal
Step 5: Computing % biodegradable and combustible

compositions of dried refuse
The percentage of biodegradable composition in the dried refuse is
the sum of the percentages of kitchen waste and garden waste
(Categories A and B). The percentage of combustible composition in
the dried refuse is the sum of the percentage compositions of each
category except Category F (metals) and G (glass, ceramics, stones).

Knowing the percentage composition of biodegradables for end-
of-pipe waste is useful to determine suitability for waste-to-energy
treatment technologies such as methane extraction, as discussed in
the next page.
Meanwhile, knowing the percentage composition of combustible
material of end-of-pipe waste can help determine if a waste-to-
energy facility is viable.
Waste Analysis for Biogas
Generation
Based from Japan Waste Management Association, Outline of Planning and
Designing for Waste Treatment Facilities.
Materials that ferment into methane are

organic substances that easily decompose, such
Waste as food waste, carbohydrates, proteins, oils and
Composition fats. Other substances may be composed of
refractory organics, such as lignin and cellulose,
moisture, inorganic salts, and foreign matter.
It is necessary to understand the

Concentrations concentration of organic matter (in terms of
of Organic Volatile Total Solids or Chemical Oxygen Demand),
Matter and the concentration of nitrogen, and the rate of
Nitrogen anaerobic decomposition in the target waste when
calculating the amount of biogas generated.
Knowing the moisture content of the waste

Moisture sample at different times of the year is important
since it has an effect on the facility plan.
Content
Harmful substances, such as heavy metals and
Unacceptable chemicals, and impurities, such as plastics, should
Materials not be present.
The formula below is used to determine the potential daily biogas

generation:
* The amount of input: cooperation rate of separate collection of

waste biomass, the rate of separated biomass suited for
methane fermentation by sorting machines.
Source: Ministry of the Environment Japan,

Manual for an Introduction of Utilization of Waste Biomass -
http://www.env.go.jp/recycle/misc/guideline/baiomass_donyummanual.pdf

Ash Content
Knowing the ash content of dried end-of-pipe waste samples is
useful to determine suitable waste-to-energy treatment
technologies.

• Dried, sorted waste samples Careful!
(processed through dry waste The crucibles will be very
composition, pages 43 - 44) hot after drying or
• Scissors/ cutting tools combustion. Use metal
• Grinder or crusher tongs in getting them from
• Resealable plastic pouches the oven or furnace.
• Small crucibles (around 10 grams)
• Oven drier
• Desiccator to keep samples dry Tip:
• Electric furnace Use pencils for labelling
• Analytical balance, preferably with at the crucibles since marker
least 0.01 gram accuracy ink will evaporate in high
• Waste quality data sheets temperatures.

Step 1: Preparing the samples for ash content analysis

The waste samples that were sorted and dried for the dry waste
composition analysis will be used for samples in determining ash content
of each category. But first, these have to be reduced into small particles.
Each category of sorted waste (except for Categories F and G - metals,
glass, ceramics and stones) has to be prepared for ignition through an
electric furnace.
While keeping them sorted in their respective trays, cut the waste into
smaller pieces. Then use a grinder or crusher to reduce the size to less
than 2 mm. Place the ground particles in a resealable plastic pouch.

Ash Content (cont’d.)
Step 2: Determine the weight of an empty crucible

A crucible is a small heat-resistant container usually made of ceramic
or metal. All crucibles to be used must be absolutely dry before weighing.
To make sure of this, place all empty crucibles in a drying oven. Set the
oven at 105°C ± 5°C.
Let the crucibles cool down while inside a desiccator. This prevents
any moisture in the air from condensing on the crucibles. Once cooled,
place an empty crucible on an analytical balance and determine its
weight. Repeat for all empty crucibles that will be used for the procedure.
WT = Weight of an empty crucible (tare weight, in grams):

WT = g
Step 3: Drying and weighing samples before combustion

Place around 10-20 grams of finely-ground waste from each category
(except F and G) in separate crucibles. Mix well. Smaller amounts can be
used, depending on the size of the crucibles. Dry these at 80°C for 2-3
hours with a dryer. Let them cool down in a desiccator. Then, like what
was done in page 41 Step 3, get the gross weight and subtract the weight
of the empty crucible to get the actual weight per category before
combustion.
WG(A,B,...H) = Gross weight of the crucible with sorted waste (in

grams):
WG(A,B,...H) = g
WN(A,B,...H) = Net weight of each component waste (in grams):

WN(A,B,...H) = WG(A,B,...H) - WT

1 Step 2a - Empty crucibles placed in oven to dry before weighing.
2 Step 2b - Weighing a dried, empty crucible using an analytical balance
3 Step 3 - Waste samples per category placed in crucibles.
4 Oven drying of samples prior to weighing.
5 Cooling down crucibles and samples in a desiccator.
6Getting the gross weight of the crucibles and dried waste samples prior to
combustion.

