Module 1: tourism impacts and sustainability
practices amongst them.
Sustainability- meet the needs and
aspirations of a region’s present generation of
people without compromising those future
generation.
Sustainable development- development that
meets the needs of the present, without
compromising the ability of future generation
to meet their own needs. (Brundtland, 1987)
- Development that lasts (Pearce and
barbier, 2000)
3 pillars
- economic
- Social
- Environment
Tourism- social, cultural, and economic
phenomenon related to the movement of
people outside their usual place of residence.
- Has an impact on economy, the
natural and built environment, the
local population at the places visited
and the visitors themselves.
Sustainable tourism- tourism that takes full
account on its current and future economic,
social and environmental impacts, addressing
the needs of visitors, the industries, the
environment and host communities.
- Its development requires the informed
participation of all relevant
stakeholders, as well as strong
political leadership to ensure wide
participation and consensus building.
- It should maintain high level of tourist
satisfaction and ensure a meaningful
experience to the tourist, raising their
awareness about sustainability issues
and promoting sustainable tourism
PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE
TOURISM
(basahin mo nalang notes mo self hehe)
STAKEHOLDERS
- LGU
- Community
- Investors
LIMITATIONS PF TOURISM AS A
TOLL FOR SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
• Not everyone’s voice will be heard
concerning a proposed tourism
project.
• Decisions tend to be dominated by
local elites and external agents
• Tourism professionals and academics
often assume that loacals lack the
knowledge and skills to participate in
tourism ( moscardo, 2007)
TOURISM ISSUES
Over tourism- excessive growth of
visitors leading to overcrowding in areas
where residents suffer the consequences
of temporary and seasonal tourism peaks,
which enforced permanent changes to
their lifestyles, access to amenities and
general well-being. (milano et al 2018)
Climate change-
RESPONSIBLE TOURISM
 •Minimizes negative social, ENVIRONMENTS, intended to support
economic, and environmental conservation efforts and observe WILDLIFE.
impacts.
• Generates greater economic Sustainable tourism- make OPTIMAL USE
benefits for local people and OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES that
enhances the well-being of host constitute a key element in tourism
communities. development, maintaining essential
• Improves working conditions and ecological processes and helping to conserve
access to the industry. natural heritage and biodiversity.
• Involves local people in decisions
that affect their lives and life Responsible travel- a term referring to the
chances. BEHAVIOR AND STYLE OF
• Makes positive contributions to INDIVIDUAL travelers.
the conservation of natural and
cultural heritage embracing Triple bottom line approach- about
diversity. measuring the impact of tourism in
• Provides more enjoyable economy, on society and cultures, and on
experiences for tourist through the environment.
more meaningful connections 3 pillars of sustainability (triple bottom
with local people and a greater line approach)
understanding of local cultural, - Economy
social, and environmental issues. - Social
- environment
• Provides access for physically
3 types of impacts
challenged people.
- Economic
• Culturally sensitive, encourages
- Socio-cultural
respect between tourist and hosts
- Environmental
and builds local pride and
These three are interrelated.
confidence.
- Responsible tourism is like
ECONOMIC IMPORATNCE OF
sustainable tourism, however as often
TOURISM INDUSTRY
the word sustainability is often
overused and not understood, • Tourism economy represents 5
percent of world GDP
responsible tourism has been adopted
as term used by industry. • Tourism contributes 6-7% of total
ECOTOURISM VS. SUSTAINABLE employment
TOURISM VS. RESPONSIBLE • International tourism ranks fourth
TOURISM in global exports.
• Tourism industry is valued at
Ecotourism- a tourism directed towards US$1 trillion a year
exotic, often threated, NATURAL
 • Tourism accounts for 30 percent
of the worlds export of
commercial services.
• Tourism accounts for 6% of total
exports
• 1.4 billion international tourists
were recorded in 2018
• In over 150 countries, tourism is
one of the five top export earners.
WHY GOVERNMENT INVEST
- Tourism bring huge economic impact
for a destination
• Employment
• Currency exchange
• Imports
• Taxes
- It includes:
• Improvements in technology
• Increases in disposable
income.
• The growth of budget airlines
• Consumer desires to trave;
further, to new destinations
TYPES OF ECONOMIC IMPACT
1. Direct effects- production changes
associated with the immediate effects
of changes in tourism expenditures.
2. Indirect effects- production changes
resulting from various rounds of re-
spending of the hotel’s industry
receipts in other backward-linked
industries (industries supplying
products and services to hotels)
3. Induced effects- changes in
economic activity resulting from
household spending of income earned
directly or indirectly as a result of
tourism spending.
