MPTH MIDTERMS REVIEWER
community under financial
WEEK 7
MULTIPLIER EFFECTS OF TOURISM
INDUSTRY
Multiplier effect
• Income from the tourism and
hospitality both from local and
international activities are
injected into the local economy.
• A percentage of this new dollar is
spent in the community by the
recipient and this dollar is spent
and re-spent creating a multiplier
effect.
• In simplest form the multiplier
effect is about how many times
money spend by a tourist is
circulated in the country’s
economy.
TOURISM IMPACT
• Tourism can generate positive or
negative impacts under three
main categories: economic,
social, and environmental. These
impacts are analyzed using data
gathered by businesses,
governments, and industry
organizations.
1. ECONOMIC BENEFITS
• Job creation / employment
generation more employment
opportunities
• Foreign exchange
earnings/Increase spending
(generates resources to import
food, pharmaceuticals,
technology, consumer goods)
• Economic diversification support
pressure particularly when the
community relies on a single
industry. A destination's efforts to
create various tourist products
that suit different visitor needs
and desires, in order to improve
tourism-generated income or
balance seasonality.
• Contribution to the government
revenue taxes on income from
tourism (direct effect), taxes from
goods and supplies (indirect
effect)
• Promotes foreign exchange
(generates resources to import
food, pharmaceuticals,
technology, consumer goods)
• UNWTO (2019) reported export
earnings from tourism, or the sum
of international tourism receipts
and passenger transport,
reached a staggering USD 1.7
trillion. This demonstrates that the
industry is a major economic
engine of growth and
development.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
- focus on the conservation of natural
resources through the recognition of
their importance to visitor experiences
and their economic value in the local
community
• Environmental protection
economic incentives to preserve
nature, wildlife and urban
cleanliness
• Improved infrastructure such as
better sewage, water, and
transportation systems,
 maintenance of public toilets,
visitor information centers, maps,
signage, roads, public park and
open spaces, private land and
building improvement
• Improvement of environment
quality and enhancement of the
environment Conservation
projects such as :nature reserves,
heritage sites, wildlife protection
SOCIAL-CULTURAL BENEFITS
• Revival of cultural tradition
• People learning different culture
& way of life promoting a better
understanding, inclusion
tolerance and peace
• Cultural preservation economic
incentives to preserve food,
fashion, festivals and history
• Cultural improvements Money
from tourism is being spent on
schools, temple maintenance,
festival events
• Improve the image of the
community
How community engage in tourism?
• Market and Support local
products
• Provide works for local residents
• Include local products for
product development
• Use environmental friendly
products
• Practice conservation
Negative impact of tourism to the
Economy
• Economic leakage
• Leakages are
generally created
by foreign
ownership, the
need to import
goods, international
marketing cost,
interest payment on
foreign loans and
payment of the
franchise and
managements fees
to foreign
companies.
• Economic cost tourism
development for infrastructure
cost a great deal of money
• Increase land value
• Tax money only used to develop
and promote the tourism industry
vs local resources like schools
and roads
• Increased municipal service costs
for services such as policing, fire
protection etc.
• Low level jobs being given to the
locals whilst foreign fill the
managerial higher paying jobs
Negative impact of tourism to the
Environment
• Environmental damage tourism
• Biodiversity effect
• Pollution
• Erosion and physical damage
 • Visual structure change
(changes/modification of
heritage sites)
• Damage to natural resources
Negative impact of tourism to the Socio-
cultural
• Change or loss of cultural identity
(such as westernization, loss of
indigenous identity and values,
modernization, culture as
performers, loss of real rituals,
material culture)
• Cultural clashes
• Ethical issues (such as sex tourism
or exploitation of child workers)
• Too little investment in
infrastructure, water supply,
sewage treatment causing
cultural divides
• Community traffic bottlenecks
• Areas in put under a microscope
& flaws are sometime publicized
& blown out of proportion
• Tourists don't respect the places
they visit (e.g. yelling in churches,
littering, taking pictures of sacred
ceremonies without permission),
• Marginal employment (low skill,
low wage, menial services,
prostitution, drug trade,
gambling, hustlers)
What are the factors that can affect the
tourism industry? Using PESTLE analysis to
categorize a factor Name one
destination that is greatly affected by
this factor.
WEEK 8
Sustainability and Development of
Tourism
Sustainable Tourism
◦ It is an industry commited to
make a low impact on the
environment and local culture,
while helping to generate future
employment for local people.
◦ The aim of sustainable tourism is
ensure that the development
brings a positive experience for
the local people, tourism
companies and the tourists.
Ways to Protect Tourism Industry
1. Informing tourists of the
culture, politics and economy of
the communities visited.
2. Anticipating and respecting
local cultures, expectations and
assumptions.
3. Contributing to intercultural
understanding and tolerance.
4. Supporting integrity of local
cultures by favoring
businesses which conserve
cultural heritage and
traditional values.
5. Supporting local economies
by purchasing local goods
and participating with small,
local businesses.
6. Conserving resources by
seeking out businesses that
are environmentally
conscious, and by using the
least possible amount of non-
renewable energy.
Characteristics of Responsible Tourism 5. There should be visitors management
and control policies and guidelines to
 Minimizes negative economic,
avoid overcrowding.
environmental and social
impacts. 6. Local residents should have access to
tourist attraction facilities and amenities
 Generate economic benefits for
in their area for them to appreciate
local people and enhances the
what they have become part walking
well being of host communities,
promotional tour.
improves working conditions and
access to the industry. 7. Tourism facilities design should be
coordinated with the local architectural
 Involves local people in decisions
designs to maintain the locality of the
that affect their lives and life
area.
chances.
8. Market the destinations to client who
 Makes positive contribution to
are more concious about the
the conservations of natural and
preservation and protection of culture,
cultural heritage to the
environment and ethnicity of the
maintenance of the world’s
destination. Strictly prohibits activities
diversity.
relative to drugs and prostitution to
 Provides more enjoyable protect and maintain the peace and
experience for tourist through order, and morals of the local.
more meaningful connections
9. The development should only be at
with local people and a greater
the designed areas distance from the
understanding of local cultural
residential and school areas.
social and environmental issues.
10. Provide a support/alternative tourist
Ways to sustain tourism
zone to properly balance distribution of
1. Maintain the authenticity of ethnic, tourists and avoid imbalance of wealth
local dances and music keeping the and income distribution as well as
original steps and instrument use. overcrowding.