Ash Content (cont’d.)
Step 4: Combustion
Place the crucibles containing the samples in an electric furnace.
Ignite the furnace at 800°C for two hours. Let it cool down and dry at
105°C for two to three hours using a dryer. After which, let these cool
down in a desiccator.
Step 5: Weighing samples after combustion

Weigh each crucible and the material that remained after combustion
using an analytical balance. Get the gross weight and subtract the weight
of the empty crucible to get the actual weight of each sample per
category after combustion.

Step 6: Computing % combustible content per waste sample
component
Step 7: Computing % combustible content of the dried refuse

sample
see page 44, step 4
Step 8: Computing % combustible content of the undried

refuse sample
see
page 42,
step 6
Step 9: Computing ash content of the refuse sample

Ash content data table steps 6-7:
Ash content data table steps 8-9:

Calorific Value
Knowing the calorific value of dried end-of-pipe waste samples
is useful to determine suitable waste-to-energy treatment
technologies.

• Dried, sorted, and crushed waste • Bomb calorimeter
samples processed up to Step 1 of • Ganpi paper, nickel wire
Ash Content sample preparation • Calculator
procedure, pages 41-48) • Waste quality data sheets
• Desiccator to keep samples dry
Method 1: Use a bomb calorimeter

1. Take crushed samples according to the weight ratio and mix them. Then
take a sample of one gram.
2. Wrap the sample with ganpi paper.
3. Attach nickel wire to the ganpi paper.
4. Place it on a combustion tray.
5. Connect both ends of the nickel wire with ignition
electrodes.
6. Put the sample into a bomb and close the cover
tightly.
Bomb Calorimeter
7. Fill the bomb with oxygen gas.
8. Ignite
9. Selectandcalorimeter.
measure the temperature rise.
10. Compute for higher and lower calorific values using the formula.
see page 52, step 7
see page 42, step 6

Method 2: Compute from an empirical formula

If there is no bomb calorimeter available, calorific value can also be
determined by computation.
Equation 1 estimates the lower calorific value based on Japanese

official methodology. It may actually yield values that are lower than the
calorific value measured by a calorimeter.
Equation 2 also estimates the lower calorific value, but this was
formulated by Kyoto University. It is not often used but the results are
closer to the calorific value measured by the calorimeter (less error).
End-of-pipe waste quality analysis can be summarized as:

Using the Results of WACS
WACS results as major component in the LGU
10-year Solid Waste Management Plan
WACS data can be used to project waste generation volumes over

the 10-year period covered by LGU’s Solid Waste Management Plan
(SWMP).
Calculate two projections:

1. Projected waste generation in a “no intervention” scenario
2. Projected waste generation in a “with intervention” scenario
Projections can be graphically shown similar to this chart:
Over the years, Increased solid waste generation may be seen in

cities and municipalities that are experiencing rapid urbanization,
increased economic growth, or increased spending capacity of their
citizens.
These aspects should be considered when developing strategies

and programs for wider collection, possible treatment methods, and
more efficient disposal.
Some useful formulae:
WACS results can help you determine:

W
… how much waste does our LGU generate daily? Annually?

… how much waste will our LGU generate in 10 years’ time?
… how much waste can be diverted?
… how many garbage trucks do we need?
… how large should our materials recovery facility be?
… how much of our budget should be appropriated for SWM?
… how long will our sanitary landfill last?
… what treatment technologies should we explore?
Getting good data on waste generation in your LGU leads to better

solid waste management planning that saves time and money while
having a clean and healthy environment.
INTEGRATING WACS •
References
Republic Act 9003. Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.