Positive economic impacts
1. Provides employment opportunities.
2. Generates foreign exchange
3. Increases investment
4. Increases income
5. Increases GNI/GNP
6. Diversifies the economy
7. Spreads development
8. High multiplier effect
9. Increases government revenue
Foreign exchange earnings
Strong currencies
• British pound
• American, Australian, and Singapore
dollar
• euro
CONTRIBUTION TO
GOVERNMENT REVENUE
Two main ways:
1. direct contributions- generated by
taxes on incomes from tourism
employment and tourism businesses
and things such as departures taxes.
2. Indirect contributions- come from
goods and services supplied to
tourists which are not directly related
to the tourism industry.
Primary tourism enterprises
1. Accommodations establishments
2. Travel and tour services
3. Tourist transport operators
4. Meetings, incentives, conventions,
and exhibitions
5. Adventure/sports and ecotourism
facilities.
Secondary tourism enterprises
1. Restaurant
2. Tourism training center
3. Target shooting range
 4. Shopping mall/ tourist shop/ specialty
shop
5. Farm tourism camp
6. Gallery/ museum
7. Tourism entertainment complex
8. Tourism recreation center
9. Zoos
10. Rest area/ restroom
3 induced contributions- accounts for
money spent by the people who are employed
in the tourism industry.
Employment generation- rapid expansion
of international tourism has led to significant
employment creation. From hotel managers
to theme park operatives to cleaners.
Two types of employment in the tourism
industry:
1. Direct employment- includes jobs
that are immediately associated with
the tourism industry.
2. Indirect employment- includes jobs
which are not technically based in the
tourism industry, but are related to the
tourism industry.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO LOCAL
ECONOMIES
- Employment, business development,
cultural revival, environmental
consciousness, and conservation.
- If sustainable tourism is
demonstrated, money will be directed
to areas that will benefit the local
community most.
- The government may reinvest money
towards public services and money
earned by tourism employees will be
spent in the local community.
ROLES OF LGU IN TOURISM
Provincial government- develop and
promote tourism.
Municipality and city government- provide
tourism facilities, regulates tourism
establishments.
- In every LGU shall have a permanent
tourism officer and tourist
information and assistance center.
Multiplier effect
- Relates to spending in one place
creating economic benefits
elsewhere.
- Tourism can do wonders for a
destination in areas that may seem to
be completely unrelated to tourism,
but which are actually connected
somewhere in the economic system.
Development of the private sector
- It has continuously developed within
the tourism industry and owning a
business within the private sector can
extremely profitable: making this
positive economic impact of tourism.
NEGATUVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS
1. causes inflation.
2. results in high leakage
3. opportunity cost
4. creates difficulties of seasonality
5. can result in unbalanced economic
development.
6. over-dependence on tourism
LEAKAGE- when money spent does not
remain in the country but ends up elsewhere.
- Biggest culprit of economic leakage
are multinational and internationally-
owned corporations.
Infrastructure cost- tourism may require the - Villages and townscapes
government to improve the airport, roads and - Transport infrastructure (roads and
other infrastructure which are costly. airport)
- Another example is countries hosting - Dams and reservoirs
Olympics invest billions to build • NATURAL RESOURCE
infrastructure. - Water
Dependence on tourism- - Climate
Foreign ownership and management- - Air
some businesses choose to go abroad. This ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
may save the business money, it is usually not - In terms of environment, tourism can
so beneficial for the economy of the host be the reason for protecting natural
destination. areas, can raise awareness of
environmental issues and can
Module 3: encourage tourists to adopt pro-
Environmental impacts, mitigation and environmental behavior.
sustainable practices - unfortunately, tourism also has the
potential to harm the environment by
CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENT contributing to air and water
(Swarbrooke,1999) pollution, littering, and overuse of
natural resources.
The environment FACTORS INFLUENCING
• NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMETAL IMPACTS
- Mountainous areas 1. “where”’ factor
- Seas 2. Type of tourism activity
- Rivers and lakes 3. Nature of any tourist
- Caves infrastructure
- Beaches 4. “when” the activity occurs.
- Natural woodland CAUSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL
• WILDLIFE IMPACTS
- Land based mammals and reptiles - The quality of the environment is
- Flora essential to tourism
- Birds - However, tourism’s relationship[ with
- Insects the environment is complex and many
- Fish and marine mammals activities can have adverse
• FARMED ENVIRONMENT environmental effects if careful
- Agricultural landscape tourism planning and management is
- Man-made forest undertaken.
- Fish farms - It is ironic really, that tourism often
• BUILT ENVORNMENT destroys the very things that it relies
- Individual buildings and structure on.
 - Many of the negative environmental
impacts that results from tourism and
linked with the construction of
general infrastructure such as roads
and airports and of tourism facilities,
including resorts, hotels, restaurants,
shop, golf course and marinas.
- The negative impacts of tourism
development can gradually destroy
the environmental resources on which
it depends.
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
- Protection of natural environments or
prevention of further ecological
decline.
- Preservation of historic buildings and
monuments.
- Improvement of areas appearance
(visual and aesthetic)
- A “clean” industry (no smokestacks)
NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS
- Pollution ( air, water, noise, solid
waste, and visual)
- Loss of natural landscape and
agricultural lands to tourism
development.
- Loss of open space
- Destruction of flora and fauna
(including collection of plants,
animals, rocks, coral or artifacts by or
for tourists)
- Degradation of landscape historic
sites, and monuments
- Disruption of wildlife breeding cycles
and behaviors.
- Water shortage
- Introduction of exotic species
SOFT TOURISM
- Form of tourism, that does not put too
much load on the environment and
offers services and experiences that
are sustainable.
REGENERATIVE TOURISM
- Aim to bring a positive impact to the
local systems, social and
environment.
MITIGATION MEASURES
MINIMIZING CARBON FOOTPRINT
- The tourism industry contributes
about 5% of global carbon emissions.
- Half of this footprint is caused by the
aviation sector.
• Transport offsets
• Electricity
• Emissions
• Fuel
• Gas
• Recycling
• Waste
- Alternative fuels emit less carbon
because they are cleaner burning than
diesel or gasoline
- Using public transportation reduces
an individual’s carbon footprint when
compared with driving.
- Biodiesel is produced by vegetable
oils and animal fats.
- Ethanol is made from plant materials
- Gasoline can be blended with
between 10% and 85% ethanol
- Propane or liquefied petroleum gas
(lpg) is a by-product od natural gas
processing and crude oil refining
- Other renewable sources of energy
are wind and sunlight. Windfarm or
wind park uses several wind turbines
 in the same location to produce
electricity
- Bangui wind farm in ilocos Norte is
the first power-generating windfarm
in southeast Asia.
AIR POLLUTION MITIGATION
- When a place succeeds as tourist
destination, it is inevitable that there
will be increased vehicular traffic.
Vehicles emit air pollutants.
Two ways to mitigate these problems are:
- To set as far back facilities away from
the road.
- To plant trees which will serve as
buffer between the tourism facilities
and the road.
WATSEWATER-SAVING
TECHNOLOGIES
- Tourism is a water intensive industry,
particularly in the context of golf
course and luxury hotels that have
bathtubs installed as standard hotel
amenities.
- A low-flush toilet (or low-flow toilet
or high efficiency toilet) uses only 6
liters or less per flush compared to
13.2 liters for previous toilets.
SOLID WASTE REDUCTION
TYPES OF SOLID WASTE:
- Newspapers and magazine
- Cleansing agent containers used by
housekeeping and laundry services
- Flowers in guestroom and public
areas]plastic shampoo and cosmetic
soap bottles
- Old towels, linens, bedsheets,
furniture, paint, varnishes, used
fittings, fixtures and plumbing
supplies, refrigerators and other bulk
items.
SOLID WASTE REDUCTION
• Sorting/ recycling of glass,
aluminum, paper, and plastics from
guest rooms;
• Providing bulk dispensers for soap,
shampoo, and lotion
• Returning laundered clothes to guest
in reusable cloth bags/baskets;
• Offering rarely used items such as
sewing kits by request only;
• Instructing housekeeping not to
replace half-used rolls of toilet
paper/tissue boxes; and
• Leaving replacements for guest touse
if required
• Encourage the use of durable
equipment and high-quality, reusable
linens, utensils, dishes, and tableware
• Cloth roll towels or hand dryers could
be installed to lessen the use of paper
products
• For administrative offices, bulletin
board and email could be utilized to
send memos to employees.
• Flowers from guest rooms should be
collected for composting if needed, or
donated to local hospitals, schools, or
charitable organizations
• Recycling turns used materials into
valuable resources and diverts waste
from landfills besides saving energy
and water and reducing air pollution.
NOISE REDUCTION
- According to WHO ambient sound
levels should not exceed 30 decibels
(dBA) for sound sleep.
- Places close to airports exceeds 100
dBA
- NASA together with aircraft engine
manufacturers, has designed engines
with larger fans, which turn at a
slower top speed, reducing noise
levels and fuel consumption
- Two zones adjacent to each other
must have compatible uses
- Buffer areas for non-noise sensitive
use between two zones can reduce
noise impacts to the residents.
- Schools, which require silent
surroundings, may be relocated in
non-populated areas.