2. Use indigenious materials and their Environmental Impact Control Measures

handicrafts and other products for
◦ Environmental Planning
souvenirs.
◦ Proper Installation of efficient
3. Training of locals as to how they can
Utilities
be best part of tourism industry in their
community. ◦ Waste Management System

4. Conduct tourism benefits educational Waste Management

information drive to the local
1. Use of efficient energy and fuel
community prior to development of the
saving machines.
area into tourist destination to create
better understanding and cooperation
among the stakeholders.
2. Provision of public parking
spaces.
3. Strict implementation of anti-
smoke belching campaign.
4. Dispersion and relocation of
shanties along lakes and rivers.
5. Proper land use zoning to
protect the communities from
pollution caused by industries.
6. Suitable architectural design of
building particularly those that
are along the beaches and on
the mountain side.
7. Capacity control measure to
avoid overcrowding and
damage to natural and historical
sites.
8. Involvement of local community
in the environmental protection
and preservation programmes.
9. Imposed higher environmental
fees to be collected from both
business establishments and
tourist and use collected fees
accordingly.
10. Training of tourism business
owners as to environmental
protection and waste
management programmes prior
granting of business permits.
11. Stricter penalty on violation of
environmental laws and
regulation.
12. Dumping of boat waste should
be monitored and imposed
higher penalty on violations.
13. Protected areas/ santuary should
be guarded to avoid illegal
taking of endangered marine
plants and other species.
14. Eduacate and prohibit the
tourists to feed animals.
15. Strongly implement, monitor any
activities involving dynamite and
spear fishing.
16. Protect mangrove areas.
Characteristics of Sustainable Tourism
 It is informative.
 It supports integrity of place.
 It benefits residents.
 It conserves resources.
 It respects local culture and
tradition.
 It does not abuse its product.
 It strives for quality, not quality
 It means great trips.
Some Premises of Sustainable
Development in Tourism
1. Premises of Interdependency -
as applied above, tourism as
sector is affected by a whole
range of soacial and economic
activities.
2. The Premises of Multidisciplinary
– to support sustainable
development, it will be essential
to draw on the ideas and
experiences of a board range of
disciplines.
3. The Premise of previous
Experience
4. The Premise that Nature is better
– one of the most important
 premises of the sustainable
development movement is that
natural state is generally to the
developed state.
5. The Premise of Politics and Power
– it is both the easiest and the
most difficult to deal with.
◦ Green Transportation – it is when a
city transportation became a
problem due to dense lines of light
rail transportation.
◦ Sustainabilty
1. Minimal environmental impact of
development and its operations.
2. Eco- friendly technologies
respect for ecology and value
natural systems.
3. Energy efficiency.
4. Less use of finite fuels.
5. More local production
6. More walking, less driving
◦ Increased Density - the buildings,
residences, shops, and services
should be closer together for ease of
walking to enable to a more efficient
use of services and resources, and to
create more convenient, enjoyable
place to live.
◦ Quality of Architecture and Urban
Design – put more emphasis on
beauty, aesthetics, human comfort,
and creating a sense of place;
special placement of civic uses sites
within community.
◦ Sustainable Development and
Tourism : critical areas
1. Defining the Relevant
Population/Community
2. Defining the Time Horizon
3. Defining the Dimensions of
Sustainability
4. Defining the Values that
Underline Sustainable
Development.
Characteristics of Rural Tourism
Experience and Why People Enjoy the
Countryside:
1. Remoteness and solitude.
2. Peace and quiet, relaxing
environment.
3. Adventure and challenge,
opportunity to pursue sport or
hobby.
4. Health and fitness concerns, fresh
air.
5. Wildlife and landscapes, interest
in the environment.
6. Experience of rural communities,
culture and lifestyle.
7. Enjoyment of being with friends
and family.
8. A change from everyday urban
life.
9. A part in rural activities such as
conservation work.
10. Exploration of historic identities,
interest in heritage.
3 Perspective in defining Rurality:
1. Anything non – urban – a
negative approach of defining
 rurality as it implies the rural
environment.
2. Attempts to outline the elements
of the countryside or the functions
of rural space - a positive
perspective as the distinguishing
features and identified low-
density population, visual
components and form of
settlement and land used.
3. Perception and or user-based
definitions – based on how
individual experience and
defined rurality.
Four approaches in defining rural areas
by Halfacree (1993):
1. Descriptive – using empirical data
and measurement, census of
population.
2. Sociocultural – draws association
between social spacial attributes.
3. Rural as a Locality –
characteristics are what make
areas.
4. Rural as a Social Representation
– rural perceived and relates to
social construction of countryside
by individuals and groups.
Framework for thinking about
thecontemporary country and the
possible outcomes as a result of change
(Murdoch and Marsden):
◦ The Preserved Countryside –
characterized by anti-
development and preservationist
attitudes.
◦ The Contested Countryside – the
main commuter zones. Farmers
and developers have dominant
interest and push proposal about
them.
◦ The Paternalistic Countryside –
large state and tenant farms
dominate, controlled by local
land owners.
◦ The Client List Countryside –
policies are geared towards local
community and employment.
The Concept of Rural Tourism:
1. Rural tourism is an old and new
phenomenon.
2. The rural scene was admired by
poets and artists,
3. The number of tourist has
increased significantly and
tourism has developed in all
types of countryside instead of
being limited.
4. Rural tourism includes a range of
activities, services and amenities
provided by farmer and rural
people to attract the tourists to
their area.
5. Rural tourism generates extra
income for their businesses.
Conceptualizing Rural Tourism
 While rural areas are dynamic
environments and change is
implicit, more radical changes
have been witnessed in the
postwar period than any other
time before relating to social,
envionmental, political.
 Economic and technological
elements of the countryside
changes in agricultural practices
and policies.
  Lack of employment
opportunity.
Growth of Rural Tourism
1. Emerge has an identifiable
activity on Europe during the half
of 18th century.
2. Rural tourism tends to a more
fluent, better educated tourist
seeking high quality experiences
and product.
3. The ranges of productthat
comprised rural tourism and
associated range of experience
are far too great to generalize.
4. Levelling of the growth that
increased to the diversity of the
activities.
5. Active sports are increasing.
6. New activities as such as
mountain biking, climbing, air
and water sports are witnessing
large gains and popularity.
7. New technology has assisted the
growth of rural tourism
Entrepreneurism and the Selling of Rural
Environment
◦ Examining issues of sustainability
as they support and conflict with
entrepreneurial activities.
◦ Physical and Cultural change in
rural landscapes – identifying the
character and process of past
and emerging rural landscape.
◦ Impact of Rural Tourism
Economic Impact - has brought
benefits such as foreign exchange,
employment, higher government
revenues. The rate of economic return
to rural communities has been low.
Socio-cultural Impact – the higher
standards of living in urban tourist
destination have cost immigration from
nearby rural neighbors, resulting in
changes demographic structures and
possible culture shock.
Measure in Indicators of Sustainability in
Rural Tourism
1. Stress – number of visitors/ tourists.
2. Social Stress – ratio of
visitor/tourist numbers to local
population.
3. Attractiveness – rate of
attractiveness of natural and
cultural resources.
4. Planning Process – existence of
local/regional plan for tourism
development.
5. Tourism Planning Process –
existence of local/regional plan
for tourism development.
6. Area Protection – precentage of
protected area.
7. Local Involvement – ratio of the
number of locally owned tourist
businesses.
8. Local control – a formal measure
to control development planning
and implementation.
9. Employment – number of jobs
created in tourism.
10. Tourism Contribution to the Local
Economy – tas income by tourism
only.
 11. Economic Diversity – share of ◦ Tourism developments also
different economic activities in require resources that maybe
the total tax income. scare in rural area.

12. Energy Consumption – a ◦ The sewage from large hotels

renewable energy sources to can be source of pollution.
non-renewable energy sources.
Sustainable Rural Tourism
13. Waste Management –
◦ Advancement in modes of
percentage of households with
transport has assisted rural tourism
proper sewage system.
coupled with the increasingly
14. Educational and training – local sophisticated marketing of new
people in tourism with destination can become an over
professional training and use one almost overnight as a
education. result of special interest
publication of promotional
15. Local Satisfaction – overall
literature.
perception of tourism’s impacts
in. local community. ◦ A sustainable approach takes a
more holistic perspective towards
16. Tourist Satisfaction –
rural development.
percentage/change of repeat
visits compared to first time visits. ◦ A sustainable approach to rural
tourism should be based on a
Environmental Impacts of Tourism
multifaceted view of sustainability
Facilities
to achieve balance
◦ Tourism development starts with development.
the construction of hotels, resort
Issues in Rural Tourism Management
and other places for tourist to
stay. 1. The lack of statistical base.

◦ These facilities require a lot of 2. Rural communities.

space.
3. Tourism development strategies
◦ Tourism developers prefer to may not benefit all rural areas.
build on the coast where the
4. Tourism rural areas is highly
hotels located in front of the
dependenton an attractive
beach.
natural and culturally interesting
◦ The construction of the hotels environment
has the same kind of impacts
Impacts of Rural Tourism
such as soil erosion, changes in
water runoff, and damage top ◦ Benefits in general that tourism
the natural environment. bought

1. Increase the range and viability

of local businesses.
 2. Helps maintain or improve
services.
3. Bring about environmental and
infrastracture improvements.
Negative impacts reported
1. Rising house prices
2. Traffic congestion
3. Parking problems
4. Disturbance
5. litter
Global Sustainable Tourism Criteri
A. Demonstrate effective
sustainable management.
A.1. The company has implemented a
long-term sustainability management
system that is suitable to its reality and
scale, and that considers
environmental, sociocultural, quality,
health, and safety issues.
A.2. The company is in compliance with
all relevant international or local
legislation and regulations ( including
health, safety, labor, and environmental
aspects.)
A.3. All personnel receive periodic
training regarding their role in the
management of environmental,
sociocultural, health , and safety
practices.
A.4. Customer satisfaction is measured
and corrective action taken where
appropriate.
A.5. Promotional materials are accurate
and complete and do not promise
more than can be delivered by the
business.
A.6. Design and construction of
buildings and infrastracture:
A.6.1. comply with local zoning and
protected or heritage area
requirements.
A.6.2. respect the natural or cultural
heritage surroundings in sitting, design,
impact assessment, and land rights and
acquisition.
A. 6.3. use locally appropriate principles
of sustainable construction.
A.6.4. provide access for persons with
special needs.
A.7. Information about and
interpretation of the natural
surroundings, local culture, and cultural
heritage is provided to customers, as
well as explaining appropriate behavior
while visiting natural areas, living,
cultures, and cultural heritage sites.
B. Maximize social and economic
benefits to the local community and
minimize negative impacts.
B.1. The company actively supports
initiatives for social and infrastracture
community development including,
among others, education, health and
sanitation.
B.2. Local residents are employed,
including in management positions,
training is offered as necessary.
B.3. Local and fair-trade services and
goods are purchased by the business,
where available.
B. 4. the company offers the means for
local small entrepreneurs to develop
and sell sustainable products that are
based on the areas nature, history, and
culture( including food, and drink, crafts,
performance, arts, agricultural
products.)
B.5. A code of conduct for activities in
indigenious and local communities has
been developed, with the consent of
and in collaboration with th community.
B.6. The company has implemented a
policy against commercial expoitation,
particularly of children and adolescents,
including sexual exploitation.
B.7. The company is equitable in hiring
women and local minorities, including in
management positions, while restraining
child labor.
B.8. The international or national legal
protection of employees is respected,
and employees are paid a living wage.
B.9. The activities of the company do
not jeopardize the provision of basic
services, such as water, energy, or
sanitation, to neighboring communities.
C. Maximize benefits to cultural heritage
and minimize negative impacts.
C.1. the company follows established
guidelines or a code of behavior for
visits to culturallly or historically sensitive
sites, in order to minimize visitor impact
and maximize enjoyment.
C.2. Historical and archeological
artifacts are not sold, traded, or
displayed, except as permitted by law.
C.3. The business contributes to the
protection of local historical,
archeological, culturally, and spiritually
important properties and sites, and does
not impede access to them by local
residents.
C.4. The business uses elements of local
art, architecture, or cultural heritage in
its operations, design, decoration, food,
or shops; while respecting the
intellectual property rights of local
communities.
D. Maximize benefits to the environment
and minimize negative impacts.
D.1. Conserving resources
D.1.1. purchasing policy favors
environmentally friendly products for
building materials, capital goods, food,
and consumables.
D.1.2. The purchase of disposable and
consumable goods is measured, and
the business actively seeks ways to
reduce their use.
D.1.3. Energy consumption should be
measured, sources indicated, and
measures to decrease overall
consumption should be adopted, while
encouraging the use of renewable
energy.
D.1.4. Water consumption should be
measured, sources indicated, and
measures to decrease overall
consumption should be adopted.
D.2. Reducing Pollution
D.2.1. Greenhouse gas emissions from all
sources comtrolled by the business are
measured, and procedures are
implemented to reduce and offset them
as a way to achieve climate neutrally.
D.2.2. wastewater, including gray
water, is treated effectively and reused
where possible.
D.2.3. A solid waste management plan
is implemented, with quantitative goals
to minimize waste that is not reused or
recycled.
D.2.4. The use of harmful substances,
including pesticides, paints, swimming
pool disinfectants, and cleaning
materials, is minimized and all chemicals
use is properly manage.
D.2.5. the business implements practices
to reduce pollution from noise, light,
runoff, erosion.ozone-depleting
compounds,air and soil contaminants.
D.3. Conserving biodiversity,
ecosystems and landscapes
D.3.1. Wildlife species are only harvested
from the wild,consumed, displayed, sold
or internationally traded, as part of a
regulated activity that ensures that their
utilization is sustainable.
D.3.2. No captive wildlife is held, except
for properly regulated activities, and
living specimens of protected wildlife
species are only kept by those
authorized and suitably equipped to
house and care for them.
D.3.3. The business uses native species
for landscaping and restoration, and
takes measures to avoid the
introduction of invasive alien species.
D.3.4. The business contributes to the
support of biodiversity conservation,
including supporting natural protected
areas and areas of high biodiversity
value.
D.3.5. Interactions with wildlife must not
produce adverse effects on the viability
of populations in the wild; and any
disturbance of natural ecosystems is
minimized, rehabilitated, and there is a
compensatory contribution to
conservation management.
WEEK 10
SECURITY AND SAFETY IN TOURISM AND
HOSPITALITY
AIRPORT SAFETY
Airport safety encompasses a wide
range of measures to ensure the security
and well-being of passengers, personnel
and infrastructure. Key aspects include
rigorous security screening, surveillance,
and emergency response protocol.
These measures aim to prevent threats
like terrorism and accidents, maintaining
the safety of all individuals and assets
within airport premises. Stringent
technology, and well-trained personnel
play pivotal roles in achieving airport
safety.
AIRPORT SAFETY
 PLace your bags on the security
belt on when you’re ready to
pass through the magnetometer,
not while waiting in line. retrieve
your item immediately on the
other side.
 Be cautious ot thieves working in
pairs; one distracts you in line
while the other steals your
belongings from the other side of
the security machine
 Keep your luggage within sight
and nearby, especially in public
places like airports
 To prevent bag switching by
thieves, mark your luggage with
a ribbon or tape for easy
identification
 Unattended luggage can be
removed or destroyed by security
personnel, and you won 't
receive compensation if this
happens.
  Avoid approaching or lingering
near unattended baggage
belonging to someone else.
 Refrain from agreeing to guard a
stranger ' s luggage to avoid
potential security risks.
FOOD SAFETY
Food safety is the practice of handling,
preparing, and storing food to prevent
contamination and illness. It involves
proper hygiene, cooking, and storage
techniques to ensure that food remains
safe to eat.
the safety and security of tourists within
their borders.
It typically includes measures such as
increased police presence in tourist
areas, improved emergency response
systems, better infrastructure, and public
awareness campaigns to promote
safety. The goal is to create a
welcoming environment for tourists while
minimizing risks and addressing potential
threats
NATIONAL TOURISM SAFETY AND
SECURITY PLAN

Key principles include washing hands,

cooking to safe temperatures, avoiding
cross-contamination, and storing food
at appropriate temperatures. Regular
inspection and regulation by authorities
help maintain food safety standards.

1. Ensure you understand the

relationship between food and
illnesses WHAT TO DO WHEN YOU ARE
2. Stay informed about local food ATTACKED/HIJACKED
issues and potential crises
3. Know the health status of kitchen -Stay calm and think quickly to make
staff to ensure food safety sound decisions.
4. Food safety depends on the
-Assess your surroundings, seek escape
health of those preparing it.
routes, and attract attention. Unless safe
5. Educate staff about food
to do so, avoid resistance and prioritize
allergies and special dietary
personal safety.
needs
6. Dispose of trash in an -Be prepared to relinquish belongings;
environmentally friendly manner your life is more valuable.
7. Apply the same level of scrutiny
-Cooperate with the attacker to stall for
to caterers as to hotels and
time until help arrives.
restaurants.
-Observe and remember details about
NATIONAL TOURISM SAFETY AND
the attacker for future identification.
SECURITY PLAN
SAFETY AT THE HOTEL
The National Tourism Safety and Security
Plan is a comprehensive strategy 1. Never leave your luggage
developed by governments to ensure unattended
 2. Store your valuable in the hotel
safety deposit box
3. Lock your room at all times,
whether you are in the hotel or
out
4. If someone knocks, check who it
is before opening
5. Hand the keys in at the desk
when you leave the hotel
6. Be observant when entering
parking areas
7. Carry your passport and travel
documents only if you have to,
alternatively carry certified
copies
SAFETY IN THE CAR
1. Buy a map and plan your route in
advance.
2. Do not leave any items on the seat,
place them in the boot.
3. Never pick up strangers or hitchhikers.
4.Wind your windows up or leave a light
gap.
5. You should observe suspicious persons
at a red traffic light at night, it would be
acceptable to proceed carefully,
provided there are no other vehicles.
6. Do not stop and rest on deserted
roads.
7. Distances between towns are
considerable. Make sure that you do
not run out of gas.
8. Do not stop at accidents or obstacles
in the road-rather call the police.
9. When someone bumps your car from
behind under suspicious circumstances
do not stop.
DIFFERENT SAFETY AND SECURITY
ORGANIZATION
The Department of National Defense
(DND) - in the Philippines is responsible
for creating defense policies, managing
the national defense system, and
overseeing the Armed Forces of the
Philippines (AFP). It plays a crucial role in
defense planning, modernization, and
resource allocation to enhance the
country ' s security and sovereignty. The
DND also promotes peace, stability, and
international cooperation in defense
and security affairs.
The Armed Forces of the Philippines
(AFP) - is the country ' s military
organization responsible for defending
and ensuring the security of the
Philippines. It includes the Army, Navy,
Air Force, and specialized units. The AFP'
s main roles are safeguarding national
security, conducting peacekeeping
operations, countering terrorism, and
providing disaster relief. It operates
under civilian control and adheres to
the nation ' s constitution and laws.
The Office of Civil Defense (OCD) - in the
Philippines is a government agency
focused on safeguarding people during
disasters and emergencies. It
coordinates disaster risk reduction,
develops plans, offers training, and
collaborates with other agencies to
enhance the country ' s disaster
resilience. The OCD plays a vital role in
disaster response, preparedness, and
recovery, aiming to minimize the impact
of disasters and protect the population.
The Philippine Veterans Affairs Office
(PVAO) - is a government agency under
the Department of National Defense
responsible for providing care, benefits,
and assistance to Filipino war veterans,
veterans of military campaigns, their
surviving spouses, and orphans, in
accordance with the 1987 Philippine
Constitution, which highlights their
importance and support.
The National Defense College of the
Philippines (NDCP) - is an educational
and research institution within the
Philippine government situated in Camp
Emilio Aguinaldo, Quezon City. Its
primary mission is to conduct in-depth
studies on national defense and security
matters and falls under the jurisdiction of
the Department of National Defense.
The Government Arsenal (GA) - is a
Philippine government agency under
the Department of National Defense. It
produces weapons and ammunition for
the Armed Forces of the Philippines
(AFP) and the Philippine National Police
(PNP) and can sell or export surplus
products beyond their needs.
The Human Security Act of 2007 (RA
9372) - is a Philippine law enacted on
February 8, 2007, to combat terrorism,
particularly in the southern Philippines. It
defines terrorism as acts causing
widespread fear, allowing authorities to
arrest suspects without warrants and
detain them temporarily without
charges. Detainees have rights to legal
counsel, medical care, religious support,
and family contact
ARRIVAL - This challenges for tourists in
the Philippines, focusing on secure
bookings, safety in arrival areas,
vulnerability to natural disasters, and
conflicting statements between the
Department of Tourism Secretary and
the Armed Forces of the Philippines
Chief about emergency response
partnerships. It emphasizes the joint
responsibility of the government and
private sector in emergency
preparedness and response.
ACCESS - The area faces safety and
security problems with its access due to
bad roads, no sidewalks, and conflicts
between pedestrians and vehicles.
These issues are influenced by politics,
culture, and society. During summer
fiestas, makeshift roadblocks and a lack
of proper signs can lead to robberies,
and the absence of directional signs
raises tourism security concerns. During
elections, there's more crime, and the
area is cluttered with campaign
materials. Additionally, street children
begging, street vendors, and jaywalking
arrests show complex social and law
enforcement issues, affecting the safety
of residents and visitors.
ACCOMODATION, ATTRACTIONS AND
ACTIVITIES - In Accommodation, AHSOP
leads security efforts, but with limited
membership. PCCI promotes
investments and emphasizes security
and safety for smaller businesses. The
jurisdiction of security officers (if there is
one) in the Accommodation segment
of the journey does not cover the areas
beyond their perimeter walls. This makes
the area of Attraction attractive to
criminals
WHAT IS END TO END HOLISTIC
APPROACH?
The "End-to-End Holistic Approach"
emphasizes the importance of
implementing rules and regulations (IRR)
in the field of security. It acknowledges
the potential for misinterpretation of
security as equivalent to peace and
order during this stage and highlights
the opportunity to strengthen the
relationship between private and public
security forces. This approach
recognizes the limitations of jurisdiction,
especially in initiatives related to the
Access segment, as security is only as
strong as its weakest link.