https://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/RA-9003.pdf
DENR Administrative Order 2001-34. Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic
Act 9003.
https://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/DAO-2001-34.pdf
National Solid Waste Management Commission. 2020. Guidelines for the conduct of
waste analysis and characterization study on municipal solid waste. Revised
2020.
DENR EMB Solid Waste Management Division and NSWMC. 2020. Segregation at Source
List of Recyclables. Updated 2020.
NSWMC 2020 Database updating the Philippine Solid Waste Management Status Report
2008-2019
DENR EMB and NSWMC. 2018. National Solid Waste Management Report (2008-2018).
https://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/National-Solid-Waste-Management-
Status-Report-2008-2018.pdf
DENR Administrative Order 2013-22. Revised Procedures and Standards for the
Management of Hazardous Wastes.
https://server2.denr.gov.ph/uploads/rmdd/dao-2013-22.pdf
DOH. 2011. Healthcare Waste Management Manual. 3rd edition .
https://sites.google.com/site/hospitalwastemgtsystem/doh-healthcare-waste-
management-manual-3rd-ed
DepEd Memorandum 36, s. 2019.
https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/DM_s2019_036-1.pdf
DOST ITDI. 2019. Guide for Waste Analysis and Characterization Study (WACS) Plan.
DOST ITDI. 2019. Sample size tool kit.
http://www.itdi.dost.gov.ph/images/EBD/Sample_Size_Computation.xls
ASTM D5231-92 (Reapproved 2016). Standard Method for Determination of the
Composition of Unprocessed Municipal Solid Waste.
ASTM E1109 - 18 (2018). Standard Test Method for Determining the Bulk Density of Solid
Waste Fractions.
Kitakyushu Environmental Preservation Association (KEPA). 2018. Procedures for waste
quality analysis. Davao City JICA Grassroots Project, JFY 2018.
Japan Waste Management Association. Outline of Planning and Designing for Waste
Treatment Facilities.
Ministry of the Environment Japan. 2017. Manual for an introduction of utilization of
waste biomass. https://
www.env.go.jp/recycle/misc/guideline/baiomass_donyumanual.pdf

JICA WACS Manual Content FINAL

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

JICA WACS Manual Content FINAL

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Waste Analysis and

A standardized and mandatory guide for

The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act 2

Overview of Waste Composition Analysis 3

Sampling: Getting a Representative Portion 5

Overview of Waste Quality Analysis 37

Bulk Density: Is the Waste Loose or Compact? 39

Dry Waste Composition 43

Using the Results of WACS for the

It is a process that will If we study the amount

There are two ways to analyze waste:

2. based on physical and chemical properties.

Section 16 of the Ecological Solid Waste Management

WASTE ANALYSIS & CHARACTERIZATION STUDY: A

Effective waste management starts with waste avoidance,

Solid Waste Generation in the Philippines

Source: NSWMC 2020 Database

Identifying Sample size

WASTE ANALYSIS & CHARACTERIZATION STUDY: A

Pp. 17-20; 31-32 Pages 21-30 Pages 33-36

WASTE COMPOSITION ANALYSIS •

Depending on what you want to study, waste sampling can be

In developing a 10-year SWMP, if your

 how much waste is produced

...do sampling at source.

Waste diversion is achieved through

In making feasibility studies for treatment

WASTE ANALYSIS & CHARACTERIZATION STUDY: A

At source (for Generator-based

Urban and rural barangays Schools, offices,

Food and beverage,

At end-of-pipe (for End-of-pipe WACS)

WASTE COMPOSITION ANALYSIS •

The sampling for WACS aims to get a portion that can

How many More samples will make your

Consider waste generation

Usually samples are picked

WASTE ANALYSIS & CHARACTERIZATION STUDY: A

 Which sources are under the LGU’s

Likely, about four-fifths of

This is called the

WASTE COMPOSITION ANALYSIS • 8

When sampling at the generator level, we don’t have to get

RURAL Barangay Any barangay which does not satisfy any

Information needed (via Phil. Statistic Authority,

WASTE ANALYSIS & CHARACTERIZATION STUDY: A

SCHOOLS Examples: Information needed

HEALTHCARE Information needed

WASTE COMPOSITION ANALYSIS •

Category 3: Commercial Establishments

GENERAL MERCHANDISE MARKETS

FOOD ESTABLISHMENTS HOTELS

Information needed: Information needed (via BPLO or

WASTE ANALYSIS & CHARACTERIZATION STUDY: A

Important note: In many cases, commercial establishments and industrial facilities

WASTE COMPOSITION ANALYSIS •

Let’s say your WACS team plans to visit 10 households and

If your town is made up of only 10 households, then yes! Your

It is important to use an appropriate sample size so that

In statistics, the sample size is computed using the Standard

Box 1. The Standard Formula for Computing Sample Size

WASTE ANALYSIS & CHARACTERIZATION STUDY: A

For special cases where LGUs have limited resources to survey

The Excel spreadsheet can be downloaded from: http: